[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.90,0:00:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A True Democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.90,0:00:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, thank you for being here. I am traveling the country
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.37,0:00:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,presenting conferences on a subject I have been working
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.77,0:00:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on for the past six years, something that I think
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.48,0:00:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be of interest to you. Something that is poorly addressed in our media;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.27,0:00:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet a subject that seems trite: that is democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.57,0:01:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And ... while the referendum debate of 2005 was being prepared (NT: on the European Constitution)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.41,0:01:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and studying what turned out to be an anti-constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.88,0:01:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the European constitutional treaty is in fact an anti-constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.72,0:01:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, it is a text aimed to destroy national constitutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.30,0:01:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(I will explain what I mean when I say that)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.08,0:01:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I was studying the anti-constitution, I woke up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.74,0:01:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaning, I was politically asleep.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.98,0:01:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was like the majority of us, a voter without any specific loyalty, without
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.11,0:01:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a party, without a syndicate / union, even with no social organisation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.22,0:01:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was taking care of my own business, like all of us. And on the 2005
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.24,0:01:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,referendum debate, because of an anecdote that turned all eyes on me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.02,0:02:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(and I am not saying this to talk about me),
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.04,0:02:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started to think about what kind of institutions would be able to make
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.60,0:02:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same changes that happened to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.30,0:02:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happen to a greater number of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.88,0:02:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athenians were very good at this, mind you. In other words, humans are sensitive...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.85,0:02:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The majority of humans are sensitive to the way others view them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.90,0:02:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are driven by what others expect of us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.38,0:02:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are held back to a certain limit.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.58,0:02:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often, that limit is in the suspicious or disapproving look from others.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaning that the look of others,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.92,0:02:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,benevolent or reproachfull, helps us behave well or badly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.76,0:02:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what happened in a way for me, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.95,0:02:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least in regards to my decision to act,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.68,0:02:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to engage in politics, trying to understand, and putting myself to work for the greater good,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.56,0:02:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and finally after the intense emotions that I lived
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.38,0:03:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for two or three months during the time of the referendum,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.38,0:03:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,March, April May and June 2005, I did not stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.51,0:03:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaning that for the entire period we contested the European Anti-constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.78,0:03:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will talk briefly about it, maybe during the Q & A
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.16,0:03:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will try, although it is difficult for me, but I will try to be brief
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.28,0:03:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and leave time for a Q & A
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.18,0:03:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I come here looking for ideas too, from you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.02,0:03:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The political Trap
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.40,0:03:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after criticizing an anti-constitution,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.91,0:03:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was the European constitution, I asked myself: What do we replace it with?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.58,0:03:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could we build something else instead?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.43,0:03:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so several schools of thought emerged in my head
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.51,0:04:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am looking to decipher, enumerate, the variables of the political trap
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.40,0:04:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we are all trapped throughout the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.75,0:04:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in a political trap that has shared characteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.04,0:04:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all the countries around the world, especially by inverting the meaning of the words
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.98,0:04:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by literally inverting the meaning of the words like Orwell argued in 1984.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.52,0:04:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, Big Brother and the Newspeak deprived people that they wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.55,0:04:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dominate from the possibility of resisting
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.08,0:04:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by inverting the meaning of the words and by suppressing the words entirely
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.03,0:04:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would highlight the problem. They weaken us.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.44,0:04:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus we need a real effort here, that we should all do,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.50,0:04:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is re-appropriating the real meaning of the words
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.83,0:04:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that contain solutions. We aren't even able to find them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.40,0:04:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we were giving them an inverted meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.26,0:05:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, I am working on an alternative, I am researching
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.78,0:05:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Oh here you go! That's nice, does this work? Can you hear me now? Note: Etienne is handed a microphone.)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.65,0:05:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am researching in a constructive way, realistic way, not at all utopian.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.72,0:05:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am looking to institute, to imagine a system of institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.20,0:05:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would finally protect us against the abuse of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.56,0:05:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in fact, the back bone of my work,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.03,0:05:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact of all the work that I have done politically for the last six years
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.31,0:05:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is.. finding what are the causes of the abuse of power? What makes social injustice possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.06,0:05:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I am going to share with you what I have found today
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.66,0:05:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this project and what we could do
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.28,0:05:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect ourselves efficiently and for the long term.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.03,0:06:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here again I believe I found some paths... By searching I found...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.41,0:06:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, I don't come with polished ideas, fully conceived, finished and packaged, I am not here to sell you anything
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.98,0:06:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I am not a candidate for anything. Many people asked me to run,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.38,0:06:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is simply, absolutely not an option.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.91,0:06:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I refuse even the notion of power the same way one would refuse drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.36,0:06:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know that if I used drugs, it would be delicious
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.23,0:06:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I clearly see that drug addicts live in a world..
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.11,0:06:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I also know that it is a dangerous world, so I don't use drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.51,0:06:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it is the same with power. I want to stay alert,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.43,0:06:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to be of service without hurting myself in the process
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.80,0:06:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we study the history of humankind, there is practically no exception
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.78,0:06:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that power corrupts, power changes people for the worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.90,0:06:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,money too, but power corrupts. So I am not here
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.60,0:06:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and convince you, I am not here for your votes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.18,0:07:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead I believe that we are all in need of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.18,0:07:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each other, to implement and to desire the success of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.69,0:07:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that I am going to defend before you and which could work.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.53,0:07:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is about implementing a real democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.87,0:07:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seeking the root cause
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.53,0:07:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I would like to focus on is:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.58,0:07:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a constitution?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.43,0:07:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What link does it have to social injustice?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.10,0:07:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nature of the social injustice, the battles against the social injustices,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.20,0:07:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will inherently divide us if we burden ourselves with the consequences instead
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.79,0:07:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of focusing on the causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.13,0:07:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What should we have to change so that we finally have
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.55,0:07:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a true constitution? I am a beginner in politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.28,0:07:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has been 5 years that I have been practicing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.30,0:08:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I crossed paths with activists, old activists
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.74,0:08:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have over 40 year of political life. Every Wednesday
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.33,0:08:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they distribute flyers in the markets, they run meetings non-stop
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.57,0:08:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they think non-stop about the greater good and this for decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.06,0:08:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To each one his or her sector has a priority,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.06,0:08:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this one's priority is the corporate injustices, because to him this idea appears of utmost importance and is essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.83,0:08:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This right, unjust, which gives power to the owner of companies
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.97,0:08:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and none or very little to employees whose only power is their work,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.63,0:08:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this activist, it is essential and he fights against that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.38,0:08:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He tries to improve the workers' situation in companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.66,0:08:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, so is the case for another activist, who is working hard
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.25,0:08:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on ecological catastrophes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.68,0:08:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are becoming more and more threatening. For another, the problem is nuclear energy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.72,0:08:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its danger, for another person, it is the GMOs etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.92,0:09:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to get into more details. What am trying to say, is that I met
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.31,0:09:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundreds of people with their own specialty
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.32,0:09:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in activism and protests and they embraced, heart and soul, social injusticel - it is the word I use
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.88,0:09:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to group all protests - a social injustice that he fights
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.87,0:09:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in which he becomes expert and knowledgeable of the mechanics of injustice
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.93,0:09:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cunning of those behind it, and is often driven to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.10,0:09:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consider as an enemy another activist, which surprises me
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.39,0:09:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he fights someone who is also fighting social injustice that has nothing to do with his,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.15,0:09:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is as important. The first example that comes to mind
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.33,0:09:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I tell you this, is the anti-nuclear activist
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.76,0:10:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who perceives nuclear as an imminent threat
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.63,0:10:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has made it a priority, and this activist when he is side by side
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.18,0:10:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an activist fighting financial fascism or
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.48,0:10:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predatory finance, and which is a priority for him,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.98,0:10:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he happens to be pro-nuclear because he considers that it is progress,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.68,0:10:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for now he thinks it is dirty, but in the long run it will be clean
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.50,0:10:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These two activists can hate one another to the extreme,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.95,0:10:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when from where I am standing, I consider both activists
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.71,0:10:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relatively heroic, alone in their corner, where they spend most of their time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.67,0:10:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all their energy, and their fight is worth it on both sides.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.27,0:11:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their disagreement deserves a debate, a discussion
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.15,0:11:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we will vote, we will have a referendum, and we will see what comes out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.18,0:11:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not worth banning each other when we should be resisting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.33,0:11:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want to say, I could elaborate on this, but I am going to summerize
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.65,0:11:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I would like to say is that all these activists have a common goal
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.86,0:11:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they are fighting over, what I call, consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.16,0:11:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The consequences of a cause, which in fact is common.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.18,0:11:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that ALL these social injustices,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.49,0:11:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I could be wrong, I am not perfect,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.32,0:11:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it appears that all these social injustices
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.56,0:11:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a common point, a common cause which is none other than our political powerlessness / impotency.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.22,0:11:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you are concerned too, like me, I believe, unless you are ...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.97,0:11:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if you are from the parliament. I find our common political impotency
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.20,0:12:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be the common cause.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.42,0:12:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind our inability to resist all social injustices,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.31,0:12:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practically all. And if you would like, I follow a precious method
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.56,0:12:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think will serve me all my life.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.23,0:12:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered this, I find it very helpful.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.85,0:12:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found out an advice from a guy named Hippocrates
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.95,0:12:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Antiquity, he was a doctor and put forward, in a few words
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.03,0:12:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an idea he left us, which is very helpful.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.40,0:12:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very logical, very practical and very pragmatic
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.25,0:12:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hippocrates left us with these few words: "search,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.55,0:12:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"search for the root of causes." Then he died and disappeared
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.66,0:12:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he left us with this "search for the root of causes"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.35,0:12:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is very shrewd, I believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.56,0:12:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can take one or two examples: We don't cure a disease
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.72,0:12:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by attacking symptoms, everyone understands this I think
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.79,0:13:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cure a disease by looking for the cause of the disease
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.48,0:13:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by attacking the cause, we fix the disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.60,0:13:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we are faced with several causes, which is often the case,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.80,0:13:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practically everything is multifactorial, if there are several causes
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.98,0:13:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't attack just any cause, we try to locate
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.78,0:13:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the source, it is a different image, we try to go back to the source
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.18,0:13:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to locate the cause of origin, in other words, to detect and
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.38,0:13:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,destroy cause "zero" (the root cause) which controls the other causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.42,0:13:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I integrated this research method
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.62,0:13:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is this method that I use. So when I look at all these social injustices,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.60,0:13:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't limit myself to fighting corruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.82,0:13:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I try to find the cause of corruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.53,0:13:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I fight however, the bankers who are bankrupting us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.46,0:13:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I try to understand, what gives these bankers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.60,0:13:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the power and none to me. Do you understand what I am trying to say?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.96,0:13:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't attack a banker by saying "he is evil and we are good".
