[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.32,0:00:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lawrence Lessig: Thank you very much. It's extremely cool to be here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.43,0:00:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just about as cool as when I spoke at Pixar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.74,0:00:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think of these two as being highlights of my career.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.12,0:00:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, thank you very much for having me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.67,0:00:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have two small ideas I want to use as an introduction to an argument,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.91,0:00:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the nature of access to scientific knowledge in the context of the internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.66,0:00:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use that argument as a step towards a plea about what we should do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.43,0:00:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here is the first idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.31,0:00:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to call it the "White-effect".
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.41,0:00:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I name that after Justice Byron White, justice of the US Supreme Court,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.35,0:00:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appointed by John F. Kennedy - there he is in 1962
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.17,0:00:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- famous before that as 'Whizzer' White on the Yale University football team.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.56,0:01:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he was appointed to the Supreme Court, he was a famous liberal,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.74,0:01:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,renowned liberal, the only appointee that John Kennedy had to the Supreme Court.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.12,0:01:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But 'Whizzer' White grew old, and he is probably most famous for an infamous opinion,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.59,0:01:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which he penned on behalf of the Supreme Court, Bowers v. Hardwick,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.23,0:01:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an opinion where the Supreme Court upheld the Criminalization of Sodomy laws,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.14,0:01:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the passage: 'Against this background, to claim that a right to engage
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.03,0:01:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in such conduct' - homosexual sodomy - 'is "deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.76,0:01:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty" is, at best, facetious.'
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.07,0:01:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is what I want to think of as the "White Effect".
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.37,0:01:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be a liberal or a progressive is always relative to a moment, and that moment changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.28,0:01:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and too many are liberal or progressive no more.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.15,0:02:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's the "White effect". Here is the second idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.47,0:02:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Harvard Gazette is a kind of propaganda publication of Harvard University,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.19,0:02:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it talks about all the happy things at Harvard.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.70,0:02:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's an article that it wrote, about an extraordinary macro-economist,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.61,0:02:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gita Gopinath, who has just come to Harvard, received tenure last year
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.71,0:02:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is one of the most influential macroeconomists in the United States right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.76,0:02:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This article talks about her work and her research, and at the very end,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.53,0:02:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is this puzzling passage, where it says:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.100,0:02:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Still, the shelves in her new office are nearly bare, since, said Gopinath,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.57,0:02:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Everything I need is on the Internet now." '
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.44,0:02:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, that's the second idea. Here is the argument.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.06,0:02:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, copyright is a regulation by the State intended to change
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.34,0:02:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a regulation by the market. It's an exclusive right, a monopoly right,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.70,0:03:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a property right granted by the State, which is necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.99,0:03:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve an inevitable market failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.31,0:03:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, by saying that it's necessary to solve an inevitable market failure,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.09,0:03:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm marking myself as a pro-copyright scholar,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.95,0:03:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the sense that I believe copyright is necessary. Even in a digital age,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.88,0:03:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in a digital age, copyright is necessary to achieve
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.62,0:03:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain incentives that otherwise would be lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.97,0:03:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the internet age, what we've seen as a fight about copyright,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.86,0:03:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the scope of copyright, waged most consistently in the context
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.15,0:03:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the battle over artists' rights, in particular, in the context of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.38,0:03:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where massive 'sharing' - sharing which is technically illegal - has lead to a fight
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.96,0:03:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fought by artists and especially by artists' representatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.74,0:04:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we from the Free Culture movement, have challenged the people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.34,0:04:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have been waging that fight.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.64,0:04:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they defend copyright in the context of that fight.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.48,0:04:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we get above the din of this battle, the important thing to keep in mind
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.09,0:04:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that both sides in this fight acknowledge that copyright is essential
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.69,0:04:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for certain creative work,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.79,0:04:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to respect copyright for that creative work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.58,0:04:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We, from the Free Culture movement, need to respect copyright for that work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.80,0:04:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to recognize that there is a place for a sensible copyright policy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.43,0:04:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect and encourage that work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.66,0:04:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, however - and here is the important distinction -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.13,0:04:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only artists rely upon copyright, copyright is also relied upon by publishers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.86,0:05:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and publishers are a different animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.16,0:05:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have to be as negative as John Milton was when he wrote publishers are
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.66,0:05:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of books
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.88,0:05:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- men who do no labor in an honest profession, to [them], learning is indebted."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.73,0:05:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have to go quite that far to recognize why publishers are different,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.46,0:05:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the economic problem for publishers is different
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.13,0:05:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the economic problems presented by creating.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.30,0:05:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So who is copyright for? The publishers or the artists?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.34,0:05:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, since the beginning of copyright in the Anglo-American tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.83,0:05:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Statute of Anne of 1710, there has been this argument about whether copyright
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.55,0:05:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was intended for the publishers or the artists.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.50,0:05:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Statute of Anne was originally introduced, it gave a perpetual term of copyright,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.87,0:05:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which the publishers understood to be a protection for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.22,0:05:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was then amended to give just a limited term for copyright.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.28,0:06:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Publishers were puzzled about that, because it wouldn't make sense to give a limited term
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.79,0:06:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it was the publisher that was to be protected.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.09,0:06:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1769, a court case in the context of Millar v. Taylor seemed to suggest that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.18,0:06:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the limitations of the Statute of Anne, copyright was for ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.80,0:06:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in 1774, in a very famous case about this book, The Seasons, by James Thomson,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.88,0:06:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the House of Lords held that copyright protected by the Status of Anne was limited,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.28,0:06:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holding for the first time that works passed into a public domain.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.48,0:06:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the first time in English history, works including Shakespeare
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.09,0:06:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passed into the public domain. And in this moment, we can say Free Culture was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.39,0:06:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it also clarified that copyright was not intended for the publisher.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.56,0:06:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if it benefited the publishers, it was a creative right
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.09,0:07:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and author's right. Even if benefitting publishers, copyright was for authors.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.85,0:07:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I remark these obvious borders about the scope of copyright,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.05,0:07:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we tend to forget them. We've been fighting a battle in the context of copyright
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.74,0:07:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where copyright is essential, and we are spending too little attention
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.73,0:07:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a battle in a context where copyright is not essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.86,0:07:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I mean by that, in the context of science, in the context that Gopinath was speaking of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.84,0:07:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she talked about everything being available on the internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.38,0:07:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the consequence of failing to pay attention to this second context
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.53,0:07:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within which this battle is being waged is that there is a trouble here
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.62,0:07:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that too few see.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.94,0:07:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's think about this claim that everything is on the internet now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.86,0:07:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.63,0:07:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a particular example to evaluate what that means.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.76,0:08:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of my work, these days, is focusing on corruption
