[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.81,0:00:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first robot\Nto talk about is called STriDER.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.01,0:00:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It stands for Self-excited\NTripedal Dynamic Experimental Robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.50,0:00:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a robot that has three legs,\Nwhich is inspired by nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.50,0:00:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But have you seen anything in nature,\Nan animal that has three legs?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.94,0:00:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably not. So why do I call this\Na biologically inspired robot?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.83,0:00:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How would it work?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.02,0:00:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before that,\Nlet's look at pop culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.20,0:00:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you know H.G. Wells's\N"War of the Worlds," novel and movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.69,0:00:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you see over here\Nis a very popular video game,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.04,0:00:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in this fiction, they describe\Nthese alien creatures and robots
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.76,0:00:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have three legs that terrorize Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.05,0:00:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my robot, STriDER,\Ndoes not move like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.61,0:00:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an actual dynamic\Nsimulation animation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.68,0:00:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you how the robot works.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.76,0:00:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It flips its body 180 degrees
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.18,0:00:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it swings its leg between the two legs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.26,0:00:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and catches the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.44,0:00:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's how it walks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.63,0:00:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you look at us\Nhuman beings, bipedal walking,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.37,0:00:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you're doing is,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.55,0:00:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not really using muscle\Nto lift your leg and walk like a robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.66,0:01:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're doing is,\Nyou swing your leg and catch the fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.02,0:01:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stand up again, swing your leg\Nand catch the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.50,0:01:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're using your built-in dynamics,\Nthe physics of your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.69,0:01:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like a pendulum.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.47,0:01:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call that the concept\Nof passive dynamic locomotion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.85,0:01:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're doing is, when you stand up,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.01,0:01:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potential energy to kinetic energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.12,0:01:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potential energy to kinetic energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.12,0:01:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a constantly falling process.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.12,0:01:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even though there is nothing\Nin nature that looks like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.19,0:01:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really, we're inspired by biology\Nand applying the principles of walking
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.34,0:01:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.52,0:01:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, it's a biologically inspired robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.52,0:01:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here,\Nthis is what we want to do next.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.96,0:01:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to fold up the legs\Nand shoot it up for long-range motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.50,0:01:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it deploys legs --\Nit looks almost like "Star Wars" --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.32,0:01:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so when it lands, it absorbs\Nthe shock and starts walking.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.21,0:01:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see over here, this yellow thing,\Nthis is not a death ray.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.44,0:01:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.47,0:01:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just to show you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.65,0:01:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you have cameras\Nor different types of sensors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.36,0:01:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's 1.8 meters tall,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.91,0:01:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see over obstacles like bushes\Nand those kinds of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.02,0:01:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have two prototypes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.39,0:02:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first version,\Nin the back, that's STriDER I.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.35,0:02:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one in front,\Nthe smaller, is STriDER II.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.54,0:02:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem we had with STriDER I is,\Nit was just too heavy in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.08,0:02:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had so many motors aligning the joints
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.68,0:02:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those kinds of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.96,0:02:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we decided to synthesize\Na mechanical mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.19,0:02:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could get rid of all the motors,\Nand with a single motor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.28,0:02:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can coordinate all the motions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.98,0:02:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a mechanical solution to a problem,\Ninstead of using mechatronics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.38,0:02:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with this, now the top body\Nis lighted up; it's walking in our lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.82,0:02:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the very first successful step.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.90,0:02:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's still not perfected,\Nits coffee falls down,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.59,0:02:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we still have a lot of work to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.42,0:02:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second robot I want\Nto talk about is called IMPASS.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.14,0:02:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It stands for Intelligent Mobility\NPlatform with Actuated Spoke System.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.63,0:02:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a wheel-leg hybrid robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.25,0:02:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So think of a rimless wheel\Nor a spoke wheel,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.13,0:02:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the spokes individually\Nmove in and out of the hub;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.13,0:02:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, it's a wheel-leg hybrid.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.24,0:02:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're literally reinventing\Nthe wheel here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.51,0:02:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me demonstrate how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.99,0:03:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this video we're using an approach\Ncalled the reactive approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.87,0:03:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just simply using\Nthe tactile sensors on the feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.87,0:03:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's trying to walk\Nover a changing terrain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.70,0:03:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a soft terrain where it pushes\Ndown and changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.42,0:03:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just by the tactile information,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.65,0:03:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it successfully crosses\Nover these types of terrains.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.42,0:03:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, when it encounters\Na very extreme terrain --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.25,0:03:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case, this obstacle\Nis more than three times the height