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.65,0:14:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not at all. I don't think along these lines. I try to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.65,0:14:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the cause, the principal cause of my total political powerlessness.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.06,0:14:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think of course in terms of the greater good, for the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.22,0:14:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our social society.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.82,0:14:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A true constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.18,0:14:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we graduate from law school we are under the impression
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.64,0:14:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the constitution... is a tool that protects people
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.36,0:14:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think we don't know much, most importantly what is bad
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.80,0:14:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we are only taught this in law schools.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.05,0:14:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that every citizen should know from a very young age,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.10,0:14:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people should learn
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.31,0:14:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they could win or lose from having a good or bad constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.70,0:14:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me explain in a few words: The idea of the constitution is simple ...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.69,0:15:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is simple and it is fabulous. It is there to save us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.54,0:15:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need it, this is what we need today.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.01,0:15:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will get back to it later, I will come back to the link between this and our problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.03,0:15:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to say it in two words, to say what we ought to explain to our children
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.90,0:15:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they are little,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.60,0:15:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we should later keep in our minds, between us, so as not to lose sight of its importance.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.60,0:15:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I put the citizens on the bottom, the group of people who want to create society,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.12,0:15:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there is no written law, no State of law,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.25,0:15:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will be hitting each other and will live by brutality.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.86,0:15:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to create peace, and this over 2500 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.16,0:15:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they decided to submit to law
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.68,0:15:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would be superior to this society and would prohibit the powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.53,0:15:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from imposing "their law" which in essence was not a law.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.78,0:15:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The law of the fittest is not a law, it is a perception
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.38,0:16:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To prevent that the most powerful abuse the rest of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.08,0:16:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humanity put in place a law, a written text of rules
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.26,0:16:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are produced, written by people in power
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.22,0:16:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are above us. So we consent to putting in place,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.01,0:16:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say "to institute" powers, that will have
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.96,0:16:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the important duty of producing the law to which we will consent.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.78,0:16:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is very important but at the same time very dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.47,0:16:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaning these powers that we accept to govern us
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.43,0:16:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are at the same time very useful and very dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.63,0:16:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, given this context, thousands of years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.47,0:16:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people who were aware of this danger,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.46,0:16:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were not insane,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.11,0:16:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put in place a set of rules above these powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.76,0:16:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rules that were superior to these powers in order to protect us.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.90,0:17:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These rules are called the law of law, the Constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.73,0:17:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The constitution, is law, but it is a higher system
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.52,0:17:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose charge is to question the powers and to weaken them,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.74,0:17:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to weaken the powers so as to protect us.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.00,0:17:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This, any kid could understand. A kid should know this.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.20,0:17:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An adult also understands this. We should have in our heart
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.18,0:17:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this protective organization and we should defend
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.80,0:17:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this precious ideal, this protective, appeasing thing that is this Constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.14,0:17:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beware! A true constitution, not a fake one.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.08,0:17:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will see what I call "power thieves" are champions
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.02,0:17:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in word inversion, including the word "Constitution"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.69,0:18:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are champions for using the word Constitution when
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.26,0:18:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact it is exactly the opposite,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.91,0:18:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is not because you put together a text that you have solved the problem
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.68,0:18:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This text, I repeat, this higher text
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.18,0:18:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shouldn't just organize the powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.24,0:18:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because powers in place don't need us to get organized
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.22,0:18:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A constitution does not serve to organize the powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.92,0:18:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A constitution is meant to weaken the powers, to make them
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.48,0:18:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protect us, to protect everyone from any abuse of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.99,0:18:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect us at all times, rich and poor, young and old,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.52,0:18:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect us from the maximum amount of abuse of power
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.19,0:18:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a constitution. Once we understand this
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.04,0:18:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,normally, we are ready to understand that a person
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.65,0:18:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is going to write, the people that are going to write this higher text
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.98,0:18:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep in check those who will produce the law,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.83,0:18:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning those of parliament, the judges, the ministries, the presidents,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.20,0:19:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even those of the media. If the constitution covered the media too,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.76,0:19:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,journalists would fear the Constitution too.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.84,0:19:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The banks, because financial systems should be covered too
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.41,0:19:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a modern constitution in which powers would be separated
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.51,0:19:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may talk about this later. Right now, these powers
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.71,0:19:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produce rules that we fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.79,0:19:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These powers, you understand now, should fear the constitution which is designed to protect us
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.94,0:19:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you see how since they are useful and dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.87,0:19:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is necessary that they have something to fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.60,0:19:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is absolutely insane to grant to these people (in power) the role of writing the constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.92,0:19:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope you see that if the people in power write the rules that they should
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.40,0:19:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be following and that they should fear, it won't work.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.30,0:20:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this clear? If you bring it back to basics, it is simple
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.48,0:20:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very important. And I am surprised
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.44,0:20:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is not in public debates more often. But that it is not
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.38,0:20:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the debates of parliamentarians, ministries, and men in power
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.17,0:20:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this does not surprise me. That it is not discussed by
Dialogue: 0,0:20:14.65,0:20:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people in parties... Well I know that there are great people in parties.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.97,0:20:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have many friends in political parties, but at the head of each party
Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.55,0:20:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are people that are ... it is like a filter
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.45,0:20:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems as though the parties choose amongst us those who lie the best,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.63,0:20:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are the most resilient to ill treatments, the biggest traitors, the most...
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.65,0:20:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well not all of course, I know some are not, however, it seems
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.67,0:20:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the people at the head of parties are in no way similar to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.97,0:20:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like they went through a filter. So I am not surprised that amongst these people there is no talk of constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.47,0:20:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for us and to me, the current context is favorable
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.20,0:20:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explain this. Nowadays, the abuse of power is in open daylight
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.12,0:20:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see these abuses on a daily basis. It is impressive when
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.20,0:21:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have 4, 5 new and considerable abuses.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.33,0:21:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And always, something that we can no longer formulate
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.62,0:21:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much we have became used to it, always our political powerlessness / impotency is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.56,0:21:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stop me if am exaggerating, if I am saying something that
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.19,0:21:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is .. if I am extremist. This "democracy" that they show off
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.58,0:21:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if "it was the best on earth in terms of politics",
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.57,0:21:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what does it leave me as a fundemental right? The right to designate every five years political masters
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.55,0:21:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will decide everything for me. I don't votes the laws
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.17,0:21:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I select people who will vote them for me
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.65,0:21:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who are my political masters. I elect among them people
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.08,0:22:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have not been able to choose: These are false choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.68,0:22:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When my choice is dreadful candidate A and terrible candidate B, in this case it is a false choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.25,0:22:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not allowed to choose people I consider good around me.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.96,0:22:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not at all, freely I cannot do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.91,0:22:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This "democracy" supposedly leaves me only with the possibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.33,0:22:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right to designate masters, among people I have not chosen
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.45,0:22:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and against whom I cannot do anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.85,0:22:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For five years, I will say it again, I cannot do anything for 5 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.40,0:22:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can march in the streets if it amuses me, they could care less.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.35,0:22:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't do anything if they betray me,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.66,0:22:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if they betray me to the extreme
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.44,0:22:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I cannot do anything. All I can do
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.21,0:22:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is at the end of their mandate, not re-elect the scoundrel that just betrayed me for the past 5 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.58,0:22:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I exaggerate here, I am pushing it, but it is just to make a point.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.15,0:23:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not saying that they are all scoundrels. Although....