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.48,0:08:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the context of this institution, Congress.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.72,0:08:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's say that we wanted to study, you wanted to study with me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.01,0:08:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,corruption in this context. Go to Google Scholar and enter a search for campaign finance.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.68,0:08:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are the top articles that would be listed from that search.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.91,0:08:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's say you wanted to browse through these articles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.34,0:08:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get a sense of campaign finance and how it might be related to corruption in Congress.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.62,0:08:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here are the top 10 articles. This first one, a very famous one
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.74,0:08:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by my former colleague Pam Karlan and Sam Issacharof.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.63,0:08:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would find, to get access to this article, you'd have to pay $29.95.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.68,0:08:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second article, housed at JSTOR, you'd have to get through to get permission
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.05,0:08:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Columbia Law Review - not quite clear how you would do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.78,0:08:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third article, again, $29.95. The fourth article, protected by Questia,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.36,0:08:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we learn that you can get a 1-day free trial to all of these Oxford University Press articles,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.62,0:09:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd only have to pay when that day is over 99 dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.51,0:09:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to continue for a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.13,0:09:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is the 4th article again, protected by JSTOR.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.64,0:09:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 5th article, it's an economics article, so the price is right on the surface:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.72,0:09:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 dollars to purchase access to this article.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.15,0:09:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the 7th article, Columbia Law Review.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.17,0:09:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,8th article, Columbia Law Review, 9th article, protected again by JSTOR,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.07,0:09:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10th article, $29.95. So, how accessible is this information to the general public?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.06,0:09:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, one of these you can get access to for free, at least one time only,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.07,0:09:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them you can pay $10 for. 3 of them, $29.95, and 5 of them, terms unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.75,0:09:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protected by JSTOR.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.98,0:09:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when Gopinath says "Everything I need is on the internet",
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.79,0:09:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what does she mean? What she means is if - and this is a big if -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.81,0:09:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're a tenured professor at an elite university or we could say a professor,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.36,0:10:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a student or professor in an elite university, or maybe
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.73,0:10:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a student or professor at a US university, if you are a member of the knowledge elite,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.42,0:10:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you have effectively free access to all of this information.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.46,0:10:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you are from the rest of the world? Not so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.27,0:10:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the thing to recognize is we built this world,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.63,0:10:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we built this architecture for access, these flows from the deployment of copyright,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.34,0:10:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but here, copyright to benefit publishers. Not to enable authors.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.84,0:10:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not one of these authors gets money from copyright.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.71,0:10:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not one of them wants the distribution of their articles limited.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.90,0:10:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not one of them has a business model that turns upon restricting access to their work.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.09,0:10:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not one of them should support this system.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.91,0:10:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a knowledge policy for the creators of this knowledge, this is crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.59,0:10:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the craziness doesn't stop here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.90,0:11:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, my third child, this extraordinarily beautiful girl, Samantha Tess,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.08,0:11:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she was born, the doctors were worried she had a condition
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.04,0:11:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would suggest jaundice. I had jaundice as a baby, so I didn't think it was serious,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.30,0:11:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was told very forcefully by her doctor, this is extroardinarily serious.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.68,0:11:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this condition manifest in the dangerous condition, it would produce brain damage,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.37,0:11:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibly death.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.70,0:11:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, of course, we were terrified. I went home and I did what every academic did - does:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.10,0:11:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I pulled everything I could from the web to study about what jaundice was
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.87,0:11:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what the conditions were. Now, because I am a Harvard professor,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.01,0:11:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course, I didn't have to pay to get access to this information, but I just kept the tally.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.00,0:11:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To get access to the 20 articles that I wanted access to was $435,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.59,0:11:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the ordinary human, not a Harvard professor. OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.45,0:11:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I gathered these articles and set them aside, believing this problem
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.54,0:11:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would not manifest itself in a serious way.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.83,0:12:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on her third day, she fell into a stupor, and we called the doctor,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.63,0:12:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the doctor was panciked and he said we had to get to the hospital immediately.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.71,0:12:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, at 3 o'clock in the morning, we trundled the baby up and raced to the hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.77,0:12:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were sitting in the waiting room, and I brought the articles with me,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.95,0:12:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I wanted something to do, to distract me from the terror
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.17,0:12:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my child had this condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.24,0:12:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I picked up the first of these articles, which is actually free,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.84,0:12:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,published on the web for free, at the American Family Physician,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.06,0:12:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I started reading about this condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.59,0:12:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I got to this table, a table that was going to describe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.20,0:12:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you should worry about whether the child would have too severe of this exposure.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.46,0:12:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I turned the page, and this is what I found:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.34,0:12:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The rightsholder did not grant rights to reproduce this item in electronic media.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.34,0:12:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the missing item, see the original print version of this publication."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.56,0:12:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I had this moment of liberation from fear about my child,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.86,0:13:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I turned to fear about our culture. I thought, this is outrageous!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.76,0:13:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea that we are regulating access down to the chart in an article
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.45,0:13:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was posted for free to help, not doctors, but parents
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.08,0:13:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand what this condition was.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.42,0:13:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are regulating access to parts of articles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.96,0:13:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now here and throughout our architecture for access,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.39,0:13:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are building an infrastructure for this regulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.88,0:13:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about the Google Books project, which is perfecting control down to the sentence,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.74,0:13:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability to regulate access down to the sentence.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.36,0:13:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, I alway forget to tell this: the kid is fine, she didn't have jaundice,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.10,0:13:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is a complete non issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.30,0:13:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the point is, we are architecting access here, for what purpose?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.39,0:13:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To maximize revenue. And why? Revenue to the artists?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.64,0:13:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Revenues necessary to produce the incentive to create?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.30,0:14:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this a limitation that serves any of the real objectives of copyright?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.04,0:14:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is no.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.79,0:14:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is simply the natural result of for-profit production
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.32,0:14:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any good that we, quote, must have.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.49,0:14:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Bergstrom and McAfee describe in a really fantastic little bit of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.71,0:14:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you compare the cost per page of for-profit publishers
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.32,0:14:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cost per page of not-for-profit publishers in these different fields of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.11,0:14:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a 4 and a half times factor difference cost per page.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.35,0:14:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a function of different, of these having different objectives.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.74,0:14:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One objective is to spread knowledge: that's the not-for-profit publishers,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.22,0:14:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one objective, to maximize profit: that's the for-profit publishers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.35,0:14:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this architecture for access is beginning to build resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.95,0:14:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, think about the story of JSTOR.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.03,0:15:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JSTOR was launched in 1995, with an extraordinary amount of funding
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.39,0:15:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Mellon Foundation. That funding produced a huge archive
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.38,0:15:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of journal articles. So that there are now more than 1200 journals, 20 collections,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.52,0:15:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,53 disciplines, 303'000 issues, about 38 million pages in JSTOR archive.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.52,0:15:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When this archive was launched, everybody thought it was brilliant.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.94,0:15:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody thought the access here was extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.01,0:15:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today? There is increasingly criticism growing out there
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.63,0:15:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how JSTOR makes its information accessible.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.87,0:15:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could think of it as a kind of "White effect".