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.19,0:03:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the robot --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.38,0:03:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it switches to a deliberate mode,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.28,0:03:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it uses a laser range finder\Nand camera systems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.12,0:03:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to identify the obstacle and the size.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.97,0:03:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it carefully plans\Nthe motion of the spokes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.98,0:03:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coordinates it so it can show\Nthis very impressive mobility.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.71,0:03:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You probably haven't seen\Nanything like this out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.38,0:03:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very high-mobility robot\Nthat we developed called IMPASS.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.61,0:03:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, isn't that cool?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.42,0:03:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you drive your car,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.74,0:03:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you steer your car, you use\Na method called Ackermann steering.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.69,0:03:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The front wheels rotate like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.56,0:03:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most small-wheeled robots,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.10,0:04:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they use a method\Ncalled differential steering
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.38,0:04:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the left and right wheel\Nturn the opposite direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.26,0:04:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For IMPASS, we can do many,\Nmany different types of motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.18,0:04:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.47,0:04:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though the left and right\Nwheels are connected
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.90,0:04:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a single axle rotating\Nat the same angle of velocity,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.69,0:04:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we simply change the length\Nof the spoke, it affects the diameter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.84,0:04:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then can turn to the left\Nand to the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.96,0:04:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just some examples\Nof the neat things we can do with IMPASS.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.33,0:04:23.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This robot is called CLIMBeR:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.13,0:04:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cable-suspended Limbed Intelligent\NMatching Behavior Robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.55,0:04:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been talking\Nto a lot of NASA JPL scientists --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.70,0:04:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at JPL, they are famous\Nfor the Mars rovers --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.88,0:04:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the scientists,\Ngeologists always tell me
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.27,0:04:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the real interesting science,\Nthe science-rich sites,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.42,0:04:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are always at the cliffs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.96,0:04:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the current rovers cannot get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.93,0:04:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, inspired by that,\Nwe wanted to build a robot
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.44,0:04:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can climb\Na structured cliff environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.58,0:04:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is CLIMBeR.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.83,0:04:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has three legs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.36,0:04:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's probably difficult to see, but it has\Na winch and a cable at the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.97,0:04:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It tries to figure out\Nthe best place to put its foot.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.58,0:04:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then once it figures that out,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.24,0:05:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in real time, it calculates\Nthe force distribution:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.24,0:05:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much force it needs\Nto exert to the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.78,0:05:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it doesn't tip and doesn't slip.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.78,0:05:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once it stabilizes that, it lifts a foot,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.95,0:05:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then with the winch,\Nit can climb up these kinds of cliffs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.78,0:05:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also for search and rescue\Napplications as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.42,0:05:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five years ago,\NI actually worked at NASA JPL
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.87,0:05:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the summer as a faculty fellow.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.74,0:05:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they already had\Na six-legged robot called LEMUR.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.22,0:05:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is actually based on that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.88,0:05:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This robot is called MARS:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.20,0:05:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Multi-Appendage Robotic System.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.84,0:05:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a hexapod robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.10,0:05:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We developed our adaptive gait planner.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.10,0:05:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually have a very interesting\Npayload on there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.65,0:05:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The students like to have fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.12,0:05:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here you can see that it's walking\Nover unstructured terrain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.24,0:05:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Motor sound)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.38,0:05:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's trying to walk\Non the coastal terrain, a sandy area,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.20,0:05:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but depending on the moisture content\Nor the grain size of the sand,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.87,0:05:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the foot's soil sinkage model changes,\Nso it tries to adapt its gait
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.74,0:05:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to successfully cross\Nover these kind of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also does some fun stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.54,0:05:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can imagine,\Nwe get so many visitors visiting our lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.04,0:05:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when the visitors come,\NMARS walks up to the computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.80,0:06:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starts typing, "Hello, my name is MARS.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.87,0:06:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to RoMeLa,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.42,0:06:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Robotics Mechanisms\NLaboratory at Virginia Tech."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.06,0:06:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.56,0:06:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This robot is an amoeba robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.70,0:06:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we don't have enough time\Nto go into technical details,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.62,0:06:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll just show you\Nsome of the experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.70,0:06:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are some of the early\Nfeasibility experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.23,0:06:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We store potential energy\Nto the elastic skin to make it move,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.34,0:06:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or use active tension cords\Nto make it move forward and backward.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.17,0:06:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called ChIMERA.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.35,0:06:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have been working\Nwith some scientists and engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.39,0:06:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from UPenn