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.90,0:23:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, I am not saying that. But what I am saying is that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.13,0:23:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if he is a top quality scoundrel - and there are a few, you know it -
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.86,0:23:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if he is the finest scoundrel , all I can do
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.22,0:23:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not re-elect him. The poor guy ! The poor scoundrel.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.17,0:23:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, in fact, it does not matter what will happen to him
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.07,0:23:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if I don't reelect him, I will elect another one,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.35,0:23:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one I refused to elect five years earlier because he betrayed me the five years before that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.02,0:23:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I only have this choice. I only have one choice between two larger parties.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.15,0:23:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I am not happy with one, I take the other one
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.98,0:23:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when am not happy with the other one, I retake the one I just rejected.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:35.41,0:23:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are part-time workers. And they have voted some sort of unemployment benefit, you wouldn't believe it
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.43,0:23:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if you realize this, they voted unemployment benefits
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.64,0:23:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lasts five years. Which means they continue
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.76,0:23:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be paid as if we had elected them
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.38,0:23:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when in fact we did not reelect them. They continue to be paid full-time for a half-time job.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.61,0:24:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just waiting that the one elected gets sacked ... Right? And they call this "democracy".
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.35,0:24:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The political awakening
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.70,0:24:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At 50 I did not understand very well what a democracy was.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.63,0:24:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, I accepted, I accepted like you, like everyone,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.88,0:24:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some sort of an incredible lesson, that they told me since I was a kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.68,0:24:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Election = democracy". Boy, repeat after me: "Democracy = election",
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.32,0:24:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Election equals democracy, democracy equals election."
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.15,0:24:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they repeated this at school,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.48,0:24:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they repeated this in the newspapers, on TV, in the books
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.69,0:24:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Books that speak of democracy, I have... I don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.85,0:24:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically about democracy, the organization of democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.47,0:24:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,400 or 500 books maybe. Well let's just say out of 400 books
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.44,0:24:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were 10 that really speak of true democracy.,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.75,0:25:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that speaks of a democracy that deserves this name, of democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.15,0:25:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"demos kratos", "the power of the people". The other books speak of our actual regime,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.44,0:25:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one we should refuse to call "democracy". The regime in which we live
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.85,0:25:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carries a different name. It is called representive government;
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.08,0:25:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should say the so-called representative government.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.86,0:25:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's call it by its official name.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.18,0:25:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in 1789, 1776, the USA, founders of our regime
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.66,0:25:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,set up something totally different from what a democracy should be.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.42,0:25:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They knew exactly what democracy was, but they didn't want it.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.31,0:25:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were prominent citizens. The 99% didn't make the French Revolution happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.16,0:25:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Sieyès writes: "What is the Third Estate ?"
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.52,0:25:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, the Third Estate, during the French Revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.76,0:25:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had the nobles, the clergymen, and the rest.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.66,0:25:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rest was the Third Estate. The Third order.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.94,0:25:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could call it nowadays the 99%.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.71,0:26:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that Sieyès
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.89,0:26:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1789, a great thinker, bishop Sieyès, a great thinker of
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.41,0:26:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the French Revolution, when he wrote "What is the Third Estate ?",
Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.35,0:26:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when he thought of what should come as replacement of the Old Regime,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:15.71,0:26:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sieyès thought about the 1% of the Third Estate. He was thinking of the rich businessmen,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.66,0:26:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bankers of the Third Estate. They financed
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.59,0:26:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wheat wars, the baking flours wars, that starved the people
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.76,0:26:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for over three years before the French Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.03,0:26:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This pushed the people, the folk, to rise against their masters that they couldn't stand anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.78,0:26:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take their place afterwards. The people were manipulated.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.66,0:26:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when Talleyrand, and I must watch my language,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.43,0:26:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that scoundrel Talleyrand did what he did.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.53,0:26:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said I wouldn't leave my main thread, but I'll make this one exception.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.85,0:26:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I strongly recommend that you
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.56,0:27:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discover the historian Henri Guillemin.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.76,0:27:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look on the internet for "Guillemin", or "Guillemin Napoléon"
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.60,0:27:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Guillemin, the Commune". "Guillemin 1914 - 1918"
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.65,0:27:16.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will find televised lectures/shows. The man is dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.100,0:27:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he left us fabulous treasures.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.71,0:27:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The man is a diamond. I listened to two lectures on my way here.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.15,0:27:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two or three. They are half-hour conferences.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.13,0:27:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He explains how representative governments were born.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.53,0:27:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He explains the Third Republic (NT: 1870 - 1940 in France)
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.68,0:27:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Republic of Businessmen. The Republic for kicks & laughs.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.30,0:27:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Republic of "honest men". That meant the wealthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.63,0:27:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Republic of the "moderate". The Republic of the "Center-Left".
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.25,0:27:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That just meant the bankers, the colonialist bankers
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.98,0:27:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who went to willingly pillage the countries of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.28,0:27:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They called it "Center-Left" and called themselves "Democrats".
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.75,0:27:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They called themselves also "Progressive".
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.65,0:28:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All were businessmen and bankers. It had nothing to do with the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.37,0:28:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or at least the idea you could have of a people's party.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.81,0:28:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's very important. I see many young people, who are 20 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.10,0:28:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 years old or 30 it seems, not even. I woke up, I was 50 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.30,0:28:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am so angry to not have begun earlier. You need time to discover all this.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.07,0:28:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need time. If you start when you're 20 years old, you are lucky.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:29.31,0:28:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are so many things to find out, it's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.34,0:28:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can only understand the current situation if you study it and you need to work on it a bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.77,0:28:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's delicious! History feeds us with so much information.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.64,0:28:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you discover how Bonaparte, Napoleon,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.62,0:28:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was pushed by the private bankers to take power in France,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.96,0:28:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to assassinate the ideals of the Revolution, to create the so-called bank of "France"
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.66,0:28:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which isn't at all from France, but the bank of bankers
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.17,0:29:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that pushed Napoleon... It sheds some light on what is happening today.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.39,0:29:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It helps you understand the current situation. It hasn't changed at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.15,0:29:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is very important so that you are able to imagine a solution; to correctly understand
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.01,0:29:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the basic situation of the problem at hand. As long as we are being manipulated with words,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.32,0:29:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use words but give them their opposite meaning,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.91,0:29:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are lost. When you accept giving the words
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.33,0:29:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an opposite definition to what they are, you won't even be able to formulate the solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.70,0:29:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't live in a democracy. We voluntarily live [in a lie].
Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.77,0:29:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sieyès knew fully well what he was writing when he made the representative government.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.01,0:29:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is: a regime where the people don't get to vote their own laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.41,0:29:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people are not autonomous. The people don't vote their own laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.88,0:29:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people are heteronomous. The people submit to laws written by others.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:57.78,0:30:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the bottom of page 11, I have written for you the quote of Sieyès
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.94,0:30:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lets you understand what kind of regime we live in since day one.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:10.86,0:30:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We never lived in a democracy that slowly sank and became different.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.34,0:30:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From day one, we live in a regime that renounces democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.91,0:30:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very important that we know this
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.84,0:30:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that afterwards, we can imagine alternatives. What bishop Sieyès said
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.79,0:30:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back in 1789 was: "The citizens who nominated for their
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.89,0:30:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,own sake representatives" - so, they nominate themselves -
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.63,0:30:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"[the represented citizens] renounce and must renounce making the law themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:40.04,0:30:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have no particular will to impose.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.55,0:30:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they dictated their will, France could not be that representative State.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.20,0:30:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,France would be a democratic State. The people, I repeat,"
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.93,0:30:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- says Sieyès - "in a country that isn't a democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.80,0:31:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and France can't be one, the people can talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.95,0:31:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can act, only through their representatives."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.85,0:31:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democracy and the Random Draw / Common Lot
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.83,0:31:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If, when you discover this book
Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.40,0:31:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I strongly recommend,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:20.25,0:31:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and I've been talking about this book for over a year in conferences -
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.40,0:31:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this book has shaken me, transformed me. I beleive it will transform you.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.48,0:31:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a very important book. This book that I will talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.46,0:31:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't have a very "sexy" title at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.38,0:31:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you see it in a library without having been told that it is great,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.41,0:31:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll probably just miss it and think:
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.33,0:31:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That one, maybe another day." The auther is Bernard Manin
Dialogue: 0,0:31:47.63,0:31:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the title is "Principles of representative government."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.74,0:31:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an essential book. It is a book
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.95,0:31:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that talks about election and of random draw / common lot. It is a book that is surprised
Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.70,0:32:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the random draw completly dissapeared
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.95,0:32:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the political scene. And with that tone, the book tries to
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.10,0:32:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make an honest inventory of the pros and cons of democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.20,0:32:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the random draw and of the election. When did we start using the election process?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.30,0:32:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does it work? Has it given us satisfaction? Who talked about it
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.24,0:32:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when did the transformation take place?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.45,0:32:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since we have never heard of the random draw,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.56,0:32:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- well maybe you have heard of the random draw -
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.66,0:32:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I, during my whole education, including law school,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.11,0:32:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I never heard of the random draw / common lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.76,0:32:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when democracy was debated
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.04,0:32:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the existence of the random draw, it was described as an odd ball
Dialogue: 0,0:32:37.52,0:32:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we passed quickly to another subject. I absolutely didn't see
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.37,0:32:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how central the random draw was to democracy. And we discover it with Bernard Manin
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.16,0:32:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a very lively, tonic, and passionate litterary way.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.90,0:32:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is a whole bibliography
Dialogue: 0,0:32:52.89,0:32:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will make you discover other books on democracy, the true democracy!
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.66,0:33:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The true one, the one the Athenians had. The one that could be ours
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.09,0:33:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we wanted it! We need to want it for it to become true.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.29,0:33:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will talk more about it. But books like the one by M. H. Hansen,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.29,0:33:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that describes Athens in detail, and who spent his life working
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.79,0:33:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on all we could know about Athens and all the documents
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.43,0:33:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from far or near on the topic... a great scholar
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.90,0:33:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wrote many great books on athenian democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.23,0:33:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Concerning the period of Demosthenes, he compiled it all in one book.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.75,0:33:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a summary and it's captivating. It is about the life of Athenians
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.76,0:33:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who go to the Assembly in the morning... Well when they go to the Assembly that is.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.90,0:33:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Assembly is about 6000 people and 2000 present themselves for the random draw.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.54,0:33:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And every day, people are randomly drawn.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.32,0:33:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll explain this in very few words,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.15,0:33:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will let you argue as to why this could be wrong. I know many possible objections.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.69,0:33:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am getting used to them now,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:55.36,0:33:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I hope you will find objections that I haven't seen yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.56,0:34:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually appreciate that ... I am looking for it. I am not trying to be right.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.33,0:34:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am trying to imagine a robust system that could work
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.18,0:34:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that wouldn't be a utopia. And if you show me that I am wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.94,0:34:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will adapt, I will change, I will work on it or on something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:12.95,0:34:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For now, I am under the impression that I have a hold on something strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:15.32,0:34:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to see it under fire from your objections.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.96,0:34:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Athenians
Dialogue: 0,0:34:24.46,0:34:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Athenians, 2500 years ago, had
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.13,0:34:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a small city-state of 60,000 citizens, give or take,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.99,0:34:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on the period, depending on the plagues and so on. It lasted 200 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.03,0:34:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Athenians, after 800 years of tyranny and when a reform came along
Dialogue: 0,0:34:45.18,0:34:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by one of the prominent citizens - someone of the high society, Solon -
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.49,0:34:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- who started to reform Athens and started to change
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.70,0:35:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mechanisms of power to protect the social body and core from abuse of power -
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.62,0:35:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Athenians started to put in place a regime under which
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.05,0:35:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they wrote by themselves the laws and also voted their own laws...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.92,0:35:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the laws that they obeyed. They would gather
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.97,0:35:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an assembly, a great assembly, 6000 seats,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.07,0:35:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whoever was willing could come. And same as nowadays,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.66,0:35:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many did not come. And it wasn't always the same who showed up.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.32,0:35:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had a daily agenda that was published on the Agora,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.50,0:35:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you came to the Assembly if the subjects of the day were of interest to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:37.47,0:35:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll diffuse the first objection that generally pops up
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.98,0:35:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is that the Athenians, the people of Athens, so the citizens
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.95,0:35:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least those who were the citizens of Athens weren't all the Athenians in Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.27,0:35:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had half of humanity that was set aside:
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.42,0:35:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women back then had no political right. And you also had slaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.90,0:36:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and slaves had no political rights either.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:01.24,0:36:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Foreigners also had no political rights either.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.95,0:36:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, children and animals had no rights either.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.14,0:36:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I am getting at is that there are common points
Dialogue: 0,0:36:08.56,0:36:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you still find today: children, animals, the insane people...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.24,0:36:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even us, living human beings who have no political rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.76,0:36:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want to say to diffuse that objection
Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.35,0:36:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it doesn't bother you the whole while because I know
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.94,0:36:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of you know this and it stops us from moving forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.31,0:36:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know fully well that they were slave traders and they were male chauvinists,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.94,0:36:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I am not interested in that. Personnally, I am neither
Dialogue: 0,0:36:32.33,0:36:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a slave trader nor a male chauvinist. What I want to say
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.29,0:36:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you shouldn't transpose that system as if it were a model to our present day.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.96,0:36:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Athenian regime is of course not what I am pointing out here.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.78,0:36:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I am pointing at here is that all the civilizations at the time
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.23,0:36:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- remember 2500 years ago isn't the same as today -
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.36,0:36:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the civilizations at the time ill treated their women
Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.48,0:37:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had slaves. It was not specific to democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.48,0:37:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And emocracy can fully well work without those elements.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.58,0:37:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or at least, today it could. Maybe back then, it couldn't have worked without it,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.28,0:37:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because women worked so much that the men could
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.06,0:37:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,free their time and take time
Dialogue: 0,0:37:14.31,0:37:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for politics. Slaves too freed up time
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.40,0:37:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for men. But today, we would have with the help of oil and machines,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.33,0:37:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would have more than enough to free some time in our schedules
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.30,0:37:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make room for politics, all of us, without the need for slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.67,0:37:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we would have women along side us in the assembly.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.14,0:37:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you can see, that objection is not worth the trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.30,0:37:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Objectively, that objection is worth nil.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.12,0:37:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I understant that an elected representative, who wants us to stop talking about the random draw
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.33,0:37:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is going to put him out of a job, is going to tell me:
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.53,0:37:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But Mr. Chouard, you are defending
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.68,0:37:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a slave trading regime ?\N- Yes, yes, I know.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:47.42,0:37:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- And you wouldn't happen to be a slave driver, by any chance?\N- No, no, I am no slave trader or driver."
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.08,0:37:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I observe in Athens, in the small community of Athens,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:55.62,0:37:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course I am only talking about athenian citizens,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.77,0:38:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therefore excluding women, [slaves & foreigners], OK
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.20,0:38:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in that community, you had many poor citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:08.77,0:38:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost all of them were poor and you had very few rich,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.27,0:38:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very rich. And this looks oddly like today.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.58,0:38:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And listen closely: for 200 years, 200 years of randomly drawing people,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.60,0:38:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and you will see how random draw garanties this -
Dialogue: 0,0:38:29.05,0:38:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 200 years of randomly drawing people every day, the rich never governed.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.62,0:38:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not one day. And the philosophers, Plato, Aristotle,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.02,0:38:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spent their lives spitting on democracy. To say how wrong democracy was.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.85,0:38:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because how dare you imagine a regime
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.99,0:38:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the poor, the rabble, the poor lead and govern. They govern poorly.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.95,0:38:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They lie, they learn how to lie. So Plato slandered,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.40,0:39:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the word isn't strong enough, Plato invented wrongs
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.14,0:39:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that someone who then studies democracy can easily break.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.90,0:39:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He can easily undo the lies. Plato should have been
Dialogue: 0,0:39:09.28,0:39:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and he was a noble - should have been a company boss.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.90,0:39:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the city bosses, and bad luck for him, he lived at the time
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.33,0:39:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when democracy was around. So he missed his political career altogether,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.89,0:39:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of demcoracy. So he spent his whole life writing how bad
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.83,0:39:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,democracy was. You need to know this. Mind you, he said some very interesting things,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.10,0:39:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about us, our condition. You won't hear me reject entirely the works of Plato.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:32.82,0:39:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I invite you just to be aware of Plato's situation when Plato speaks about democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.70,0:39:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had a score to settle, a personal score,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.50,0:39:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in my eyes it didn't correspond at all with the greater good.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.81,0:39:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plato actually respects quite poorly the greater good when he talks about democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.23,0:39:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you need to keep it in mind when you read Plato. Aristotle is in the same situation too.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.13,0:39:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most philosophers despised democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.32,0:40:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Athenians protected themselves from abuse of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.20,0:40:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this happened after having seen over 800 years that power changed people,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:06.98,0:40:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transformed them. People who were good at the start
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.30,0:40:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ended up becoming madly insane and started to serve
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.56,0:40:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,personal interests rather than the greater good.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.91,0:40:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So noticing that it was the case and quite pragmatically - not at all idealisticly -
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.13,0:40:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their priorities set right, they made something very robust
Dialogue: 0,0:40:24.83,0:40:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could still work very well today. The Athenians put in place
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.25,0:40:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a system of rotating responsibilities. You can actually still find it in our conversations.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.08,0:40:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am sure that when you are having a conversation, often you say:
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.68,0:40:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The problem is that politics is now a question of professionals.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.25,0:40:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is always the same people who end up leading us, and there is just not enough renewal in politics."