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.47,0:15:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was liberal when it was launched, but what has it become as it has grown old?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.93,0:15:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, here is an article published in the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.77,0:15:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,California Historical Society Quarterly. It's 6 pages long.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.86,0:15:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To get it, you have to pay $20 to JSTOR, this non-profit organization,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.07,0:16:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading Carl Malamud, who of course is famous for his Public Resources site,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.56,0:16:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tweet in the following way: "JSTOR is morally offensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.51,0:16:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,$20 for a 6-page article, unless you happen to work at a fancy school."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.46,0:16:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might say, "This is a really important academic archive",
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.08,0:16:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the question is whether this really important academic archive
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.92,0:16:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to become a kind of RIAA for the academy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.45,0:16:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Begging the question that the "White effect" always begs,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.19,0:16:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we could do this better under a different set of assumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.60,0:16:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course the Open Access movement is the movement that was launched
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.40,0:16:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and do this better under different circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.27,0:16:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it has a long history, but its real push was inspired by
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.30,0:16:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dramatic increase in the cost of journals.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.60,0:16:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if this is a study between 1986 and 2004 by the American Research Libraries,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.45,0:16:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the increase in inflation, this is the increase in the cost of serials,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.96,0:17:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's obvious that the market power of these publishers is being exploited,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.57,0:17:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the purchasers of these serials have no choice but to buy them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.68,0:17:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in part motivated by this cost concern, it's also motivated by a sense of unfairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.60,0:17:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do all the work, they get all the money, here.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.73,0:17:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the response to these two kinds of concerns has been two:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.06,0:17:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,#1 an open access self-archiving movement, where the push has been
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.23,0:17:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let's get as many things out there archived on the Web as we can,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.20,0:17:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pre-prints and whatever we can get up, and make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.44,0:17:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Web can make them accessible" - and an Open Access publishing movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.06,0:17:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what's the difference between these two movements?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.41,0:17:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The difference is licensing. Some "open" is "free", in the sense that Richard Stallman
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.21,0:17:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made famous by his quote: "Free software is a matter of liberty, not price.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.89,0:17:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To understand the concept, you should think of free as in free speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.90,0:17:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not as in free beer."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.15,0:18:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, some aspect of the Open Access publishing is free as in free speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.93,0:18:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some "open" is not. Some is just free as in: "You can download it freely,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.40,0:18:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the rights that you get from the download are just as broad
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.78,0:18:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as narrowly granted by some implicit copyright rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.19,0:18:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, "free", as in licensed freely, has been the objective that the Science Commons project,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.62,0:18:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a project that Creative Commons has been pushing,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.05,0:18:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pushing as part of a broader strategy for producing
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.70,0:18:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the information architecture that science needs, as they announce
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.22,0:18:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their "Principles for open science". There are four principles here.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.04,0:18:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is, there should be open access to literature, by which Science Commons says:
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.37,0:18:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be on the internet, literature "should be on the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.38,0:18:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in digital form, with permission granted in advance
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.76,0:18:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search or link
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.08,0:19:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the full texts of articles, crawl them indexing, pass them as data to software,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.71,0:19:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or use them for any other lawful purpose,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.89,0:19:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without financial, legal or technical barriers other than those inseparable
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.62,0:19:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from gaining access to the internet itself."
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.30,0:19:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what "free", here, means.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.00,0:19:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, access to research tools: there should be "materials necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.34,0:19:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to replicate funded research - cell lines, model animals, DNA tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.39,0:19:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reagents, and more - should be described in digital formats,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.20,0:19:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made available under standard terms of use or contracts,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.33,0:19:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with infrastructure or resources to fulfill requests to qualified scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.72,0:19:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with full credit provided to the scientist who created the tools."
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.68,0:19:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,#3 Data should be in the public domain. "Research data, data sets, databases,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.51,0:19:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and protocols should be in the public domain."