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.56,0:06:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come up with a chemically actuated\Nversion of this amoeba robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.42,0:06:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do something to something,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.33,0:06:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just like magic, it moves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.63,0:06:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Blob."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.93,0:06:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This robot is a very recent project.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.73,0:06:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called RAPHaEL:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.91,0:06:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robotic Air-Powered Hand\Nwith Elastic Ligaments.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.62,0:06:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a lot of really neat,\Nvery good robotic hands
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.64,0:06:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out there on the market.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.83,0:06:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is,\Nthey're just too expensive --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.03,0:06:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tens of thousands of dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.46,0:06:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for prosthesis applications\Nit's probably not too practical,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.51,0:06:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's not affordable.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.88,0:07:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wanted to tackle this problem\Nin a very different direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.38,0:07:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of using electrical motors,\Nelectromechanical actuators,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.45,0:07:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're using compressed air.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.23,0:07:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We developed these novel actuators\Nfor the joints, so it's compliant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.70,0:07:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can actually change the force,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.42,0:07:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply just changing the air pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.28,0:07:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it can actually crush\Nan empty soda can.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.49,0:07:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can pick up very delicate\Nobjects like a raw egg,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.56,0:07:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in this case, a lightbulb.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.79,0:07:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best part: it took only 200 dollars\Nto make the first prototype.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.91,0:07:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This robot is actually\Na family of snake robots
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.68,0:07:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we call HyDRAS,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.07,0:07:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hyper Degrees-of-freedom Robotic\NArticulated Serpentine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.80,0:07:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a robot that can climb structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a HyDRAS's arm.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.11,0:07:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a 12-degrees-of-freedom robotic arm.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.14,0:07:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the cool part is the user interface.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.51,0:07:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cable over there,\Nthat's an optical fiber.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.28,0:07:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This student, it's probably\Nher first time using it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.74,0:07:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she can articulate it\Nin many different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.12,0:07:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, in Iraq, the war zone,\Nthere are roadside bombs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.61,0:07:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently, you send these remotely\Ncontrolled vehicles that are armed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.64,0:08:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes really a lot of time\Nand it's expensive to train the operator
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.20,0:08:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to operate this complex arm.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.97,0:08:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, it's very intuitive;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.96,0:08:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this student, probably\Nhis first time using it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.25,0:08:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is doing very complex manipulation tasks,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.25,0:08:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picking up objects and doing\Nmanipulation, just like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.64,0:08:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very intuitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.76,0:08:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this robot\Nis currently our star robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.39,0:08:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually have a fan club\Nfor the robot, DARwIn:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.40,0:08:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dynamic Anthropomorphic\NRobot with Intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.32,0:08:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you know, we're very interested\Nin human walking,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.23,0:08:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we decided to build\Na small humanoid robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.44,0:08:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was in 2004; at that time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.23,0:08:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was something really,\Nreally revolutionary.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.52,0:08:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was more of a feasibility study:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.35,0:08:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What kind of motors should we use?\NIs it even possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.02,0:08:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What kinds of controls should we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.78,0:08:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This does not have any sensors,\Nso it's an open-loop control.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.32,0:08:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For those who probably know,\Nif you don't have any sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.12,0:08:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's any disturbances,\Nyou know what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.72,0:08:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.85,0:08:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Based on that success, the following year\Nwe did the proper mechanical design,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.10,0:08:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting from kinematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.35,0:09:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thus, DARwIn I was born in 2005.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.28,0:09:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It stands up, it walks -- very impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.62,0:09:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, still, as you can see,\Nit has a cord, an umbilical cord.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.100,0:09:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're still using\Nan external power source
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.20,0:09:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and external computation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.74,0:09:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in 2006, now it's really\Ntime to have fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.08,0:09:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's give it intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.56,0:09:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We give it all the computing\Npower it needs:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.70,0:09:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 1.5 gigahertz Pentium M chip,\Ntwo FireWire cameras,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.26,0:09:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rate gyros, accelerometers,\Nfour forced sensors on the foot,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.13,0:09:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lithium polymer batteries --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.50,0:09:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now DARwIn II\Nis completely autonomous.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.15,0:09:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not remote controlled.\NThere's no tethers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.86,0:09:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks around, searches for the ball ...\Nlooks around, searches for the ball,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.62,0:09:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it tries to play a game of soccer\Nautonomously -- artificial intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.57,0:09:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's see how it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.75,0:09:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was our very first trial, and ...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.72,0:09:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Spectators: Goal!