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.13,0:40:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often, we say that or hear it, nowadays. Well the Athenians
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.22,0:40:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solved the problem by making an institution where the responsibilities rotate.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:53.07,0:40:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have short mandates, one year maximum,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:56.27,0:41:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often six months, even shorter. Even the boss of Athens
Dialogue: 0,0:41:00.75,0:41:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was randomly chosen every day. Every single day, the chief of Athens was randomly drawn.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.17,0:41:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you had short mandates, non-renewable,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:09.14,0:41:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which garanteed to Athenians and others
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.03,0:41:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you had political amateurism.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:17.23,0:41:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Athenians did not want professionals politicias to run the show.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:20.73,0:41:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They did not want it. They absolutely did not want it
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.15,0:41:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect themselves against abuse of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.100,0:41:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said, and they knew, then... or they had as first hypothesis
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.25,0:41:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that at the beginning, you have real political equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.98,0:41:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why it is at the center of your schematic. A real political equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.24,0:41:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athenians knew very well that they weren't equal.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.34,0:41:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They knew fully well that you had intelligent people
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.22,0:41:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and idiots. They knew you had people with virtue
Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.56,0:41:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dishonest people. They knew you had strong people and weak ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.79,0:41:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They knew that. They knew that there were people capable
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.91,0:41:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of governing a ship and others who weren't capable of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.72,0:41:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That wasn't the question at all. Here, the question is politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.94,0:42:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Concerning politics," said the Athenians, "there is no necessary skill.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.40,0:42:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are all competent." To give strength
Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.49,0:42:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this central principle, of true political equality,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:16.80,0:42:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you had to put political amateurism in place. And we are all,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.29,0:42:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as said Aristotle, in a democracy where the citizens are alternatively
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.96,0:42:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,governing and governed. Governing and governed,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:30.02,0:42:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at random. The central procedure that made Athens possible
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.44,0:42:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the rotating responsibilities and so political amateurism
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.14,0:42:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and political equality all held together!
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.62,0:42:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take random draw away, it all falls apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.82,0:42:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You loose democracy. The procedure that makes it possible
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.62,0:42:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the fast rotating responsibilities and political amateurism.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:56.06,0:43:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the random draw. On the contrary, the election is by definition
Dialogue: 0,0:43:03.62,0:43:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and it isn't even subject to a debate -
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.57,0:43:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the selection of the best one out of us. An election isn't choosing
Dialogue: 0,0:43:12.06,0:43:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the worst, this we agree on, and I am not exagerating.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.54,0:43:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The goal of the election is to choose the best. Whether you achieve this or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.47,0:43:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are looking for the best one. The best one, "aristos" in Greek.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.54,0:43:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristocracy is the regime of a government led by the best.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:29.78,0:43:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what Aristotle observed 2500 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.35,0:43:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that aristocracies degenerate, degrade over time, always. That was what Aristotle said.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:38.95,0:43:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So already 2500 years ago, we saw that an aristocracy never stays for long.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:42.03,0:43:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An aristocracy becomes an oligarchy, said Aristotle.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.88,0:43:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is nothing new. So if you will, up to 200 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:52.71,0:43:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until Rousseau, Montesquieu, every one knew,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.88,0:44:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was general knowledge, everyone knew
Dialogue: 0,0:44:03.19,0:44:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the election was aristocratic by nature. And that the procedure of democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:44:10.68,0:44:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the random draw. Everyone knew this.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.51,0:44:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I like about democracy is that it is not about finding something
Dialogue: 0,0:44:16.61,0:44:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is perfect. I know fully well that it isn't perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.56,0:44:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not the topic here. I am not looking for a utopia... Something that is perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:23.46,0:44:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am looking for a way out of an awful situation in which people are [trapped].
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.84,0:44:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are going back to war here. You find the same signs
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.98,0:44:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were present just before the previous World Wars.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:33.09,0:44:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for the same reasons, with the exact same political impotency of the greater mass of people
Dialogue: 0,0:44:36.54,0:44:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who don't want to go to war, and the same political power
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.35,0:44:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of those who have money and who want war.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:43.20,0:44:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Listen to Guillemin, you will see the geneses of the wars:
Dialogue: 0,0:44:46.45,0:44:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the genesis of the Napoleonic Wars, the genesis of the Commune (NT: period 1871 in France)
Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.25,0:44:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that of the war in 1870, the genesis of the 1914-1918 war,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:54.70,0:44:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the genisis of the Second World War. And every time, those were unecessary wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:59.45,0:45:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manipulated wars, wars that were only wished by the 1%.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:02.87,0:45:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very important that you listen to Guillemin.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:07.95,0:45:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will see clearly what is happening to us today.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:10.98,0:45:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you already know it, or at least you already partially know it,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:13.33,0:45:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you will see how strong it is and how strong it can become.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.00,0:45:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean by that that it doesn't only seem clear to you but it becomes powerful.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:20.20,0:45:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You tell yourself: "Hang on, we've got to do something about it!"
Dialogue: 0,0:45:24.40,0:45:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't go further into details... I don't have much time.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:29.28,0:45:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I still need to explain
Dialogue: 0,0:45:32.02,0:45:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the random draw scares. It scares us today.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.72,0:45:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I talk to you about randomly drawing people, the first reactions are:
Dialogue: 0,0:45:36.85,0:45:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But what on earth is that thing ?! The random draw,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:40.42,0:45:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah right! You want to put power in the hands of randomly chosen people ?"