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.37,0:19:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning no copyright restrictions at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.51,0:19:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 4, Open cyber-infrastructure:
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.16,0:19:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Data without structure and annotation is an opportunity lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.70,0:19:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research data should flow in an open, public and extensible infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.02,0:20:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that supports its recombination and reconfiguration into computer models,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.05,0:20:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its searchability by search engines,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.100,0:20:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its use by both scientists and the taxpaying public.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.26,0:20:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This infrastructure is an essential public good."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.12,0:20:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, my view is, this the right way - you might think this is the left way -
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.94,0:20:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's the correct way to instantiate this Open Access movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.23,0:20:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The values and the efficiency and the justice in this architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.09,0:20:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the right values, efficiency and justice for an Open Access movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.88,0:20:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's call it, following Stallman, the Free Access Movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.48,0:20:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the critical question of the Free Access movement
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.87,0:20:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the license that governs access to the information being provided.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.46,0:20:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does the license grant freedoms?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.26,0:20:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, of course, was the motivation between the Public Library of Science -
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.66,0:20:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every one of their articles is published under a Creative Commons
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.75,0:20:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Attribution license, the freest license we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.13,0:20:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is increasingly the practice, surprisingly, of the largest publishers,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.77,0:21:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as described by this wonderful project housed here at CERN,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.06,0:21:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is studying Open Access publishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.65,0:21:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the first of three stages to this project. When studying the large publishers,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.19,0:21:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this study concludes that "Half of the large publishers use some version
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.29,0:21:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a Creative Commons license. These seven publish 72% of the titles
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.36,0:21:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 71% of the articles investigated.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.96,0:21:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of these, 82% use the freest license, cc-by, and 18% use cc-by-nc", non commercial.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.68,0:21:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that of course is an excellent report on the progress of this free access movement
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.55,0:21:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the context of the largest publishers.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:40.50,0:21:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's not excellent in this story is the other publishers here.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.22,0:21:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For these other publishers, only 73% you can determine copyright status
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.08,0:21:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,69% transfer the copyright to the publisher. Only 21 % of the articles
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.42,0:22:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have any Creative Commons license attached at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.30,0:22:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is because these other publishers are using copyright as a means,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.16,0:22:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a means to a non-knowledge ends, to a non-copyright ends.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.25,0:22:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, they are using it to support the societies
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.33,0:22:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might happen to be associated with publishing
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.76,0:22:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that particular journal, that society that might study
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.98,0:22:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one particular of science.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.39,0:22:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That society, of course, is valuable, but what they are doing
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.34,0:22:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is using copyright to support that society.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.36,0:22:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the consequence of that strategy is to block access to all but the few.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.22,0:22:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't achieve the objectives of the Enlightenment,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.16,0:22:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we achieve the reality of an elite-nment, the elite-nment
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.39,0:22:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which describes the way in which we spread knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.62,0:22:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the ideals of the Enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.71,0:22:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the point I'm emphasizing here is that it's for no good copyright reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.71,0:23:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the slowness inside of science to embrace this more broadly,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.64,0:23:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially among the smaller publishers, may surprise some,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.20,0:23:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe it doesn't surprise. The whole design of science
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.07,0:23:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be a fad-resistor, the idea is to have an infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.57,0:23:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that avoids fads, and tradition then becomes the metric of what's right
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.52,0:23:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of what's good in science.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.88,0:23:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think it's time to recognize that Free Access, as in free, as in speech access
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.18,0:23:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is no fad.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.87,0:23:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's time to push this non fad more broadly in the context of science.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.56,0:23:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, just because I'm talking about how bad some area of science is,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.76,0:23:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't mean to suggest that the arts is good, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.01,0:23:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have practices in the context of the arts that are just as bad, here.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.14,0:23:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, think about a recent episode around YouTube.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.53,0:23:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we should not minimize the significance of YouTube
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.65,0:23:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the infrastructure of culture right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.00,0:23:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YouTube now has 43 different languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.67,0:24:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is more uploaded in one month on Youtube
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.51,0:24:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than was broadcast by the major networks in the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.33,0:24:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the last 60 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.34,0:24:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single day, 6 new years of video gets uploaded to YouTube.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.14,0:24:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 2 billion views of YouTube every single year.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.38,0:24:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every single day, sorry. That's 40% increase over just the last year.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.48,0:24:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've been famously a fan of this extraordinary site
Dialogue: 0,0:24:28.34,0:24:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I celebrate the kind of read-write creativity
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.76,0:24:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think YouTube has encouraged.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.32,0:24:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I got this sense of what we should think of as read-write creativity
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.68,0:24:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was reading testimony at this place
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.93,0:24:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by this man, John Philip Souza, in 1906.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.39,0:24:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he was - I didn't read it in 1906 but the testimony was given in 1906 -
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.14,0:24:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Souza was testifying about this technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.42,0:24:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what he called "talking machines".
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.66,0:25:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Souza was not a fan of the talking machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.86,0:25:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what he had to say about them:
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.56,0:25:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"These talking machines are going to ruin the artistic development
Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.51,0:25:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of music in this country.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.24,0:25:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a boy, in front of every house in the summer evenings
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.30,0:25:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would find young people together singing the songs
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.90,0:25:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the day or the old songs.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.88,0:25:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today you hear these infernal machines going night and day.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.66,0:25:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will not have a vocal chord left," Souza said,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.69,0:25:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The vocal chords will be eliminated by a process of evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.90,0:25:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as was the tail of man when he came from the ape."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.72,0:25:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is the picture I want you to focus on.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.54,0:25:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This picture of "young people together, singing the songs of the day
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.01,0:25:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the old songs".
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.23,0:25:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture of culture. We could call it, using modern computer terminology,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.67,0:25:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of read-write culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.42,0:25:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a culture where people participate in the creation and the re-creation
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.78,0:25:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their culture: in that sense, it's read-write.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.06,0:25:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the opposite of read-write creativity, then, we should call
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.45,0:26:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"read-only" culture. A culture where creativity is consumed
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.93,0:26:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the consumer is not a creator. A culture, in this sense, that's top-down,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.69,0:26:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the vocal cords of the millions of ordinary potential creators
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.93,0:26:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been lost, and lost, because, as Souza said,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.74,0:26:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of these infernal machines: technology, technology like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.79,0:26:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or technology like this, to produce a culture like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.60,0:26:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a culture which enabled efficient consumption, what we call "reading",
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.06,0:26:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but inefficient amateur production, what we should call "writing".