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.24,0:09:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dennis Hong: There is actually\Na competition called RoboCup.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.21,0:09:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know how many of you\Nhave heard about RoboCup.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.82,0:09:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an international autonomous\Nrobot soccer competition.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.22,0:10:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the actual goal of RoboCup is,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.99,0:10:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the year 2050,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.21,0:10:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we want to have full-size,\Nautonomous humanoid robots
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.96,0:10:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,play soccer against the human\NWorld Cup champions
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.06,0:10:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and win.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.24,0:10:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.30,0:10:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a true, actual goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.54,0:10:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very ambitious goal,\Nbut we truly believe we can do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.46,0:10:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is last year in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.22,0:10:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were the very first team\Nin the United States that qualified
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.25,0:10:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the humanoid RoboCup competition.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.08,0:10:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is this year in Austria.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.28,0:10:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to see the action\Nis three against three,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.87,0:10:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely autonomous.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.09,0:10:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) (Crowd groans)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.20,0:10:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DH: There you go. Yes!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.33,0:10:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The robots track and they team-play\Namongst themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.93,0:10:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.11,0:10:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really a research event,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.61,0:10:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,packaged in a more exciting\Ncompetition event.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.87,0:10:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here is the beautiful\NLouis Vuitton Cup trophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.42,0:10:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is for the best humanoid.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.97,0:10:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd like to bring this, for the first\Ntime, to the United States next year,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.66,0:10:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so wish us luck.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.84,0:10:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.90,0:10:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.08,0:10:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.18,0:11:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARwIn also has a lot of other talents.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.27,0:11:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year, it actually conducted\Nthe Roanoke Symphony Orchestra
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.01,0:11:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the holiday concert.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.42,0:11:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the next generation\Nrobot, DARwIn IV,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.42,0:11:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much smarter, faster, stronger.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.42,0:11:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's trying to show off its ability:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.43,0:11:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm macho, I'm strong."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.25,0:11:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.72,0:11:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I can also do some Jackie Chan-motion,\Nmartial art movements."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.96,0:11:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.42,0:11:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it walks away. So this is DARwIn IV.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.38,0:11:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, you'll be able\Nto see it in the lobby.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.54,0:11:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We truly believe this will be\Nthe very first running humanoid robot
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.76,0:11:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.93,0:11:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So stay tuned.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.11,0:11:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right. So I showed you\Nsome of our exciting robots at work.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.14,0:11:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what is the secret of our success?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.35,0:11:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do we come up with these ideas?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.19,0:11:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we develop these kinds of ideas?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.11,0:11:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a fully autonomous vehicle
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.92,0:11:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can drive into urban environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.82,0:11:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We won a half a million dollars\Nin the DARPA Urban Challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.74,0:11:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have the world's very first\Nvehicle that can be driven by the blind.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.42,0:11:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call it the Blind Driver\NChallenge, very exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.97,0:12:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many, many other robotics\Nprojects I want to talk about.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.17,0:12:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just the awards\Nthat we won in 2007 fall
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.83,0:12:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from robotics competitions\Nand those kinds of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.42,0:12:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So really, we have five secrets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.34,0:12:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First is: Where do we get inspiration?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.80,0:12:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do we get this spark of imagination?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.90,0:12:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a true story, my personal story.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.95,0:12:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At night, when I go to bed,\Nat three, four in the morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.75,0:12:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I lie down, close my eyes,\Nand I see these lines and circles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.66,0:12:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and different shapes floating around.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.48,0:12:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they assemble, and they form\Nthese kinds of mechanisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.27,0:12:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think, "Ah, this is cool."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.90,0:12:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So right next to my bed\NI keep a notebook, a journal,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.80,0:12:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a special pen\Nthat has an LED light on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.18,0:12:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I don't want to turn on the light\Nand wake up my wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.24,0:12:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I see this, scribble everything down,\Ndraw things, and go to bed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.54,0:12:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every day in the morning,\Nthe first thing I do,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.95,0:12:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before my first cup of coffee,\Nbefore I brush my teeth,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.58,0:12:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I open my notebook.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.77,0:12:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many times it's empty;\Nsometimes I have something there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.45,0:12:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If something's there, sometimes it's junk.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.54,0:12:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most of the time,\NI can't read my handwriting.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.92,0:12:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four in the morning --\Nwhat do you expect, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.27,0:12:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I need to decipher what I wrote.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.20,0:12:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes I see\Nthis ingenious idea in there,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.42,0:13:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have this eureka moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.93,0:13:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I directly run to my home office,\Nsit at my computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.47,0:13:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I type in the ideas, I sketch things out