Dialogue: 0,0:45:43.11,0:45:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No! That's just it. Random draw isn't used for giving power;
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.91,0:45:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is used to keep power for us, us all, the 99%.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.53,0:45:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up to now...and last year still, I was saying "the rich & the poor"
Dialogue: 0,0:45:58.01,0:46:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was a problem. But it is in effect very simple,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.45,0:46:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was thinking about the ultra-rich, and the poor were everyone else.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:03.05,0:46:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they are not really poor, but they are us. And we are having a hard time
Dialogue: 0,0:46:05.86,0:46:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagining that we are the poor ones. We can't identify with that term.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.90,0:46:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it wasn't the correct image. And then the rich,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.58,0:46:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are all rich compared to someone else.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.36,0:46:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that wasn't right. But when I say:
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.03,0:46:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1% the rich, 99% the others, everyone gets it.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.99,0:46:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Protestors / Occupy movement gave us those words,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:20.56,0:46:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is useful, it describes better the fact that it has always been the same problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:25.71,0:46:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, in a democracy, or a democracy that is worthy of the name,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:29.19,0:46:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the Occupy movement / Protestors are looking for today is:
Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.24,0:46:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We want a real democracy". Well, Athenians
Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.69,0:46:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had already found exactly what they needed,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:35.88,0:46:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they were looking for. But sadly, you don't find the random draw
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.79,0:46:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,present in the Occupy Movement. It is still missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.23,0:46:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They haven't discovered it yet. But listen to
Dialogue: 0,0:46:43.48,0:46:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it was back then, in Athens, for the 99%,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.14,0:46:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is all those who want to write the laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.93,0:46:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well no, not write the laws because we are not all capable of writing them.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.88,0:46:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, in this room, we would already be too many to write laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.39,0:47:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To write a law, you need to build a small group.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.04,0:47:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we want to vote for the laws. That is we want to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.86,0:47:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for every single law, not bit by bit, but law by law,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:07.53,0:47:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we want to say, if we are autonomous, if we are citizens,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.84,0:47:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not simple voters but autonomous citizens,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:14.90,0:47:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we want, we the Athenians, we want to vote ourselves our own laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:20.38,0:47:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how did it work ? Well we would get toghether in a great assembly
Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.12,0:47:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people would come up. So you had speakers
Dialogue: 0,0:47:29.02,0:47:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would come to the floor of the assembly and say:
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.60,0:47:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We need this law because of this reason". Then another speaker comes.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:34.13,0:47:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you are 6,000, you don't all talk. The people in the assembly
Dialogue: 0,0:47:36.37,0:47:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can ask for permission to speak and go down to the floor and talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:38.85,0:47:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is no debate or discussion. Everyone is silent during the assembly.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:42.28,0:47:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You vote. It is outside of the assembly that you will do the talking,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.30,0:47:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prepare. But once you are in the assembly,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:47.30,0:47:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you vote. You listen to the speakers. You listen to the successive debates.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:57.31,0:48:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that the system can work, the assembly can't do everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:02.51,0:48:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The assembly can't prepare a law. The assembly won't prepare them.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:05.69,0:48:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The assembly can't carry out the laws either. The assembly is not going to be the police,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:10.02,0:48:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the judges. So the Athenian assembly, the democratic assembly,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:14.87,0:48:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be neighbourhood assemblies. Here, we're in Montpellier.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:19.07,0:48:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would have multiple neighbourhoods, and in each,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:21.22,0:48:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would have assemblies. But for each assembly, we need representatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:25.60,0:48:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our own assembly needs representatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:32.33,0:48:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a democracy worthy of the name has representatives,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:34.85,0:48:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are not masters. They are the servants
Dialogue: 0,0:48:39.40,0:48:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we must constrain so that they remain servants,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:41.58,0:48:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that they never become our masters. And the random draw was there for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.75,0:48:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The random draw is there to give a very small bit of pwoer, and never twice in a row,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:52.42,0:48:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and never for long. So the randomly drawn in Athens were,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:57.75,0:49:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, the Counsel of the 500 that were randomly drawn.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.53,0:49:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Counsel of the 500 prepared the laws. They made parlementarian study groups and think tanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:06.16,0:49:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't vote the laws. The representatives never voted the laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.60,0:49:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for the random draw, you are afraid of it when, at first,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:11.64,0:49:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you think: "We are going to randomly draw people who are going to vote instead of me."
Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.71,0:49:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not at all. A democracy doesn't work that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:17.59,0:49:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Representatives aren't the ones who are going to vote for the laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:20.18,0:49:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you see what I am getting at ? We will always vote for the laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:22.66,0:49:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 99% who want to build a real democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.88,0:49:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a democracy woth of its name, they will put in place
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.49,0:49:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the random draw because they know they need representatives
Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.84,0:49:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write the laws, or to carry them out, or to be the police.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:36.31,0:49:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Policemen were randomly drawn. Judges were randomly drawn.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:40.17,0:49:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Short mandates, non-renewable, and at the end, you were accountable for your actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.87,0:49:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were a serie of control mechanisms added to the random draw, and they were fabulous!
Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.52,0:49:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be randomly drawn didn't mean that you did nothing. You had a collection of responsibilities
Dialogue: 0,0:49:56.99,0:50:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you were in danger. People could loose their life at the end of their mandate, since they were accountable.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:00.32,0:50:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll grant you that it's a bit brutal, but life was more brutal at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.21,0:50:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wouldn't have to be so brutal today, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:05.31,0:50:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could simply punish, without sentencing someone to death.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:07.77,0:50:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could punish instead. But what I want to say is that since you were held accountable,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:10.86,0:50:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was quite strict! What did he do during his mandate? Why did he do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:13.61,0:50:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you kept asking questions until you were sure that he had correctly served the greater good.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:16.04,0:50:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if he had correctly served the greater good,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:20.13,0:50:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you built an arc of triumph for him. You treated him with the highest honors,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:24.21,0:50:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you looked at him with gratitude, and he would make a reputation for himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:30.89,0:50:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with the eyes of society on you, and its appreciation,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:34.31,0:50:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't need a money reward. Only insane people try their very best for society
Dialogue: 0,0:50:38.04,0:50:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only if you reward them with money. Most of us
Dialogue: 0,0:50:40.96,0:50:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we work really hard for the greater good, without the need of money rewards.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:45.48,0:50:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need money to live, and that's it. Afterwards,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:47.70,0:50:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the simple fact that people are grateful and are happy
Dialogue: 0,0:50:50.26,0:50:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what you have done keeps us going and makes us happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:52.12,0:50:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most normal people, that's enough. Of course, you have crazies
Dialogue: 0,0:50:54.60,0:50:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who need a million euros a year to actually bother working hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:56.84,0:51:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you should throw those in jail. That's absolutely not the general case.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:02.36,0:51:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was just a joke. So the randomly drawn were filtered.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.33,0:51:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, not filtered, they were slightly selected.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:13.02,0:51:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In your schematic, what I am going to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:51:15.45,0:51:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is on the left part... the vertical line there...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:18.03,0:51:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was the checks done on randomly drawn people,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:20.87,0:51:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Athenians were afraid, as you are, to randomly draw idiots
Dialogue: 0,0:51:24.90,0:51:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or dishonest people. Of course they were afraid! But they put in place a large set of control mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,0:51:28.65,0:51:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made sure they had nothing to be afraid of from those randomly drawn.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:32.82,0:51:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at the start, it is on a voluntary basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:34.82,0:51:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the first filter. So already, those who thought themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:51:37.10,0:51:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be incapable of taking up the responsibilities didn't come forward
Dialogue: 0,0:51:40.38,0:51:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be randomly drawn. So that was your first filter.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:43.23,0:51:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, you had ostracism that pushed out those
Dialogue: 0,0:51:48.50,0:51:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't trust. And Athenians didn't trust most of
Dialogue: 0,0:51:51.46,0:51:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who could speak well. Athenians, who had strong political experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:56.50,0:51:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is very interesting to discover it - you learn so much from it -
Dialogue: 0,0:51:59.11,0:52:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yhey built up a political system to protect themselves from the abuse of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:06.25,0:52:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From demagogues, from corruption. They put in place
Dialogue: 0,0:52:09.80,0:52:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many institutions that are absolutly incredible.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.63,0:52:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So ostracism today has a very negative meaning. But ostracism,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:17.75,0:52:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back then, not only was it not negative,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:20.46,0:52:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was a very important word for Athenian democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.62,0:52:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It let you put someone aside that you were afraid of.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.44,0:52:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So since they were looking for agreement, in order to pacify society,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:30.21,0:52:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you absolutely had to push aside individuals that could cause hate
Dialogue: 0,0:52:34.52,0:52:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fear, or panic. So for individuals who worried them, Athenians
Dialogue: 0,0:52:40.44,0:52:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could, with the help of a procedure call "ostracism"
Dialogue: 0,0:52:42.97,0:52:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put those individuals aside. I'll talk about it later
Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.76,0:52:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you are interested, you'll just have to ask. So you had a method to put aside
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.23,0:52:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people that you feared. You also had "docimasy" [Greek].