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.32,0:26:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A culture good for listening, but not a culture good for speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.08,0:26:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a culture good for watching, a culture not good for creating.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.25,0:26:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the first popular instantiation of the internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.43,0:26:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long after you guys gave us the World Wide Web,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.45,0:26:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the first one people really paid attention to,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:54.88,0:26:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 1997 and 1998, was a read-only internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.04,0:27:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Napster, which of course, built the largest music archive,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.99,0:27:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is still a music archive of music created by others
Dialogue: 0,0:27:09.21,0:27:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the legal version, the iTunes Music Store, was an archive of the music
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.36,0:27:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created by others, that you could buy for 99 cents.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.01,0:27:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were technologies to enable access,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.15,0:27:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but access to culture created elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.32,0:27:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, shortly in - after the turn of the century, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.73,0:27:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the internet became fundamentally read-write.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.70,0:27:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People began taking, and remixing, and sharing
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.55,0:27:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their creativity on the internet, and YouTube was the platform for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.49,0:27:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, my favorite example, which I first saw on YouTube, is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.71,0:27:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Read my lips by: Atmo - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhlHUTBgAMw]
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.22,0:27:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Bush: My love, there's only you in my life,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.85,0:28:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only thing that's right.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.67,0:28:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blair: My first love: you're every breath that I take,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.97,0:28:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're every step I make.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.38,0:28:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bush: And I, I want to share
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.63,0:28:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bush and Blair: all my love with you
Dialogue: 0,0:28:35.33,0:28:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bush: No one else will do.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.92,0:28:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blair: And your eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.21,0:28:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bush: Your eyes, your eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.20,0:28:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bush and Blair: they tell me how much you care for...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.82,0:28:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,announcer: remember to(?) take dictation"
Dialogue: 0,0:28:55.71,0:28:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: OK. And then.more recently, I don't know if (?) many of you
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.61,0:29:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have seen this extraordinary site ThruYou.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.76,0:29:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a site that takes content only from YouTube
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.29,0:29:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remixes it to produce albums and videos. And this is his latest, you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.09,0:29:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Voice: This is my mother:
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.21,0:29:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mother: Howdy, howdy. OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.73,0:29:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[plays a continuo on keyboard]
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.40,0:29:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tenesan1 [see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-J8sSXO9VWk ]
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.09,0:29:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tenesan1: The song I'm going to sing, I wrote, is called "Green"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.92,0:29:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because ... (?)
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.90,0:29:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm seing beauty created on the land
Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.54,0:29:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Earth the third day, producing all the plants
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.08,0:29:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mother Nature created by the most high God
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.82,0:29:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm seeing beauty and it's green to me
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.49,0:30:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[other instruments enter]
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.20,0:30:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spotting tranquillity, peace and restoration
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.12,0:30:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Check all the water travelling from roots
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.28,0:30:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you will see roots digging deep, building a strong foundation
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.37,0:30:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then finally a stem shoots through
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.33,0:30:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm seeing beauty, it's green..
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.06,0:30:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: So this is then what I think of as a platform for read-write creativity.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.13,0:30:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then the second stage of this, I think is ultimately
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.54,0:30:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much more interesting. It's the way that this platform
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.90,0:30:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has become a platform for read-write communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.33,0:30:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means creativity, which then gets remixed by others
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.02,0:30:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in response to the initial read-write creativity.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.80,0:30:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here is an example. This video:
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.36,0:31:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ "Crank That" by Soulja Boy - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLGLum5SyKQ + Superman:] You Soulja Boy..
Dialogue: 0,0:31:02.100,0:31:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got a new dance fo you all called the soulja boy
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.18,0:31:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You gotta punch then crank back three times from left to right
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.21,0:31:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaah!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.29,0:31:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: so that video inspired this video:
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.25,0:31:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[video 2] You Soulja Boy ...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:33.28,0:31:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: which then inspired this video
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.79,0:31:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Video 3] Soulja Boy ...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.96,0:31:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: Well here is another example. I'm sure many of you remember
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.51,0:31:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these extraordinary movies by John Hughes,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.47,0:31:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we used to think of as the Brat Pack, until we knew
Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.04,0:32:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was a Brat Pack before these guys.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.94,0:32:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the first bit of cultural,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.05,0:32:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think here is the second.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.61,0:32:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a music video by the band Phoenix, with their song Lisztomania:
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.52,0:32:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Lisztomania: Phoenix' clip]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.09,0:32:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig (over clip): So classic music video style
Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.38,0:32:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[clip continues]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.34,0:32:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sentimental
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.27,0:32:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: Somebody got the idea that they would take John Hughes' content
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.95,0:32:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remix it with the music by Phoenix. They produced this:
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.00,0:32:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[remix]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.59,0:32:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sentimental
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.09,0:32:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not sentimental, no
Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.65,0:32:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,romantic not disgusting yet
Dialogue: 0,0:32:57.34,0:33:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darling, I'm down and lonely when with the fortunate is only
Dialogue: 0,0:33:03.58,0:33:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been looking for something else
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.03,0:33:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do let, do let, do let, jugulate, do let, do let, do
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.33,0:33:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go slowly discouraged
Dialogue: 0,0:33:12.04,0:33:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Distant from other interests on your favorite weekend ending...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.13,0:33:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: Then somebody had the idea that they would make a local version
Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.84,0:33:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this remix video. So this is the Brooklyn version:
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.11,0:33:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Brooklyn remix:]
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.98,0:34:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: And then San Francisco decided they'd like to copy:
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.43,0:34:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[San Francisco remix:]
Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.74,0:34:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: And then Boston University decided they would copy:
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.68,0:34:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Boston U remix:]
Dialogue: 0,0:34:58.60,0:35:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: There are others, literally scores of these on the internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.20,0:35:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from every place around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.68,0:35:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(1 sentence ????)