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.48,0:13:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I keep a database of ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.03,0:13:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we have these calls for proposals,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.41,0:13:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I try to find a match\Nbetween my potential ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.01,0:13:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.19,0:13:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's a match,\Nwe write a research proposal,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.53,0:13:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get the research funding in,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.90,0:13:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's how we start\Nour research programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.09,0:13:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just a spark of imagination\Nis not good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.60,0:13:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we develop these kinds of ideas?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.51,0:13:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At our lab RoMeLa, the Robotics\Nand Mechanisms Laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.31,0:13:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have these fantastic\Nbrainstorming sessions.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.95,0:13:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we gather around, we discuss problems\Nand solutions and talk about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.31,0:13:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before we start,\Nwe set this golden rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.31,0:13:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rule is:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.98,0:13:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody criticizes anybody's ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.98,0:13:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody criticizes any opinion.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.42,0:13:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is important, because many times,\Nstudents fear or feel uncomfortable
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.100,0:13:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how others might think\Nabout their opinions and thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.29,0:13:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So once you do this, it is amazing\Nhow the students open up.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.10,0:13:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have these wacky, cool,\Ncrazy, brilliant ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.42,0:14:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the whole room is just electrified\Nwith creative energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.88,0:14:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is how we develop our ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.74,0:14:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we're running out of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.32,0:14:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One more thing I want to talk about is,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.24,0:14:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, just a spark of idea\Nand development is not good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.42,0:14:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a great TED moment --\NI think it was Sir Ken Robinson, was it?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.16,0:14:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gave a talk about how education\Nand school kill creativity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.62,0:14:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, actually,\Nthere's two sides to the story.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.42,0:14:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is only so much one can do\Nwith just ingenious ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.66,0:14:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and creativity\Nand good engineering intuition.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.70,0:14:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to go beyond a tinkering,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.52,0:14:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to go\Nbeyond a hobby of robotics
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.69,0:14:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really tackle\Nthe grand challenges of robotics
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.16,0:14:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through rigorous research,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.42,0:14:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need more than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.60,0:14:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where school comes in.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.64,0:14:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Batman, fighting against the bad guys,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.16,0:14:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he has his utility belt,\Nhe has his grappling hook,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.58,0:14:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he has all different kinds of gadgets.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.42,0:14:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For us roboticists,\Nengineers and scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.86,0:14:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these tools are the courses\Nand classes you take in class.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.04,0:15:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Math, differential equations.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.07,0:15:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have linear algebra, science, physics --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.83,0:15:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even, nowadays, chemistry\Nand biology, as you've seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.82,0:15:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are all the tools we need.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.61,0:15:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the more tools you have, for Batman,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.51,0:15:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more effective at fighting the bad guys,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.51,0:15:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us, more tools to attack\Nthese kinds of big problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.58,0:15:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So education is very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.57,0:15:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also -- it's not only about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.19,0:15:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You also have to work really, really hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.28,0:15:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I always tell my students,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.76,0:15:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Work smart, then work hard."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.83,0:15:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This picture in the back --\Nthis is three in the morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.58,0:15:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guarantee if you come\Nto our lab at 3, 4am,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.93,0:15:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have students working there,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.51,0:15:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not because I tell them to,\Nbut because we are having too much fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.75,0:15:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which leads to the last topic:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.42,0:15:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not forget to have fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.32,0:15:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really the secret of our success,\Nwe're having too much fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.56,0:15:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I truly believe that highest productivity\Ncomes when you're having fun,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.04,0:15:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.42,0:15:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there you go.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.60,0:15:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.79,0:15:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)