Dialogue: 0,0:52:51.76,0:52:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I keep the word because I like it a lot. There is a certain form of poetry in some greek words,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:55.03,0:52:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like "isegoria", the right to speak for all at every moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.11,0:53:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or like docimasy, that sort of test, not of skills,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:01.53,0:53:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since I told you earlier that all Athenians believed they were equally skilled in politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:06.16,0:53:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was their hypothesis. They knew there weren't equal [in skills]
Dialogue: 0,0:53:09.08,0:53:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the hypothesis was equality in politics, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:11.41,0:53:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could understand that there was the issue of aptitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:16.54,0:53:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, an insanely disturbed person, a mad man, you had to have a
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.73,0:53:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mechanism to put him aside. So docimasy served to put mad men aside.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:22.46,0:53:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also had criterias - and we could think of what criterias
Dialogue: 0,0:53:25.11,0:53:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could choose as ours, modern criterias - but they had their criterias
Dialogue: 0,0:53:27.63,0:53:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I find fun. You couldn't be randomly drawn
Dialogue: 0,0:53:32.73,0:53:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pass the docimasy
Dialogue: 0,0:53:35.30,0:53:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you weren't someone who took good care of your parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:39.11,0:53:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is curious to see that. You couldn't take care of the greater good
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.61,0:53:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you weren't even capable of taking care of your own parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:47.61,0:53:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this simple assessment should lead us to study the athenian system.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:57.80,0:54:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They practiced it for over 200 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:01.63,0:54:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it were so bad, if there were so many faults, if there were so many problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:05.55,0:54:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it were even suspicious, they would never have lasted 200 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:11.13,0:54:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,200 years, that's a very long time. It's the same length of time as us trying out the election system.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:14.23,0:54:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since 1789 (French Revolution), you have approximately 200 years. A 200-year long trial of elections.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:21.18,0:54:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Athens, you had a 200-year long trial of random draw.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:24.93,0:54:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it were so wrong, if it had so many objections, without any answers to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:30.29,0:54:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would never have lasted 200 years. So have a look, you will see.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:33.24,0:54:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you feel you have an objection, when you dig slightly deeper...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:35.84,0:54:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to work on it a bit... if you just work a bit on the subject, you'll find out
Dialogue: 0,0:54:38.28,0:54:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how passionate it is. If you work, you'll see that the objections
Dialogue: 0,0:54:41.55,0:54:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all find a solution. When I weigh the pros & cons,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:49.31,0:54:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is not an opinion, but facts,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:51.64,0:54:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I look at 200 years of random draw,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:55.10,0:54:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I see that during 200 years of random draw
Dialogue: 0,0:54:58.08,0:55:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is the citizens in their vast majority, almost exclusively
Dialogue: 0,0:55:02.23,0:55:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 99% that voted their laws and who for over
Dialogue: 0,0:55:05.87,0:55:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,200 years voted their laws that put forth a society
Dialogue: 0,0:55:10.68,0:55:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that knew prosperity, was rich, politically stable. They weren't miserable.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:16.88,0:55:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They weren't more miserable then their neighbouring societies.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:19.08,0:55:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't chaos at all. They had their problems, for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:21.100,0:55:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democracy had problems that would be interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:55:24.62,0:55:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to study to try and avoid them and make the system better.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:28.63,0:55:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But over 200 years of practice, the 99%, the poor were in power.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:33.96,0:55:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they didn't squash the rich either. They didn't kill them.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:35.68,0:55:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't steal from them. The rich lived a very good life back in the time of Athens!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:39.70,0:55:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They lived much more comfortably than the poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:42.38,0:55:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had great villas, many slaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:44.75,0:55:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lived wealthy lives but they didn't have political power.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:48.50,0:55:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a hard time imagining it.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:52.12,0:55:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We grew up in a regime, since we were children,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:55.22,0:56:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where all the societies in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:56:01.63,0:56:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have rich people in power and they have everything. And if we are poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:04.98,0:56:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have power. We have nothing. And there is a synchronisation
Dialogue: 0,0:56:08.42,0:56:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which we have becomed used to.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:10.52,0:56:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to become aware that in Athens, for 200 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.59,0:56:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of random draw, the political power and the economical power
Dialogue: 0,0:56:21.82,0:56:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were desynchronised. You did not have the same people who were politically rich
Dialogue: 0,0:56:25.74,0:56:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and economically rich. And today, it is the opposite, for 200 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:32.01,0:56:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the false universal suffrage, in our false democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:35.41,0:56:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with false citizens, these elections with their false choices,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:41.07,0:56:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for over 200 years [have left us powerless]. Listen to Guillemin, you will
Dialogue: 0,0:56:43.04,0:56:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find the details of what I am telling you. For 200 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:45.49,0:56:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is always the 1% who have been in power,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:50.26,0:56:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,voted laws of ultra-rich people for the ultra-rich. It is without a single exception.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.02,0:57:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the 99% have never been in power, not even during the Popular Front [1936-1938], not even in 1981 [Women's emancipation].
Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.66,0:57:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the simple assessment that the random draw gives power to the poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:09.66,0:57:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that democracy, the true democracy, gives power to the 99%
Dialogue: 0,0:57:11.84,0:57:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that representative government gives power to the 1%, the rich
Dialogue: 0,0:57:16.91,0:57:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that should normaly stir you. I am not saying adopt it right away.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:22.78,0:57:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know fully well that you will need time to get used to the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:57:25.55,0:57:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is so shaking, upsetting. You'll need time to shake off the habits.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:28.14,0:57:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been 50 years that I have been taught "Election equals Democracy",
Dialogue: 0,0:57:30.75,0:57:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Democracy equals Election". That's not true!
Dialogue: 0,0:57:35.15,0:57:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:43.12,0:57:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll stop talking about athenian democracy until further questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:47.92,0:57:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would like to talk about our concerns,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:53.31,0:57:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the problems we face today, and the solutions
Dialogue: 0,0:57:56.49,0:57:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have come up with because I am interested in your opinion.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:59.97,0:58:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you think that it could be possible, doable ?
Dialogue: 0,0:58:02.89,0:58:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What wouldn't work ? What are your objections?
Dialogue: 0,0:58:05.92,0:58:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am in need of your objections.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:14.02,0:58:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the past 6 years, I have been living with controversy.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:16.48,0:58:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Endlessly, I rub against opposition. Almost every day,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:18.63,0:58:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am in a controversy, people contradict my point
Dialogue: 0,0:58:21.14,0:58:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you move so much faster when people contradict you, oppose you.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:26.19,0:58:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need that. Today, there is a good chance that most of you
Dialogue: 0,0:58:30.50,0:58:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won't completly agree, but most often, in an assembly,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:36.71,0:58:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we come together because we share more or less the same point of view.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:39.66,0:58:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The progress made in such an environment isn't as good.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:42.08,0:58:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is better for moving forward is when we [disagree]
Dialogue: 0,0:58:44.83,0:58:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the gamble of democracy. In Athens, the general idea of democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:58:50.41,0:58:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to get people together, and most importantly people
Dialogue: 0,0:58:55.11,0:59:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we dislike, to bring up conflictive situations. That's what is important.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:01.88,0:59:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make the best possible decision, the Athenians beleived
Dialogue: 0,0:59:04.74,0:59:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we should give everyone a say. That was isegoria.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:07.96,0:59:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To give everyone a chance to speak up, the right to speak for all, concerning any subject, at any given moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:12.04,0:59:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isegoria... a beautiful word. That right of speech and the setting for conflicts
Dialogue: 0,0:59:18.93,0:59:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let them shed light on which were the correct decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:23.64,0:59:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I observe everywhere is that in the Constitution,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:27.02,0:59:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rules that organise our power are not planned at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:30.93,0:59:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, they are anti-constitutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:34.32,0:59:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The institutions that organise our power are missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:39.15,0:59:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why we are powerless, politically impotent.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:41.44,0:59:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because nothing is programmed to give us any kind of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:45.67,0:59:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a cause. You know, I was telling you
Dialogue: 0,0:59:49.29,0:59:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the tree of social injustices earlier, with all its consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:52.42,0:59:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the branches that are types of political corruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:56.52,0:59:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abuse of power in companies, ecological catastrophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:59.66,1:00:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unemployment, low income, and so on. All those social injustices
Dialogue: 0,1:00:04.82,1:00:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the discrimination, the racism... All those social injustices,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:09.62,1:00:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to me, they are all consequences of our political powerlessness / impotence to fight against them.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:16.38,1:00:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are many, very many, (and we don't need all),
Dialogue: 0,1:00:18.38,1:00:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are many ready to fight against these injustices.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:21.34,1:00:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we are without power. I propose that we take on
Dialogue: 0,1:00:25.58,1:00:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cause of our powerlessness and get rid of it.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:28.93,1:00:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like someone who is sick isn't going to just take some aspirin
Dialogue: 0,1:00:31.76,1:00:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when his head hurts. He is going to try and find out why
Dialogue: 0,1:00:33.93,1:00:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he has a headache. So for very serious diseases,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:36.29,1:00:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it isn't just a headache that goes away with aspirine,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:39.50,1:00:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by then, the cause has dissapeared, but for serious diseases,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:42.68,1:00:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the doctor is going to have to search for the cause of the disease. The root of the issue.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:47.72,1:00:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that political impotency, where does it come from?