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.63,0:35:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every other place... these people doing the same kind of remix.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.68,0:35:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point to recognize is that this is then what Souza was romanticizing
Dialogue: 0,0:35:15.26,0:35:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Souza was talking about the young people getting together
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.60,0:35:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and singing the songs of the day or the old songs.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.53,0:35:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they are not singing the songs or the old songs
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.97,0:35:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their backyard or on the corner, they are now singing them
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.51,0:35:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this free digital platform that allows people to sing and respond,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.25,0:35:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and respond again all across the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.98,0:35:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my view, important and valuable, in understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:35:37.13,0:35:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how this kind of culture develops and spreads.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.91,0:35:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, is it legal?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:42.80,0:35:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, YouTube has just stepped into this battle, of whether it's legal.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.70,0:35:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've launched this Copyright School
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.60,0:35:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I will give you a little bit of their copyright school.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.74,0:36:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[video from http://www.youtube.com/copyright_school - original subtitled in ca 40 languages]
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.21,0:36:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Everybody has really been looking forward to the new video
Dialogue: 0,0:36:13.77,0:36:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"from Lumpy and the Lumpettes.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.24,0:36:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Even Lumpy.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:23.17,0:36:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Russell's a huge fan. He can't wait to tell all his friends about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.38,0:36:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'Hey, Russell, you didn't create that video!
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.14,0:36:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'You just copied someone else's content.'"
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.65,0:36:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: OK, this first part is pretty standard,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.74,0:36:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about copying people's content, uploading it,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.00,0:36:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even copying a live performance and uploading it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.20,0:36:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's fair, that's true, that's accurate in its statement
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.47,0:36:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what copyright law is, and what I think copyright law should be.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:49.52,0:36:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to focus on their talk about remix,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.75,0:36:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which might be confusing to you, and if you do, you should buy
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.56,0:36:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple copies of my book, "Remix" to understand what it's about.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.48,0:37:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's YouTube's version of the story of remix
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.17,0:37:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[YouTube video cont.] \N"'Oh, Russell! Your reuse of the Lumpy's content is clever,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.55,0:37:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'but did you get permission for it?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.77,0:37:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'Mashups or remixes of content may also require permission
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.82,0:37:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'from the original copyright owner, depending on whether or not
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.39,0:37:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'the use is a fair use.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:14.46,0:37:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'In the United States [text shown onscreen is read very fast] ...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.51,0:37:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'...you should consult a qualified copyright attorney.'"
Dialogue: 0,0:37:37.50,0:37:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: OK. "Consult a qualified copyright attorney"?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:41.47,0:37:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are 15-year olds. You're trying to teach 15-year olds
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.06,0:37:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to obey the law, and what you do is you give them
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.25,0:37:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this thing called fair use, and you read it so fast
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.38,0:37:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody can understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.88,0:37:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You believe you've actually explained something sensible?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.95,0:37:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is crazy talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:55.26,0:37:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course we train lawyers to understand it, and not think it's crazy talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.80,0:38:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but non lawyers should recognize it's crazy talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.96,0:38:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an absurd system here.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:04.23,0:38:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, a sensible system would say:
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.97,0:38:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Then it should be plainly legal for Russell to make a remix,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:12.05,0:38:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"a non commercial consumer making a remix of content
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.45,0:38:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"that he sees out there, even if it's not legal for YouTube
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.37,0:38:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"to distribute it without paying some sort of royalty
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.78,0:38:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"to copyright owners whose work has been remixed."
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.34,0:38:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the point is, the significance of this kind of culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:29.66,0:38:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this kind of remix culture, and the opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.94,0:38:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this remix culture to flourish is recognized by people on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.50,0:38:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the right. Here is my favorite little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.25,0:38:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a little bit bad video, but it's by one of my favorite
Dialogue: 0,0:38:42.34,0:38:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,libertarians from Cato Institute, which is one of the
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.66,0:38:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most important libertarian think-tanks in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.37,0:38:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about this:
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.60,0:38:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Libertarian man: Copyright policy isn't just about how to incentivize
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.81,0:38:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the production of a certain kind of artistic commodity.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.01,0:38:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about what level of control we're going to permit to be
Dialogue: 0,0:38:57.19,0:39:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exercised over our social realities, social realities that are now
Dialogue: 0,0:39:01.58,0:39:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inevitably permeated by pop culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.62,0:39:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's important that we keep these two different kinds
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.41,0:39:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of public uses in mind. If we only focus on how to
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.11,0:39:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maximize the supply of one,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.71,0:39:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we risk suppressing this different and richer
Dialogue: 0,0:39:18.86,0:39:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in some ways, maybe even more important one.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.91,0:39:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessig: Bingo. That's the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.70,0:39:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two kinds of cultures here, two kinds of culture:
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.45,0:39:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the commercial culture and the amateur culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:30.95,0:39:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have to have a system that tries to recognize and encourage both.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.61,0:39:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even YouTube, now, the company most responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.36,0:39:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this revival of this remix culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:41.68,0:39:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even YouTube, now, is criminalizing the remixer.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.70,0:39:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, now that's the argument.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.94,0:39:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is what I think we need to do here.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.24,0:39:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In both these contexts, both science and culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.98,0:39:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need reform.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:53.46,0:39:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not to say we need the abolition of copyright.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.99,0:39:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are copyright abolitionists out there, and I'm not one them.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.48,0:40:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we need is reform, both of the law and of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.23,0:40:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, of the law: I, last year, had the opportunity -
Dialogue: 0,0:40:08.07,0:40:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surprising, from the perspective of 10 years ago -
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.73,0:40:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I was invited by WIPO to talk to WIPO,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:13.88,0:40:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and both my presentation and the current Director General
Dialogue: 0,0:40:16.63,0:40:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a conception of what WIPO should do here
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.27,0:40:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's very similar. They should launch what we could think of
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.61,0:40:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a Blue Skies Commission, a commission to think about
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.15,0:40:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what architecture for copyright makes sense in the digital age.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:29.39,0:40:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The presumption is, copyright is necessary,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.17,0:40:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the presumption is also that the architecture from the 20th century
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.32,0:40:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't make sense in a digital context.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:37.88,0:40:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the elements of, in my view, of this architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.23,0:40:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would make sense, are 5.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.82,0:40:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,#1 Copyright has got to be simple. If it purports to regulate
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.57,0:40:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15 year olds, 15 year olds must be able to understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.76,0:40:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't understand it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.49,0:40:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one understands it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.04,0:40:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to remake it, to make it simple,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:56.30,0:40:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it tends to regulate as broadly as it regulates.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.80,0:41:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,#2 It needs to be efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:02.24,0:41:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Copyright is a property system. It also happens to be
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.02,0:41:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most inefficient property system known to man.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:09.14,0:41:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't know who owns what under this system,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:12.73,0:41:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have no system for recording ownership
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.66,0:41:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allowing us to allocate ownership as we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.07,0:41:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the only remedy to that is to restore a kind of formality,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.16,0:41:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least a formality required to maintain a copyright.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.03,0:41:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a position that's even supported by the RIAA
Dialogue: 0,0:41:30.05,0:41:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as one of the essential reforms to copyright.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.08,0:41:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,#3 Copyright has got to be better targeted. It's got to regulate selectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.19,0:41:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you think about the distinction between copies and remix,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:39.58,0:41:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the distinction between the professional and the amateur,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.68,0:41:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course, we get this matrix - lawyers deal in two dimensions,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:46.11,0:41:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you guys in hundred dimensions but here is my two dimensions -
Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.69,0:41:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we have in the current regime of copyright
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.73,0:41:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is presumption of copyright regulates the same
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.01,0:41:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across these four possibilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.22,0:42:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's a mistake. Obviously copyright needs to regulate
Dialogue: 0,0:42:00.44,0:42:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,efficiently here, copies of professional works,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.04,0:42:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so 10'000 copies of Madonna's latest CD is a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.30,0:42:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that copyright law needs to worry about,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.04,0:42:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this area, amateurs remixing culture needs to be free
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.96,0:42:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the regulation of copyright. Not fair use, but free use.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.21,0:42:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not even triggering copyright's concern.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:20.06,0:42:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then these two middle cases are harder.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.48,0:42:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need a little more freedom, but they need to assure
Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.21,0:42:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some kind of control. So if you share Madonna's latest CD
Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.33,0:42:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with your 10'000 best friends, that's a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.30,0:42:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There needs to be some response to that problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.43,0:42:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you take a book and turn it into a movie,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.74,0:42:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's still appropriate that you get permission for that,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.28,0:42:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though of course, you need to be able to remix
Dialogue: 0,0:42:40.82,0:42:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way that we saw Soderberg remixed that video
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.64,0:42:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Bush and Endless Love.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.85,0:42:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point here is that if you think about this, I'm talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.32,0:42:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deregulating a significant space of culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:52.36,0:42:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focusing the regulation of copyright work and do some good.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.22,0:42:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,#4 It needs to be effective. And effective means
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.10,0:43:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it must actually work in getting artists paid.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.03,0:43:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The current system does not work in getting artists paid.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.89,0:43:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And #5 It needs to be realistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.90,0:43:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about the problem of peer-to-peer, quote, "piracy" internationally,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:12.98,0:43:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've, for the last decade, been waging what is referred to
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.08,0:43:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a war. My friend, the late Jack Valenti, former head of the
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.96,0:43:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Motion Picture Association of America used to refer to it as
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.63,0:43:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his own, quote, "terrorist war", where apparently the terrorists in this war
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.83,0:43:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are our children.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.34,0:43:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this war has been a total failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.57,0:43:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has not achieved its objective of reducing copyrights sharing
Dialogue: 0,0:43:38.92,0:43:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or illegal peer-to-peer file sharing.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.93,0:43:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know the response of some to totally failed wars
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.73,0:43:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to continue to wage that war forever, and ever more viciously,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.24,0:43:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I suggest we adopt the opposite response here.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.21,0:43:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sue for peace. We sue for peace in this war,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.66,0:43:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and consider proposals that would give us the opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:43:57.48,0:44:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to achieve the objectives of copyright,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:00.02,0:44:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without waging this war.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:01.34,0:44:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, compulsory licenses, voluntary collective licenses
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.01,0:44:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the German Greens' suggestion of a cultural flat rate
Dialogue: 0,0:44:07.68,0:44:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would be collected and allocated to artists
Dialogue: 0,0:44:10.37,0:44:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the basis of the harm suffered because of P2P file-sharing,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:13.52,0:44:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these are alternatives to waging a war
Dialogue: 0,0:44:16.06,0:44:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stop sharing, when sharing is of course at the core
Dialogue: 0,0:44:20.20,0:44:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the architecture of the Net,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.44,0:44:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of them recognize that if we achieve
Dialogue: 0,0:44:24.85,0:44:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that alternative, we don't need to block this system of sharing.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.90,0:44:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the thing to think about is, if we had had one of these alternatives
Dialogue: 0,0:44:33.96,0:44:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 years ago, what would the world look like today,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.80,0:44:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how would it be different?
Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.90,0:44:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now one difference is, artists would get more money,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.22,0:44:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would have gotten more money, because
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.70,0:44:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while we have been waging war against artists [sic: "children", "pirates"?]