Dialogue: 0,1:00:49.88,1:00:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comes from the Constitution. You see, I go back to the source of things.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:52.71,1:00:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I go back to the root. It stems out from the Constitution.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:54.54,1:00:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah! The Constitution. So how come these Constitutions
Dialogue: 0,1:00:58.71,1:01:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are bad Constitutions? So I try to understand this.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:01.89,1:01:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, but, but, but... who writes these Constitutions?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:06.11,1:01:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who wrote them? Who voted them in? It is still we, the people.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:09.29,1:01:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is always the people who vote their Constitution in.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:11.53,1:01:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we see that it isn't suffisiant to solve the problem,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:13.39,1:01:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the Constitutions, as I told you, program in almost every country,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.68,1:01:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the powerlessness of the people. So voting for the Constitution doesn't change that.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:19.18,1:01:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You musn't just accept a Constitution you are asked to vote on.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:22.66,1:01:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a scam. That's not where the game is played.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:25.59,1:01:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is important is not who votes for the Constitution.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:27.68,1:01:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is important, is who writes it. So who writes it?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:30.63,1:01:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone around the world, no matter the historical period, the question is who wrote the Constitution?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:34.21,1:01:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you remember what I told you earlier?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:35.98,1:01:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have us, you have the powers who are capable of producing the law,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:40.38,1:01:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,useful for us but also dangerous, and then you have the institutions that they should be afraid of.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:45.86,1:01:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who writes the institutions that they never fear?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:50.09,1:01:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do! That's my point. And I work hard, and I come here to meet with you,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:58.90,1:02:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it must absolutely become your point as well.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:01.99,1:02:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It must become your thesis, our soul focus point.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:06.58,1:02:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I alone fight this, it won't work. But if we are millions,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:08.96,1:02:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,billions even, we can say: it is not the place or the role of people in power
Dialogue: 0,1:02:11.68,1:02:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to right the rules of their power. We must stop having
Dialogue: 0,1:02:13.44,1:02:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,professionals in politics that find a seat in Constitutional Assemblies
Dialogue: 0,1:02:15.79,1:02:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the following to stop: the simple fact that these political professionals
Dialogue: 0,1:02:20.46,1:02:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,program the impotency of their people. But it's normal,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:22.22,1:02:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have a personal interest in that. I am not saying they are scoundrels.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:25.89,1:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say that, since they are professional politicians,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:30.00,1:02:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even virtuous, even very noble, even very generous professionals,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:33.97,1:02:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when they will be writing a Constitution that they should fear,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:37.10,1:02:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that will hinder their interests, in essence,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:41.05,1:02:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that specific moment, they are in a conflict of interest.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:45.70,1:02:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conflict of interest is a concept that is very important to understand.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:48.45,1:02:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the key. It is the key to all this mess.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:51.100,1:02:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the source of the catastrophic situation we are in.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:55.55,1:02:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will give you an example of conflict of interest,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:57.95,1:03:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll come back to our professional politician writing the Constitution.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:00.63,1:03:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conflict of interest occurs like this: you have a judge, a very good judge,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:04.82,1:03:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an honest judge, who worries about the greater good, about justice.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:09.85,1:03:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More detailed, more conscientious than him, you won't find. Not an ounce of dishonesty.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:16.60,1:03:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A good judge. In his role, in the agenda of cases to do during the day,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:21.19,1:03:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes along his son, or his daughter, either as a victim or accused of a crime.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:29.88,1:03:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone on earth understand that this judge,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:34.15,1:03:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even a good judge, is incapable of producing justice
Dialogue: 0,1:03:39.19,1:03:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for his daughter or his son. Do you understand?
Dialogue: 0,1:03:41.58,1:03:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is called conflict of interest. The conflict of interest
Dialogue: 0,1:03:44.18,1:03:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean that he is dishonest, not at all,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:47.49,1:03:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't say he is a corrupt scoundrel, not at all!
Dialogue: 0,1:03:50.41,1:03:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just says that for that specific moment, he can not be fair.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:57.54,1:04:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do we do, for that specific case, accross the world?
Dialogue: 0,1:04:00.14,1:04:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not even a problem, not even for the judge!
Dialogue: 0,1:04:02.52,1:04:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He makes it a point of principle and honor by recusing himself.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:05.68,1:04:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You declare him incapable of doing that particular trial.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:12.66,1:04:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why ? Because he would be judge and jury, he would be in a conflict of interest.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:19.40,1:04:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can't have that. It is very important that you understand that this is wrong.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:23.26,1:04:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You understand it? Well I say that our political representatives,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:27.86,1:04:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ministers, our judges, our presidents, our news reporters,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:34.41,1:04:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our bankers, all those who hold important power, [are in conflict of interest].
Dialogue: 0,1:04:38.04,1:04:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Media and banks, you must also put them in the same bag
Dialogue: 0,1:04:40.50,1:04:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as parlementarians, government, judges. It's a whole.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:44.15,1:04:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have three powers but you have five powers
Dialogue: 0,1:04:46.20,1:04:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that threaten us and that we must weaken and control through a Constitution.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:49.27,1:04:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all these people, including candidates for such positions,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:53.83,1:04:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including people who aren't parlementarians yet,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:57.03,1:04:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who aren't ministers yet, but who see themselves in the future
Dialogue: 0,1:04:59.88,1:05:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as candidates for a party, for power, they are included.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:03.48,1:05:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you see? So all these people, even the kindest ones,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:07.45,1:05:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the virtuous ones, the good ones, the devoted to greater good,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:11.70,1:05:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we are in the constitutional process, when we are writing a Constitution,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:17.58,1:05:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we are writing the text they should fear,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:20.81,1:05:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if that Constitution is well written, they are in a radical situation.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:26.21,1:05:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a strong conflict of interest. They will have a personal interest contrary
Dialogue: 0,1:05:31.79,1:05:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the greater good of us all. We have let them deactivate
Dialogue: 0,1:05:36.03,1:05:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a great tool that is the Constitution, that could protect us
Dialogue: 0,1:05:39.38,1:05:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,efficiently today against bankers, against oligarchs.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:42.93,1:05:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have let the word lose its meaning:
Dialogue: 0,1:05:46.85,1:05:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a concept, an essential tool that legally protects us.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:50.90,1:05:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have let the word lose its meaning by letting
Dialogue: 0,1:05:55.42,1:05:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Constitution be written by exactly those who should be fearing it.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:59.62,1:06:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The solution is not with those people. If we wait and want them to make things change,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:05.22,1:06:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will never change. That isn't the root cause,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:07.93,1:06:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they aren't the cause of the problem.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:13.39,1:06:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The root of the issue is the people who let them write the rules.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:16.10,1:06:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's us.\NWe are the lazy ones or the uncultivated.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:21.96,1:06:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know : lazy, uncultivated, afraid, coward.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:28.35,1:06:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am saying it nicely but you see what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:34.82,1:06:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But wait, wait, wait...
Dialogue: 0,1:06:36.30,1:06:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you recuse yourself from writing the Constitution, you shouldn't complain
Dialogue: 0,1:06:43.68,1:06:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about your political impotency. It is your fault.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:46.81,1:06:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is our fault. And I beleive that I found the cause. So it gives us hope.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:50.70,1:06:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it is in us, then we can change it!
Dialogue: 0,1:06:55.42,1:07:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it only depended on others, and they are scoundrels who double the stake by being in conflict of interest,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:01.44,1:07:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we'd be stuck! But if it is us, then it's simple finally.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:06.45,1:07:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not complicated at all! Beleive me when I tell you it isn't complicated.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:09.91,1:07:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is complicated only if we are few. Voilà.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:11.98,1:07:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we are 1,000, 2,000, even if we are 100,000, it won't work.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:15.14,1:07:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll butcher us. When I say "They", I mean the "people from Versailles".
Dialogue: 0,1:07:18.52,1:07:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Listen to Guillemin, he will explain what happened during the Commune.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:20.51,1:07:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will understand who "the people of Versailles" are.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:22.38,1:07:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's awful. They still exist today and they still squash
Dialogue: 0,1:07:32.91,1:07:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,us! When you look at the Greeks nowadays, just look at them. They are us!
Dialogue: 0,1:07:36.96,1:07:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I look at Palestinians...we are Palestinians!
Dialogue: 0,1:07:38.90,1:07:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we don't do anything, in the long run, it will end up with work camps. We have to wake up.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:47.30,1:07:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Internet Revolution
Dialogue: 0,1:07:53.33,1:07:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to me that the Internet is a revolution as important as .
Dialogue: 0,1:07:57.28,1:08:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first printing machines. The printing press gave us the power to read.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:00.58,1:08:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gave the people the incredible right to emancipate.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:03.32,1:08:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That you have the right to read is good but not sufficient.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:05.68,1:08:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even with the printing press, you can only read
Dialogue: 0,1:08:09.96,1:08:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the books that have been written, in general, by the elite,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:14.16,1:08:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by oligarchs, by people who are no longer part of the mutlitude.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:20.60,1:08:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the Internet has given us, what the Internet has given to the people,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:23.19,1:08:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by that I mean the people of the earth, is the right to write.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:27.86,1:08:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is probably [the breakthrough]. We have not yet seen the full consequence of this,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:30.61,1:08:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe I am wrong, but I am under the impression
Dialogue: 0,1:08:33.35,1:08:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is at least as important as the first printing machine.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:35.93,1:08:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will give us the possibility to educate the people
Dialogue: 0,1:08:38.38,1:08:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we need, and to put powers back on top,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:43.30,1:08:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above our elite. It will let us put a text on top
Dialogue: 0,1:08:46.81,1:08:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they will fear. And in my eyes, it can change everything.