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.83,0:44:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,artists haven't got anything, only lawyers have.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:47.69,0:44:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Businesses would have had more competition,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.44,0:44:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rules would have been clear, we would have more companies
Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.35,0:44:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than just Apple and Microsoft thinking out
Dialogue: 0,0:44:54.30,0:44:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they could exploit this new digital technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.63,0:44:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most important to me, is, we wouldn't have a generation
Dialogue: 0,0:44:59.13,0:45:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of criminals who have grown up being called criminals
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.73,0:45:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they are technically pirates, according to
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.25,0:45:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this outdated copyright law.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.52,0:45:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these 5 objectives would go into the conception of what
Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.24,0:45:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this Blue Skies commission should think about
Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.32,0:45:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think it should think of this in a 5 year process
Dialogue: 0,0:45:13.88,0:45:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about something not to into effect for 10 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.18,0:45:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of it as a kind of Map for Berne II, but Bern II being
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.66,0:45:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a system that could work to achieve the objectives of copyright
Dialogue: 0,0:45:25.40,0:45:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a digital age. That's what the law should do.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:27.64,0:45:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most important right now is what we need to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:30.49,0:45:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We, both in the context of business - so in the context of business,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.79,0:45:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to think about how to better enable legal reuse
Dialogue: 0,0:45:37.96,0:45:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of copyrighted material.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:39.22,0:45:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And companies like Google and Microsoft's Bing
Dialogue: 0,0:45:42.99,0:45:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need to do more here.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.36,0:45:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in the age of remix, where writing is remix,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.96,0:45:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where teachers tell students to go out to the web
Dialogue: 0,0:45:49.94,0:45:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gather as much content as you can in order to
Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.95,0:45:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,write a report about whatever it is they are assigning them
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.29,0:45:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write reports about.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:56.36,0:45:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means Google and Bing need to help our kids
Dialogue: 0,0:45:59.57,0:46:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do it legally, which they don't, right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:02.51,0:46:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, this extraordinary service, which Google
Dialogue: 0,0:46:05.04,0:46:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives you when you want to do an image search:
Dialogue: 0,0:46:07.15,0:46:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say you search for an image, you do an image search on flowers,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:10.12,0:46:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This, over here - I don't know if you play with this -
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.70,0:46:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really extraordinary: you can then narrow the search
Dialogue: 0,0:46:16.16,0:46:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the basis of many of these categories,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.75,0:46:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including like the color of the photographs.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:19.88,0:46:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you want pink flowers, there you can see all the pink flowers,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:22.61,0:46:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by clicking on the link.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:23.86,0:46:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why, in this extraction, don't we also have an option
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.38,0:46:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for something like this: show reusable?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.60,0:46:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Show the content that is explicitly licensed to be reusable,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.91,0:46:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Google indexes Creative Commons licenses
Dialogue: 0,0:46:37.44,0:46:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with these images.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.72,0:46:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why not make it on the surface easy to begin to filter out
Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.61,0:46:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those that you can use with the permission of the author
Dialogue: 0,0:46:44.95,0:46:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from those that presumptively require a lawyer?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.21,0:46:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same thing in the context of a site like YouTube.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.67,0:46:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why don't we enable more easily the signaling by the creator
Dialogue: 0,0:46:53.48,0:46:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that others should be able to download and reuse content,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:56.01,0:46:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not so much to redefine what Fair Use is -
Dialogue: 0,0:46:59.79,0:47:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still think there is a fair use claim even if there isn't
Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.21,0:47:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,permission given to re-use - but at least to encourage people
Dialogue: 0,0:47:05.62,0:47:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to begin to signal that their freedom to share
Dialogue: 0,0:47:08.15,0:47:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been authorized by the author.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.25,0:47:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then in the academy, which I think we are speaking
Dialogue: 0,0:47:14.75,0:47:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about here right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:16.85,0:47:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to recognize in the academy, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.28,0:47:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an ethical obligation, much stronger than the ones Stallman spoke of
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.08,0:47:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the context of software. An ethical obligation
Dialogue: 0,0:47:26.57,0:47:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is at the core of our mission.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:28.60,0:47:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our mission is universal access to knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:31.20,0:47:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Universal access to knowledge:
Dialogue: 0,0:47:33.54,0:47:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not American University access to knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:36.34,0:47:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but universal access to knowledge in every part of the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:40.11,0:47:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that obligation has certain entailments.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:43.11,0:47:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Entailment #1 is that we need to keep this work free,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:48.61,0:47:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where free means licensed freely.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.77,0:47:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this needs to be part of an ethical point about what we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.84,0:47:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is resisted by people who say that archiving is enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:58.97,0:48:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that is wrong, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:02.25,0:48:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Archiving is not enough, because what it does is
Dialogue: 0,0:48:05.84,0:48:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leave these rights out-there. And by leaving these rights our-there
Dialogue: 0,0:48:09.52,0:48:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it encourages this architecture of closed access.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:12.16,0:48:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It encourages models of access that block access
Dialogue: 0,0:48:16.18,0:48:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the non-elite around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:17.61,0:48:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it discourages unplanned, unanticipated and "uncool" innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:23.54,0:48:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the thing that publishers would have said
Dialogue: 0,0:48:25.89,0:48:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Google Books, when Google Books had the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.02,0:48:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take all books published and put them on the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.72,0:48:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, publishers thought that was very uncool,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:32.95,0:48:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's exactly the kind of innovation we need to encourage,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:35.51,0:48:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know it won't be the publishers
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.54,0:48:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that do that kind of innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:39.50,0:48:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't need for our work, exclusivity.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:43.61,0:48:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we shouldn't practice, with our work, exclusivity.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:46.88,0:48:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we should name those who do, wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.05,0:48:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who do are inconsistent with the ethic of our work.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.96,0:49:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now how do we do that? I think we do that by exercising leadership,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.40,0:49:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leadership by those who can afford to take the lead,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:04.68,0:49:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the senior academics, those with tenure, those who can say,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.74,0:49:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on committees granting tenure, that it doesn't matter
Dialogue: 0,0:49:11.82,0:49:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you didn't publish in the most prestigious journal
Dialogue: 0,0:49:14.46,0:49:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if that journal is not Open Access.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:17.97,0:49:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who can begin to help redefine what access to knowledge is,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:21.72,0:49:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by supporting Open Access and respecting Open Access
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.75,0:49:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and encouraging Open Access.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.76,0:49:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm really honored and happy to be able to talk about this
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.22,0:49:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here, where you of course gave us the Web,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:34.43,0:49:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and CERN has taken the lead in supporting Open Access
Dialogue: 0,0:49:38.69,0:49:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a crucial space of physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:41.62,0:49:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the work that you are doing right now will have a dramatic effect
Dialogue: 0,0:49:45.82,0:49:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on changing the debate on science across the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.66,0:49:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we need to do is to think about
Dialogue: 0,0:49:51.79,0:49:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to leverage this leadership into leadership for the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:55.94,0:50:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to benefit this area of the globe as much as this area of the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:02.44,0:50:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:04.22,0:50:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:50:06.66,0:50:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[credits for Flickr photos]
Dialogue: 0,0:50:08.24,0:50:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[This work licensed: CC-BY]
Dialogue: 0,0:50:15.46,0:50:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Subtitles: universalsubtitles.org/videos/jD5TB2eebD5d/