WEBVTT 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wer hat Euch beigebracht Eure Hautfarbe zu hassen? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wer hat Euch beigebracht die Beschaffenheit Eurer Haare zu hassen? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wer hat Euch beigebracht die Form Eurer Nase zu hassen? Und die Form Eurer Lippen? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wer hat Euch beigebracht Euch selbst von Kopf bis Fuss zu hassen? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wer hat Euch beigebracht Euer eigenes Volk zu hassen? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wer hat Euch beigebracht die Rasse der Ihr angehöft zu hassen? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und zwar so sehr, dass Ihr nicht unter Euer Gleichen sein wollt? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Bevor ihr fragt, ob Mr. Muhammad Hass lehrt, solltet Ihr Euch fragen 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wer Euch beigebracht hat das zu hassen, was Gott aus Euch gemacht hat. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die meisten von uns Schwarzen, oder "Negros" wie sie uns nannten, glaubten wirklich wir wären frei. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ohne zu merken, dass in unserem Unterbewusstsein die Ketten die wir los zu sein glaubten, immer noch da waren. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Das Bedürfnis vom Weissen Mann anerkannt zu werden trieb uns in viellerlei Hinsicht an. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm wollte diese Wahrnehmung der Minderwertigkeit bekämpfen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er wusste, dass es mühevoll sein würde und dass manche Leute einen töten würden um das zu verhindern, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 aber er wagte es dieses Risiko auf sich zu nehmen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er sagte etwas, das über Jenes was andere Anführer zu jener Zeit meinten hinausging. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Während die anderen Anführer um Einlass in das Haus ihrer Unterdrücker bettelten, sagte er dir ein eigenes Haus zu bauen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er vertrieb die Furcht der Afro-Amerikaner und sagte: "Ich werde laut aussprechen was wir uns denken." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ihr werdet sehen, die Leute werden davon hören und uns nicht unbedingt was antun. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Aber ich spreche nicht für die Massen." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er sagte das auf eine starke, männliche Art die aussagte: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ich habe keine Angst davor das auszusprechen was wir uns all die Jahre nur gedacht haben." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Deshalb liebten wir ihn. Er sagte es offen, nicht hinter verschlossenen Türen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er hat sich für uns mit Amerika angelegt. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und ich jedenfalls, als Muslim, glaube, dass der Weisse Mann klug genug ist. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wenn wir ihm verständlich machen könnten was die Schwarzen wirklich denken 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und wie satt wir es haben, ganz ohne kontraproduktiven Schmeicheleien. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Nun, ihr macht es euch ja selbst schwer. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Der Weisse Mann glaubt Euch die Schmeicheleien, weil ihr ihm schmeichelt seit er Euch hierhergebracht hat. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Hört auf damit. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sagt ihm was Ihr denkt! Sagt ihm in welcher Hölle Ihr euch befindet. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Dass er kein Haus haben sollte, wenn er es nicht in Ordnung bringen kann. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Es sollte Feuer fangen und verbrennen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Schon fast das ganze Jahrhundert haben die Schwarzen in diesen Strassen in Harlem ihre Kultur gefeiert. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und die Rassenfrage in Amerika diskutiert. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Hier reihte sich Malcolm zum ersten Mal bei den Strassen-Rednern ein, die den Hoffnungen und dem Zorn von Harlem eine Stimme liehen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ich lehrte Nationalismus und will raus aus dem Land des Weissen Mannes, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 denn Integration wird nie stattfinden. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So lange Ihr lebt werdet Ihr euch nicht ins System des Weissen Mannes integrieren können! 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 125te Strasse und 7te Avenue. was das Zentrum der Aktivitäten der Strassen-Redner. << 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Als Malcolm dazu stiess hatte er eigentlich keinen Standort. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Also etablierte er seinen Platz vor dem Buchgeschäft von Elder Michaux. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Als Malcolm die kleine Plattform bestieg, kam er für die ersten vier oder fünf Minuten gar nicht zum sprechen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und dann öffnete er seinen Mund << 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Man nennt Mr. Muhammad Hassprediger, weil er Euch dazu bringt Drogen und Alkohol zu hassen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Man nennt Mr. Muhammad Rassist, weil er uns nicht nur lehrt, dass wir so gut wie der Weisse Mann sind, sondern besser. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ihr seid besser als der Weisse Mann! 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Aber das heisst nicht unbedingt viel. Wir wissen ja, dass wir besser sind als er. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Was ist er schon für ein Vergleich? Seht Euch seine Haut an. Verglichen mit seiner sieht Eure Haut wie Gold aus. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Es gab eine Zeit in der wir begeistert von den Weissen waren. << 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wir dachten, sie wären schön, weil wir blind und dumm waren. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wir konnten nicht Ihr wahres Gesicht erkennen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Seit der ehrenwerte Elijah Muhammad uns den Islam nähergebracht und uns gezeigt hat wie wir uns bessern können, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sehen wir diese alte, blasse Gestalt genau so wie sie ist. Alt und blass. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Diese Ansprache zeigte mir, dass es kein zurück gab, wenn man ihn erst einmal reden gehört hat. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Selbst wenn man seine Meinung nicht änderte, musste man Sie überdenken. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Hier in unseren nördlicheren Städten waren wir es nicht gewohnt gesagt zu bekommen, dass wir Teufel und Unterdrücker waren 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er sprach für eine leise Masse schwarzer Menschen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und zwar ganz offen über die eigenen Sender der Teufel. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und das war eine Kriegshandlung. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Als er die Bühne verließ, stieg ich von der --> Insel<--?? und ging zu ihm. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Als ich ihn erreichte stellten sich Bodyguards in den Weg und er schiebt sie an die Seite. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ich stellte mich vor ihn und streckte meine Hand aus und sagte: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ich stimme nicht mit allem was Sie sagten überein, aber einiges davon gefiel mir." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er sah mich an, nahm sanft meine Hand und sagte: "Eines Tages wirst du, Schwester. Eines Tages wirst du", und lächelte dabei. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Um seine Botschaft zu verdeutlichen, benutze Malcolm sein eigenes Leben als Lehre für schwarze Amerikaner. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er predigte sie in Fabeln und Parabeln und später beim Schreiben seiner Autobiography mit Alex Haley. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er wollte Kontrolle darüber wie sein Leben zukünftig gedeutet werden würde. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ich war sehr hingerissen von einer Aussage die er später über sich selbst traf. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er sagte: "Ich bin Teil von allen die ich je getroffen habe." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und damit meinte er, dass all die Dinge die er in seiner Jugend getan hatte 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ihn etwas Aussetzten was ihm vertschiedene Fähigkeiten beibrachten, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 die sich zu Malcolm entwickeln sollten, der zum Wortführer der Nation of Islam werden würde. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Sie wurden in Omaha geboren, richtig?" - "Ja Sir." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Und Ihre Familie verließ Omaha, als Sie wie alt waren. Ein Jahr?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ich schätze etwa ein Jahr alt." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Warum verließ sie Omaha?" - "Soweit ich weiß brannte der Ku Klux Klan eines Ihrer Häuser in Omaha nieder." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Das machte Ihre Familie sicherlich unglücklich." - "Nun, zumindest verunsicherte es uns." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Also haben Sie wohl eine etwas voreingenommene Haltung. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sie können sich dem nicht auf eine große, akademische Weise annähern." - "Ich finde das stimmt nicht, denn 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 nachdem wir Omaha verließen und nach Lansing, Michigan zogen, wurde wieder unser Haus niedergebrannt.<< 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Mein Vater wurde vom Ku Klux Klan getötet. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und trotz all dem war irgendjemand mehr unter den Weißen integriert als ich. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Niemand hat wie ich in der Gesellschaft der Weißen gelebt wie ich. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wir waren die einzigen schwarzen Kinder in der Nachbarschaft. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Hinten auf unserem Grundstück war eine bewälderte Fläch und die Weißen Kinder 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 kamen alle zu uns um hinten im Wald zu spielen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm schlug vor Robin Hood zu spielen. Also spielten wir dort Robin Hood mit Malcolm als Robin Hood. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und die weißen Kinder ließen das zu. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm sagte er war der hellhäutigste unter den sieben Kindern von Earl and Louise Little. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Eine Erinnerung, so meinte er, an den Weissen der seine Großmutter vergewaltigte. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 1929, als Malcolm 4 Jahre alt war, brachte sein Vater, ein Tischler und Prediger, die Familie nach Lansing, Michigan. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Lansing war eine kleine Stadt und die westliche Seite war jene auf der die Schwarzen lebten. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm lebte mit seiner Familie außerhalb der Stadt. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und sie hatten eine 16.000m2 große Parzelle mit einem kleinen Haus darauf. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Man sah sie irgendwie als Farmer an. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Drei Monate nachdem die Littles einzogen leiteten die weißen Nachbarn rechtliche Schritte ein um Sie zu vertreiben. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ein Bezirksrichte urteilte, dass das Gelände nur Weissen vorbehalten war. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Aber Earl Little weigerte sich umzusiedeln. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In Michigan betrug die Mitgliederzahl des Ku Klux Klans etwa 70.000. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Fünf Mal soviel wie in Mississippi. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Für Malcolms Familie war die Feindseligkeit von den Weißen eine Gegebenheit des Lebens. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wir schliefen alle und plötzlich hörten wir einen großen Knall. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und als wir aufwachten war überall Feuer. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und wir stießen alle gegen die Wände und gegeneinander. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ich erinnere mich, dass meine Mutter rief: "Aufstehen, aufstehen. Es brennt. Raus hier!" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Daran erinnere ich mich genau. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ich hörte meine Mutter und meinen Vater rufen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sie gingen sicher, dass Sie uns alle erwischten und rausbrachten. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Das Haus brannte komplett ab. Die Feuerwehr kam nicht und das Haus brannte nieder. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolms Vater, Earl LIttle, beschuldigte die örtlichen Weißen das Feuer gelegt zu haben. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die Polizei verhaftete ihn und bezichtigte ihn der Brandstiftung. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die Beschuldigungen wurden später fallen gelassen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In der Stadt in der wir aufwuchsen nannten die Weißen uns "hochnäsige Nigger". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Diese klugen Nigger von außerhalb der Stadt." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Zu jener Zeit, wann auch immer ein Weisser dich als "Kluger Nigger" bezeichnete, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 war es ihre Art zu sagen: "Das ist ein Nigger bei dem man aufpassen muss. Er ist nicht dumm." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Mein Vater war unabhängig. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er wollte von niemanden durchgefüttert werden. Er wollte sein eigenes Essen heranschaffen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Niemand sollte über seine Kinder bestimmen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er wollte selbst über sie bestimmen und das tat er. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er sprach immer von Marcus Garvey's Denkweisen und versuchte die Schwarzen dazu zu bringen 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sich auf Vordermann zu bringen, keinen Ärger zu verursachen und miteinander daran zu arbeiten ihre Lage zu verbessern. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Aber damals galt man damit als Unruhestifter. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In den 1920ern predigte Marcus Garvey, ein schwarzer Nationalist, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 dass schwarze Amerikaner eine von der weißen Gesellschaft unabhängige Nation aufbauen sollten. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Mit einer Mitgliedschaft von hundert von tausenden suchte Garvey's "Universal Negro Improvement Association" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stärkere Beziehungen mit afrikanischen Ländern. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die UNIA hatte ihre eigene Flagge, ihre eigene Nationalhymne und eine afrikanische Legion, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 welche schwor schwarze Menschen zu Hause und im Ausland zu verteidigen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Das US Bureau of Investigation bezeichnete Garvey einen der führenden Negro --->Hassprediger<-- ??. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die Regierung deportierte 1927, aber Malcolms Eltern hielten ihm die Treue. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Earl rekrutierte neue Mitglieder, Louise schrieb dür die Garvey-Zeitung. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Meine Mutter ließ uns aus der Garvey-Zeitung mit dem Namen "Die Negrowelt" vor. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und sie sprach mit uns auch über unsere Unabhängigkeit. Wir sollten uns selbst nicht Negros 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 oder Nigger nennen, denn wir seien schwarze Menschen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wir sollten stolz darauf sein uns schwarze Menschen zu nennen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Wie lautet ihr echter Name?" - "Malcolm X. " 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ist das ihr gesetzlicher Name?" - "Soweit es mich betrifft ist es mein gesetzlicher Name." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Würde es sie stören mir den Nachnamen ihres Vaters zu nennen?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Mein Vater kannte seinen Nachnamen nicht. Er bekam seinen Nachnamen von seinem Großvater 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und der bekam ihn von seinem Großvater, welcher ihn von seinem Slavenmeister bekam. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Der wahre Name unseres Volkes wurde während der Sklaverei vernichtet." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Gab es einen Punkt im Stammbaum ihrer Familie 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in dem sie einen Nachnamen benutzen mussten, und wenn ja, wie lautete der? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Der Nachname meiner Vorfahren wurde ihnen genommen, als sie nach Amerika gebracht und versklavt wurden. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und dann wurde ihnen der name ihre Sklavenmeister gegeben, welchen wir ablehnen." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Sie meinen, sie wollen mir nicht einmal sagen wie der vermeintliche, oder übergebene Nachname ihres Vaters war?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Ich erkenne ihn nicht im geringsten an." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 September 1931. Malcolm war sechs Jahre alt, als seine Mutter eine Vorahnung hatte. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wir befanden uns alle im Haus und hatten unser Abendessen 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und meine Mutter hielt Wesley, meinen jüngsten Bruder. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Als sie ihn wahrscheinlich stillte schlief sie ein, mit dem Baby im Arm. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Mein Vater machte sich im Schlafzimmer bereit um in die Stadt zu gehen um Geld zu holen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und sie wachte auf und sagte: "Earl, geh nicht in die Stadt, sonst wirst du nicht zurückkommen." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In jener Nacht um etwa elf Uhr wurde Earl Little in einer Abgelegenen Gegend außerhalb Lansings gefunden. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sein Körper war fast von einer Strassenbahn in zwei Hälften geteilt. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die Polilzei bezeichnete Earl LIttles Tod als Unfall. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die Angelegenheit war ziemlich schleierhaft, denn damals meinte man, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 dass es kein Unfall mit der Strassenbahn war, sondern Reverend Little vor die Bahn gestossen wurde. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tatsächlich erinnere ich mich an genau jene Worte. Dass er wahrscheinlich gestossen wurde. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Der Tod meines Vaters verursachte einen großen Schock in der Familie, denn er war die Macht und Stärke im Haushalt.<< 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wir waren eine organisierte und strukturierte Familie. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Nach der Schule gingen wir sofort nach Hause und machten uns an die Arbeit im Garten. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wir reinigten den Hühnerstall und machten uns fürs Bett fertig. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und morgens standen wir auf, holten das Wasser vom Brunnen und brachten es ins Haus. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So war es als Vater am Leben war, denn das nicht zu tun brachte als Konsequenz eine tracht Prügel. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Also waren wir diszipliniert. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und nach dem mein Vater ermordet wurde und durch das Unvermögen meiner Mutter so schnell wie ich oder Malcolm zu laufen 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 verhalf uns dazu mit Sachen davonzukommen die wir sonst nicht einmal versucht hätten. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wir wurden immer freier. << 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Louise Little bemühte sich ihre sieben Kinder durch die Große Depression zu bringen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sie war in eine Position gedrängt in der sie kein Einkommen hatte und suchte sich arbeit. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sie war eine stolze Frau. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sie verkaufte Sachen und strickte für andere Leute. Sie tat viel um nicht allein auf Sozialhilfe angewiesen zu sein. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sie mochte es nicht gesagt zu bekommen, was sie zu tun und zu lassen hat. << 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und das ist eine der Hauptursachen die sie mehr als alles andere niederschmetterte. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Je mehr Zeit verging, desto mehr konnte man erkennen, dass sie ermüdete. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sieben Jahre lang, während Malcolm die Pupertät erreichte, zog sich seine Mutter langsam von der Gesellschaft zurück. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Zwei Tage vor Weihnachten 1938 wurde Louise Little als paranoid diagnostiziert 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und ins Kalamazoo State Hospital gebracht. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Eines Tages als ich von der Schule nach Hause kam war sie nicht mehr da. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ich erinnere mich daran, dass ich mich leer fühlte, denn sie würde uns nie verlassen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ich fühlte den Schmerz ihrer Abwesenheit und es sollte nur einige Wochen dauern. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sie würde sich erholen und zurück kommen, aber es sollte noch Jahre dauern. << 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Louise Little blieb die nächsten 26 Jahre in Kalamazoo. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Der 13-jährige Malcolm musste zusehen wie das Gericht seine Familie trennte, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 indem sie die jüngeren Geschwister Pflegestellen in Lansing übergaben und ihn in eine weiße Gemeinde zehn Meilen entfernt brachten. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In der Vergangenheit war die größte Waffe des weißen Mannes seine Fähigkeit zu teilen und zu erobern. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wenn ich euch mit meiner Hand schlage, spürt ihr das gar nicht. Es mag brennen, weil die Finger nicht zusammen sind. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Aber alles was ich tun muss um euch zurück auf euren Platz zu verweisen ist diese Finger zu vereinen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er war der einzige der achten Klasse in Michigan - einer Schule in der er, glaube ich, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 der einzige Schwarze in seiner Klasse und einer der wenigen in der ganzen Schule war - 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 der herausragender Einserschüler war, der sogar zum Präsidenten seiner Klasse gewählt wurde. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Alle Anderen in der achten Klasse waren weiß und offenbar musste er außerordentliches Leisten um das zu werden. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und dann gab es den Malcolm der die Schule verließ und nach Roxbury, Massachusetts ging 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und zum ersten Mal dem ausgesetzt wurde was man lose Abzocker nennen könnte. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ich selbst bezeichnete mich damals in Roxbury als kleiner Abzocker. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm X kam nach Boston und trug seinen Zoot-Anzug, einen Hut mit weitem Rand. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und einer langen Dreivierteljacke mit einer Kette die bis an die Knöchel reichte. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Das letzte Mal als ich sowas sah, war es Cab Calloway, der so einen Anzug auf der Bühne anhatte.<< 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Als Malcolm Lansing verließ hatte er nur einen alten Spießeranzug an. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Einen Weißen-Mann-Anzug wie ich ihn nenne. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Als er aus Boston zurück kam, mein Gott, da hatte er einen Zoot Suit an 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und einen Hut mit breitem Rand,and a wide brim hat mit einer Kette von seinem Hut bis zum Kragen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er war das Gesprächsthema der ganzen Stadt. Jeder sprach über Malcolm. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und wenn er tanzte, dann glitt er herum und seine Hosen wirkten als wären sie Balloons und die Jacke wie Flügel.<< 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und die Art wie er tanzte und herumwirbelte mit seinem riesigen 10 Gallonenhut und der herumwirbelnden Kette... 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Das weckte die Mädels auf.<< 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In Boston nannte man ihn "New York Red". In New York nannte man ihn "Detroid Red". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er hatte sein Haar geglättet. Es war rot und er hatte Bilder von sich und Billie Holiday und all diese Leute jener Zeit, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 die der restlichen Schwarzen Welt gerade erst bekannt wurden. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm arbeitete in der Küche im New Haven Zug zwischen Boston, New York und Washington DC. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 1942 zog er nach Harlem und im alter von 17 Jahren 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 begann er die Welt der After-Hour Clubs und Möchtegernabzocker zu entdecken. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er erreichte einen Punkt an dem er sagte: "Mit den Putzjobs und als Sandwichverkäufer 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und Schuhputzer bringt man es doch zu nichts." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er hatte den Ruf ein Abzocker zu sein. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Jedoch war er zwar auf der Strasse aber kein Abzocker.<< 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er war ein Trickbetrüger, ja. Sie nannten ihn einen Künstler.<< 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wenn die Weissen nachts rauskamen und schwarze Frauen wollten, konnte er das arrangieren. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wenn sie schwarzgebrannten Schnaps wollten, wusste er wo man den kriegt. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wenn sie Drogen wollte, wusste er wo man die kriegt. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er machte es möglich. Er wusste was sie wollten, we er das besorgen kann 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und er war in der Mitte und konnte Profit davon machen. Und das war sein Anfang. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Rückblickend sagte Malcolm, dass nur drei Dinge ihm Sorgen machten. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Gefängnis, Arbeit und die Army. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Um zu vermeiden für den zweiten Weltkrieg eingezogen zu werden sagte er dem Ausschuss, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 dass er schwarze Soldaten mobilisieren will um Weisse zu töten. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er wurde für untauglich befunden. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolms Spielerei, die Drogen und Harlems Nachtleben waren teuer. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Er war bereits zweimal wegen Kleinkriminalität im Gefängnis gewesen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Als er 1945 zurück nach Austin ging gründete er eine Gang um in die Häuser bedeutender Familien einzubrechen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die anderen Mitglieder waren sein Freund Malcolm Jarvis, seine weiße Freundin Bea und zwei weitere weiße Frauen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Dieses Mädchen wusste, dass diese Leute zu dieser Jahreszeit in Florida waren. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Niemand war zu Hause, also brachen wir ein und stahlen Wertsachen 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 und Malcolm nahm das meiste davon und pfändete es, um an Geld für seine Spielerei zu kommen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Nach etwa zwei Wochen brach alles zusammen, weil er den Fehler beging zum Pfandleiher zu gehen, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 um eine Uhr zurück zu holen die über tausend Dollar wert war und aus einem der Häuser stammte. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Dabei wurde er von drei Polizisten verhaftet. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm Little, Malcolm Jarvis und die drei Frauen wurden des Einbruchdiebstahls angeklagt. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die Tatsache, dass zwei schwarze Männer mit weißen Frauen zusammen waren gefiel dem Gericht nicht. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm hatte etwas mit zwei weißen Frauen und das machte den Fall so gewaltig, so empörend. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Die Frauen bezeugten, das Malcolm sie zur Teilnahme an den Einbrüchen gezwungen hatte. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Beide Männer erhielten die Höchststrafe. 8-10 Jahre im Staatsgefängnis. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Als sie uns verurteilten drehte ich durch. Ich ergriff die Stangen meines Käfigs und rüttelte fast vom Boden. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und ich schrie den Richter an: "Da könntest du mich gleich töten, statt 10 Jahre im Gefängnis zu geben!" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Nun, ich war was man einen "Verrückten Negro" nannte. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Und ich wusste, dass das was ich sah echt war. und da war nichts Lustiges dran. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ich wusste, dass sie mit ihrem Gelächter meinten: "Seht was wir getan haben. Wir haben's dem Negro gezeigt!" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Dann hatten sie die unerhörte Frechheit die Mädchen, bevor sie sie rausbrachten, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 zu bitten, Anzeige wegen Vergewaltigung zu erstatten. Das wollten sie aber nicht. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm Little was 20 years old, facing 8-10 years in state prison. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He had wandered far from the Garvey pride and independence his parents had preached. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was now prisoner number 22843. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 To have once been a criminal is no disgrace. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 To remain a criminal is the disgrace. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I formerly was a criminal. I formerly was in prison. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I'm not ashamed of that. You never can use that over my head, and he is using the wrong stick. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I don't feel that stick. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They charged Jesus with sedition. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Didn't they do that? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They said he was against Cesar. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They said he was discriminating because he told his desciples, : 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Go not the way of the gentiles, but rather go to the lost sheep. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Got to the people who don't know who they are. Who are lost from the knowledge of themselves. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And who are strangers in a land that is not theirs. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Go to those people! Go to the slaves! Go to the second class citizens! 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Go to the ones who are suffering the wrath of Cesars brutality! 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And if Jesus were here in america today he wouldn't be going to the white man. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The white man is the oppressor! He would be going to the oppressed. He would be going to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the humble. He would be going to the ???. He would be going to the rejected and the despised. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He would be going to the so called american negro. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Prison 1946 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Behind prison walls Malcolm hustled bets, fed his drug habit and argued against the exiscante of god. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The men in his cell block called him "Satan". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But at the same time encouraged by an older black inmate, Malcolm began reading and taking 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 english courses. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm described vividly prison life. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That he was in effect lonely and limited ??? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but had plans for....He was going to do a lot of reading. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he certainly did a lot of writing, because I think there were times when he probably 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wrote me every week. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 During the second year in prison his brothers and sisters wrote to him about what they 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 called "The natural religion for the black man". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 A religion that taught that black people were the original people. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That god was black and was called Allah. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They told Malcolm that they were now a part of the Nation of Islam. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Followers of the honorable Elijah Muhammed, the messenger of Allah. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I think Islam is one of the greatest religion of all time for all people of america. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The so called american negro have to be completely re-educated. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And Islam gives him that qualification that he can feel proud and does not feel ashamed to be 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 called a black man. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I came into the muslim movement in 1947. And then started to bring my brothers and sisters in. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We already had been indoctrinated with americas ??? philosophy. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So they didn't have anything to do wiht convincing us about we were black and should be proud, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 we were already that when we came in. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So I wrote to Malcolm and told him about...I said to him: "If you will believe in Allah, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that he would get out of prison. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And that's all I wrote because I know that he had very low tolerance for religion and I didn'T 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 intend to use that tolerance. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm's brothers and sisters wrote the young prisoner that black people in america were 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 part of a lost tribe. Soon to be delivered out of bondage. And that whites, according to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammed - were a race of devils whose domination on earth was about to end. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 At first he liked every bit of it except one thing he couldn't understand. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And that was the part that we were teaching about the white man being the devil. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm wrote to Elijah Muhammed. And Elijah Muhammed answered. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And when he answered he would recite the part of ??? scripture. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And then he gave him the key. He said the key the bible is this book, that everything that takes 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 place in this bible is on this earth. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So you don't have to die to go to hell, you can catch ??? hell while you are living. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And the white man is the one that is putting the hell on you. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Well, that's a very convincing teaching, especiall when you use the white mans history to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 coraborate this. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm began reading history, philosophy and religion. The writing of D.E.B Debois, Shakespeare, Sokrates, The Fables of ???, The lives 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of Gandhi and Ned Turner. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he finds all this history of how white christians lynched black christians. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 White christians were the once who were involved in the slave trade. Those were christians. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So Malcolm began to see this and then he began to study it himself and prove that if there is such 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a thing as a real devil on this earth it has to be the white man. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammed told Malcolm to submit to Allah. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But for Malcolm submission would always be difficult. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It took a week before he could force himself to bow in prayer. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Later, to help spread the teachings of Elijah Muhammed, Malcolm joined the prison debate team. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Competing about visiting college teams from harvard and MIT. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That's when Malcolms name and fame started to spread amongst the prison population. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And, as the population started to grow at the debating classes, most of the fellas used to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 come over out of curiosity, just to hear him speak. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In 1950 Malcolm wrote to the Governor demanding the right to practice the muslim religion in prison. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 His letters would later end up in FBI files. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The Bureau had been keeping a close watch on the Nation of Islam since the late 1930s. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm considered a trouble maker, was denied an early parole. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was not eligible to be led out at that time because he had been a threat to society. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They considered him dangerous. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Knowledge-wise and otherwise, religious-wise. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He would have been like a rotten appel in a box full of a thousand. He was gonna spoil many. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 On August 7th 1952, after six and a half years in prison Malcolm was released. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Within a month he was accepted into the nation of islam. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm Little had become Malcolm X. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 How did you happen to join the muslim movement? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was in prison. I was a very wayward criminal, backward, illiterate, uneducated and whatever 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 other negative characteristics you could think of, type of person. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Until I heard the teachings of the honorable Elijah Muhammed. And because of the impact that it 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 had upon me, in giving me a desire to reform myself and rehabilitate myself for the first time 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in my life. Also to be able to see the effect that it had upon others. This is what made me accept it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And I noticed that after being exposed to the religious teachings of the honorable 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammed immediately it instilled within me such a high degree of racial pride and racial 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 dignity that I wanted to be somebody. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And I realized that I couldn't be somebody by begging the white man for what he had. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But that I had to get out of here and try to do something for myself or make somethign out 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of myself. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The first time that I recalled seeing Malcolm was at the home of my father, honorable Elijah Muhammed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And I saw a thin ?? man, tall man, young man, ???. He was just meeting you, the first thing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 you would get from him was a smile. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He said: "This is Wallace!" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And I smiled at him. I was happy to see him because I had heard of him too. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he said: "The messengers son." And he was so excited about the messenger. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Really it wasn't just seeing Wallace, it was seeing the messengers son. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When Malcolm came out he was just so full of fire. He had gotten so full of fire, that he got out at the right time at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the right place so could expound ???. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He came to Detroit, he was surprised to find there was such few people. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ??? powerful deity in his mind. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he says: "I'm surprised that you are sitting here and so many empty seats. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Everytime you come out here this place should be full. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And that excited the honorable Elijah Muhammed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In the early 1950s the Nation of Islam was unknown in most black communities. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Total membership was believed to be no more than 400 people. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm was sent on the road to spread the message. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Within two years he helped organize temples in Boston, Hartford and Philadelphia. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammed then named Malcolm Minister of the most important temple on the east coast. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Harlems temple number 7. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Mr. Muhammed knew that Malcolm had experience. That he knew New York. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He also knew, that he was that kind of men - complexion, height, speech and courage - all has 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to be taken into consideration, when you select a man to stand before the people. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Plus, this is an international city. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You got to have your best in New York. And 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this is why Mr. Muhammed selected him. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In 1955, when Elijah Muhammed visited the New York temple it was to inspect the work of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ambitioned and outspoken minister, who had transformed tiny storefronts along the east coast 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 into a congregation of thousands. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammeds massage made a whole lot of people feel whole again. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Human being again. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Some of them came out and found a new meaning to their manhood and their womanhood. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Had Elijah Muhammed tried to introduced an orthodox form of ??? oriented islam, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I doubt if he would've attracted 500 people. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But he introduced a form of islam that could communicate with the people he had to deal with. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was the king to those who had no king. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was the messiah to those some people thought unworthy of a messiah. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The ??? thing is that Elijah Mudammed is like nothing I have ever taken. Like some medicine. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You see. A medicine that has cured me of all my ???. I was a sick man. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When I embraced the teachings of honorable Elijah Muhammed, these teachings cured me 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of decease. I'm a well man now. I feel good. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 As long as you stay with the doctor you continue to be good - Yes sir. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 What about you? How do feel about the honorable Elijah Muhamed? - Honorable Elijah Muhammed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is trying to teach all of ??? people they are ???. - Go ahead brother. - Elijah Muhammed tries to wake them up. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Inside muslim temples no white people were allowed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Members worked to build a self sufficiant community. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Thounded on strict rules and absolute obedience. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The nation set up muslim schools for its children. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Teaching mathematics, sciene, history and arabic. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Who is the original man?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "The original man is the ??? black man" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "The makers of all?? and the king of planet earth" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Muslim women studied nutrition, child bearing and guidlines on how to care about their husband. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Muslim man studied parental responsibility, history and religion. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The elite core, called "The fruit of Islam" was trained in hand to hand combat and was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 expected to protect the temples and to punish any members who spoke out against the messanger. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was surprised when I went to some of the muslim families. The faith that they had in the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammed and in Malcolm. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I asked one father: "Suppose your son came home one day and told you that he renounced the muslim 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 religion." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He said: "I would turn him from my door and I would never allow him in again." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So I asked Malcolm. He said: "He meant it and he would do it." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I said: "Not worry about what would happen to his son?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "No, he wouldn't worry about what would happen to him. His allegiance is to Elijah Muhammed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 To help expand the Nation of Islam Malcolm created a newspaper: "Muhammed speaks". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And persuaded other black newspapers to carry the messengers weekly column. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 His strenght was, once he believed in a thing he would give anything he had to it. All of his energy. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He'd become a workaholic. He'd work day and night for it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He only required around 4 hours of sleep. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And many times he wouldn't even get that. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Than you just kind of wonder: "How can anybody keep up that kind of ???". But he did it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Day in and day out. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Plus, on top of that he's reading. He's reading papers, keeping up with what the news is. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He's just a person that's too ??? to life in such a way. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That he doesn't miss too much of it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 At age 32, after devoting 5 years to building the Nation, he sought the approval of Elijah Muhammed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to merry sister Betty X. A college edubated member of Harlems temple number 7. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In the years that followed the demands of his ministry allowed little time for his growing family. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He sometime, if I could catch up, he would have to read to the children. They would always want 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the story read again. So that they would really just wait that he was on the last page and say: "Read it again." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He started giving the books different endings. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He had a beautiful sense of humor. Especially if he was kidding me about pork. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ???? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You're a decent human being, smart historian. I give you 99 as a human being and you stop eating 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pork I gonna give you a hundred. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 A beautiful sense of humor plus the fact that when you got to know him he was kinda shy. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm was now in the nation of islams inner circle. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammeds most visible represantitive. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He had the messengers confidence and the loyalty of thousands of muslims. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In a sense Malcolm had found a father. Elijah Muhammed had found another son. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 God's Angry Men tangle with police. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Riot threat as cops beat moslem. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 On an april night in 1957 a muslim brother was beaten by New York City police. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 His skull fractured, Johnson Hanton lay in a backroom of a Harlem police station. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When word spread that Hanton was dying Malcolm ordered the muslims into the streets. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Other Harlem residents joined them. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The community had endured a long history of police brutality. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Many considered the police an occupying force. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 18th precinct was notorious for their prejudice. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ?????? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That was the first time that anyone had marched on to 28th precinct in protest to something that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they felt wasn't right. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I don't know what would have happened in Harlelm that night because the atmosphere was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 not... I think the word to use is charged. Well, this atmosphere was explosive. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm demande medical treatment for Hinton. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 After a long negotiation police agreed to send the prisoner to Harlem hospital. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But even then the muslims diffused to disperse. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This seargant came out and tried to chase ??? the muslims who were standing across the street. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And Malcolm came out and told him: "You can't do that. They're not gonna move for you. I'll send them away." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He went out to the front of the station on the first step and just waved his hand and the people walked away. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 A police commissioner on the scene remarked: "That's too much power for one man to have." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm would later take New York city to court and win the largest police brutality settlement 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the cities history. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They realized that anytime a person could wave his hand and have a large number of people 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 automatically move away without any conversation, that by the same token that same 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 man could wave his hand and cause those people to create some kind of disturbance if he wanted to. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I believe from that point on the police department and the political people in New York City realized 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that they had a significant force in the city to deal with. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The hate that hate produced. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Good evening I'm Mike Wallace. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Last week on news beat our 6:30 news program on January 13, we presented a five part series 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 which we called the hate that hate produced. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The study of the rise of black racism. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Of a call for black supremacy among a small but growing segment of the american negro population. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We have come to here??? and to see the greatest and wisest and most ... 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This 1959 documentary was the first television portrayal of the internal activities of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 nation of Islam. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm saw the television program as an opportunity. Elijah Muhammed was against it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Mr. Muhammed told malcolm no. It wasn't gonna do any good. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 All it would do is hurt us. ??? we were trying to do. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm wasn't satisfied. He didn't insist but he continued to ask Mr. Muhammed, could he do it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Mr. Muhammed reluctantly agreed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "The Trial," Nation of Islam Play. - I charge the white man with being the greates liar on earth. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "The Trial," Nation of Islam Play. - I charge the white man, ladies and gentlemen of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the jury with being the greatest murder on earth. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I charge the white man of being the greatest adultere on earth, so therefor... 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Here was this auditorium overflowing. Thousands of people about ??? an organization 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I knew nothing about. I found it difficult to critic when I saw it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And of course when we put it on the air, New Yorkers - cause that's all that saw it - were stunned. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 There was this organisation, "The Black Muslims", about which white New Yorkers simply knew nothing. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Minister Malcolm X, as he addresses a non-muslim audience. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 How could so few white people rule so many black people? This is the thing you should wanna know. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 How could so few...The white man today will tell you that thousands of years ago, the black man 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in africa was living in palaces. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The black man in africa was wearing silk. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The black man in africa was cooking and seasoning his food. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The black man in africa had mastered arts and the sciences. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He knew the course of the stars in the universe before the man up in Europe knew that the earth 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wasn't flat. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Is that right or wrong? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was amazed at his ??? to communicate. And at the naked honesty with which he expressed his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 feelings about black people or the white people. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He scared me. I'm sure he intended to. But certainly??? after I saw him in The hat that hate produced 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I knew that I would never forget this man. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When I first saw Malcolm on the television, he scared me also. ??? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 turn off that television. That man is saying stuff you aint supposed to hear. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So of course we did. But always, you know when the sun comes into the window and you jump up 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to get it, to close the blinds or pull down the shades, but before you do that the sun comes in? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Well, before each time we turned the televition off a little sun came in. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 While the documentary helped bring in new converts, the racial views of the Naition of Islam 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 shocked white america and many in the black community. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Preaching of racial hatred and racial advantage and the bigotry involved is a bad thing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wheter it's colored or white. For years the NAAPD has been opposed to white extremists preaching 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 hatred of nagro people and we are equally opposed of negro extremists preaching against 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 white people simple for the sake of whiteness. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Most in the civil rights movement believed that integration was the way to solve americas racial problems. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But Malcolm preached that black people were able to solve their own problems without the help of whites. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 At a time when black americans began to identify with freedom movements in africa and latin america, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm developed alliances with revolutionary leaders from around the world. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He encouraged to see themselves not as a minority but as a part of a world majority. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The riots ??? of african nations ??? with the spread with the nation of islam. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And the civil rights movement. Gave black america a burst of pride.over and above anything we had had. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 since the decline of the movement of Marcus Garvin. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 will ??? wipe away our tears. That's the benifit of our unity. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They are passing the basket through the crowd and I think anybody standing here should put 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 one dollar in that basket. Don't you think you should? Sure, this are freedom dollars, brothers. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We're not asking you to give us some money to make us rich, we put up business. The honorable 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammed had set up more business than any black man in america. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The Nation Of Islam with its interlocking corporations was now reputed to be the largest 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 black owned business empire in the united states. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The Nation of Islam, during the early 60s was perhaps enjoying its best days. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We were opening restaurants and grocery stores and seen the Muhammed speaks paper compete 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with other black papers. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We've seen Malcolm on television kind of frequently. We were proud of him. In our opinion 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he was doing an excellent job of representing the honorable Elijah Muhammed and the Nation of Islam. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We were seeing the Fruit of Islam not just exercising in some small facilities but seeing them 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 great numbers, hundreds of them, on the streets of big cities like Chicago, New York and Los Angeles. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 My view on the Fruit of Islam was that these were the absolute baddest, cleanest brothers 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that I had seen in my life. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 There was some bad blood, you don't understand? I mean you did not mess with FOI. When they came 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 out in the street people would say: "Yes sir!". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The growing presence of the Fruit of Islam attracted police attention. There were increasing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 numbers of confrontations and arrests. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm warned that members of the FOI would always obey the law, but would also defend 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 themselves if attacked. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In cities across america police agencies were determined to contain the black muslims. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It was only a matter of time until the two forces would again collide. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 On a spring night in 1962 another confrontation. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It began as a stop and search of muslim men delivering dry cleaning. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It ended with a full police assault on the muslim temple. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This time 8 men were shot. 1 Police officer and 7 muslims. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Temple secretary Ronald Stokes was dead at the scene. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I arrived at the mosque in Los Angeles after the shootin took place. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 There was great sadness amongst people. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm was walking back and forth shaking his head: "They're gonna pay for it." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 If anyone would break into our temples we would defend it with our lives. The temple was sacred. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And those brothers, they acted on what they were taught. And I'm sure that anyone seeing police 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 break into a church would be outraged. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This didn't cause us a great surprise to us, the fact that they would resist our police officers and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 cause trouble because we have been watching this group for a long time and Chief Parker 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 warned some time ago that we might have trouble with them. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Muslims riot. Kultist killed, policeman shot. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The Los Angeles times reported the insident as a muslim riot and a wild gun fight. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Four Wounded, 26 taken into custody; two officers beaten. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Muslims shoot, beat police in wild gunfight. But it was never proven that any of the guns fired 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Muslims shoot, beat police in wild gunfight. belonged to the muslims. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm called for churches and civil rights organisations to form a united fund with the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 muslims against police brutality. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Let us remember that we are not brutalised because we are baptist. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We are not brutalised because we're methodists, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We are not brutalised because we're muslims, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 we are not brutalised because we're catholic. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We are brutalised because we are black people in america. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I'm telling you they came out of those cars and we have enough witnesses to hang them. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 With their guns smoking. Chief Parker knows this, Mayor ??? knows this and every police official in the city knows that. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They didn't fire no warning shots in the air. They fired warning shots point blank at innocent, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 unarmed, defenseless negroes. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Cause I say, two of the brothers were shot in the back. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Another was shot in the shoulder. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Two of them was shot - excuse the expression - through the penis. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Let me tell you something. You say, we hate white people? We don't hate anybody. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We love our own people so much they think we hate the ones who are inflicting injustice against them. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Coroner's INquest 1962 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Patrolman Donald Wease, the officer who killed Ronald Stokes testified that he knew Stokes 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was unarmed but that Stokes had raised his hand in a menacing way. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The all white coroners jury deliberated 22 minutes and found the death a justifiable homicide. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 14 muslims were then ordered to stand trial on assault charges. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 11 would be found guilty and sentenced to prison. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We were people that sayin ???: "Never be the aggressor but if someone attacks you, we do 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 not teach you to turn the other cheek." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 There were muslims who were not from the east coast, but from other parts of the country, that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 would actually ?? to go out there and kill those police officers even though they may have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 been killed in the process of doing it. But that's how strong the attitude of muslims was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 against those brothers just being shot like that. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Muhammad speakes: Court sets murdere free!" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The conflict of the Los Angeles mosque brought to the surface the growing differences between 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The messenger insisted Allah would evange Stokes death, but Malcolm demanded justice 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the courts. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Would it have been possible for them to get a fair trial ther would be no necessity for a trial at all. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 These are the victims of police bullets and you don't take the victims to court as a criminal. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You take the one who shot the victim to court. And it is the police who should be on trial here in Los Angeles. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm began to talk less and less about god is going to get rid of the caucasian. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he began to talk about how we were gonna be able to bring him to justice. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And make them guilty and that they are not guilty according to the law of the land. ??? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That was not our argument at all. Our argument was that we were devine people and that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 we would be protected and finally delivered. Put into the seat of authority by Allah. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That was our teaching at that time. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 To avoid further confrontations with city authorities, Elijah Muhammed summoned 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm to a meeting at the messengers home. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammed told him very definitely: "If you had reacted the way you should have reacted, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 have had more faith in Allah, Ronald Stokes would be alive." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That was it. ??? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And Malcolm said ???? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He just listened. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Mr. Muhammed told him: "That's one man that we lost. I never did tell you that we were going to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 lose anyone. But that's the way it is when you build an alligience??? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He said: "They were wrong. But if I send my followers out there to do battle with those people 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in an alley??, undercover or on top of the cover, they will get slaughtered and I'm not gonna do that. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And Malcolm didn't like that. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm had always said: "Muslims don't back down." In Harlem he had now to explain 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what happened in Los Angeles. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ronald Stokes was not the least ??? among the followers of the honorable Elijah Muhammed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was one of the highest. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was the secretary of our Los Angeles mosque. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And as we explained ??? on me, many of you thought that we should go right on out then, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and make war on the white man. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You wanted to do it yourself didn't you? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Didn't you? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You wanted some action then, didn't you? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Cause you don't like the idea of white people shooting black people down, do you? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And you're ready to do something about it? Aren't you? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We know you are and the white man should be thankful that god has given the honorable 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammed the control over his followers that he has. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Told him to play it ??? cool, calm and collected. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And leave it in the hands of god. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In the months following the Los Angeles insident, Malcolms faiths in the messenger were further 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 tested by rumors about Elijah Muhammed private life. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Once a months he would go to Chicago to take money to Elijah Mohammed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he would always go to the side door. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And on this particular day, when he got to the side door there were three young ladies and they were 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 knocking and banging on the door: "Open the doodr, open the door! We need money for food, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 our children don't have this or the other." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He immediately felt that, number one he didn't belong there. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm had long dismissed stories that Elijah Muhammed had fathered eight children with 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 six of his secretaries. Now he approached the messengers son Wallace to confirm what he had 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 seen. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So I told him: "Yes, I know about that. You can see things but you don't wanna see it, so you just 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 block it out of your mind. I'm aware of secretaries having some kind of reletiaonship with my 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 father. ??? with their children. I've seen him take that children and somewhere in my consciousness 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was sure I was ??? that that was his family, but I never accepted it to deal with it in my mind. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Never did I accept it to deal with it in my mind. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Officials in the nation accused Wallace Muhammed of starting rumors and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 conspiring against his father. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The charge that I gave Malcolm information on my fathers domestic situation is true but only after 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm had already told me that he witnessed that sitiuation. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It gives me great pleasure and an honor and ??? at this time to introduce to you and present to you 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the messenger of Allah, your admired and beloved ??? teacher, the most honorable and humble 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Elijah Muhammed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm had submitted himself to Elijah Muhammed as his spiritual leader. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He never tried to see anything else. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And the things that he tried to put into practice himself, he thought were also being practiced 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 by his leader. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And when he found out differently, it just took all of the wind out of his sails. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In public the two men continued to embrace. In private suspicion had replaced faith. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The relationship was further complicated by Elijah Muhammeds failing health. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolms popularity vastly improved. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Number one, Mr. Muhammed was thinking he had bronchitis. So Mr. Muhammed went to ??? public meetings 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 maybe once, twice a year. That's it. And the rest of the time Malcolm was going everywhere. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It was Malcolm who sparked the growth of the Nation all over the country. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was in demand. Nobody was asking for Elijah Muhammed to speak, they were asking for 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm to speak. And naturally Malcolm got more involved with the civil rights struggle. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And his argument became more an argument that you would expect from someone who was in the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 civil rights struggle, then you would from someone who was following the honorable Elijah Muhammed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The 60s showed us the white man in an image that the Nation of Islam had cast him in. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In the image of a brutal person, you know. Turning the dogs out on the demonstrators. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Using the fire hoses. All this helped the Nation of Islam charge against the white race. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And made it possible for the Nation of Islams spokesman, Malcolm X, to get the press, to get 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the camera on him and to state what he had confidence in, that was an alternative, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and that was seperation. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 As muslims we believe that seperation is the best way, and the only sensible way. Not integration. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But on the other hand, when we see our people being brutalized by white bigots, white racists, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 we think that they are foolish to allow themselves to be beaten and brutalized and do nothing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 whatsoever to protect themselves. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 If a dog is biting a black man the black man should kill the dog. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wheter if that dog is a police dog, a hound dog or any kind of dog. If a dog is ?? on a black man 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 when that black man is doing nothing but trying to take advantage of what the government says is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 supposedly his than that black man should kill that dog or any two legged dog who ??? the dog on him. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When Malcolm talks, ??? talk, ?? articulate for all the negro people who hear them, who listen to him. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ?????? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ?????? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That's Malolm's great authority over any of his audiences. He ??? their reality. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was probably about 14 years old and I was involved in a demonstration at this construction site. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The community was demanding integration of the work force. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We realized that Malsolm had come to watch the demonstration, when my shift changed I ran 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 across the street to talk to Malcolm. We had quite an argument that morning. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he tried to explain to me what was wrong with my laying down on the ground in front of a cement truck. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And Malcolm said if these are people who could lynch black people, murder black children, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 enslave black people, why couldn't they run over somebody with a truck? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he said: "They'd say it was an accident. Oops, my foot slipped, but you'd be " 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 just as dead." And when he left and I turned around to go back across the street. I went back 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and I got on the picket line, but I never laid down on the street in front of a truck again. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We were sitting across this table at the ????, talking about race relations in america and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm at one point said okay, what's your solution and he was not asking me for advice. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He just of wanted to put me on the spot for a moment. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was at the time under the spell of Dr. King and his notion of the beloved society which 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 would be colorblind and in which color would not be a disability for anybody. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm was kind of looking back at me and said: "You're dreaming. I haven't got time for dreams." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The goal of Dr. King is full equality...- No. - 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ...and full rights citizenship for negroes. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The goal of Dr. Martin Luther King is to give Negroes a chance to sit in a segregated 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 restaurant beside the same white man who had brutalized them for 400 years. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The goal of Dr. Martin Luther KIng is to get Negroes to forgive the people who have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 brutalized them for 400 years by lulling??? them to sleep and making him forget what 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that whites had done to them. But the masses of black people in america today don't go for 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what Dr. Martin Luther KIng is puttin down. You said in one of your articles, his psychologically insecure 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 or something like this. However you put it. But you didn't endorse what Martin Luther King was doing yourself. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I do not reject his goals of full integration and full equality rights for american citizens, do you reject... 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 If you don't think he's walking on the right road I'm quite sure you don't agree that he'll head to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the right place. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We were aware, or felt that it was somewhat dangerous to be too closely associated 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to Malcolm. He was saying some pretty rough things, particularly about whites. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Those of us who wanted to keep peace with the white world, some of us had our jobs in the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 white community. We didn't really get too close to Malcolm. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It has been suggested also that this movement teaches a gospel of violence, that... 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 No, the black people in this country have been the victims of violence by the hands of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 white man for 400 years. And following the ignorant negro preachers, we had thought 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it was godlike to turn the other cheek to the brute that was brutalizing us. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And today the honorable Elijah Muhammed has shown black people in this country that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 just as the white man and every other person on this earth has god given rights, natural rights, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 civil rights. Any kind of rights that you can think of when it comes to defending hiself. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Black people should have the right to defend themselves also. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In August 1963, 250.000 americans for the march on Washington. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm came to us. He told us the story about the ????. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 One thing I can say about Malcolm: Anytime he told us something he could back it up. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He had a ???? and he ??? said, I'm gonna tell you. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I know what I'm talking about. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He says, who pays the bills for civil rights? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ??????? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You have to fight your battles. And it started in the street, but once you let them become integrated 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ???? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and than he relates it to a cup of coffee that is hot and as soon as you water it, put the milk in it cools down. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And these analogies Malcolm used sometimes were funny, but they hit home. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 KIng: ????? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Most of the people that we were organizing had also heard of Malcolm X, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and respected him and listened to him and anytime that he was going to be on 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they made an effort to hear those speeches. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And felt that he indeed understood what their problems were and that they needed to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 be fought against. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And I suppose not always non-violently. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Nineteen days after the march of Washington a bomb blew apart the sunday school 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the 16th street baptist church in Bur???, Alabama. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 20 people were insured. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 4 little girls were killed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Here we're talking about bombing a church and killing 4 little girls. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And the feeling of anger and not being able to do something or not doing something was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 tremendous. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 A lot of us sort of became desatisfied. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Because sort of became desatisfied. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He never spoke of it,??? that we were doing anything to help our people. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Who'd been brutalized by the whites and the police during the civil rights movement. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We felt that we should have gotten involved. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 One white man named Lincoln supposedly fought the civil war to solve the race problem and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the problem is still here. And then another white man named Kennedy 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 came along running for President and told negroes what all he was going to do 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 for them and they voted for him 80%. He's been in office now for three years and the problem 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is still here. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When police dogs were biting black women and black children and black babies in Birmingham, Alabama 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that Kennedy talked about what he couldn't do becasue no federal law had been violated and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as soon as the negroes exploded and began to protect themselves and got the best of the crackers 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in Birmingham, then Kennedy sent for the troops. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He didn't have any new law when he sent for the troops when the negroes errupted, than he had at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the time when the whites had errupted. So we are within our rights, and with justification, when we 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 express doubt concerning the ability of the white man to solve our problem. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And also when we express doubt concerning his integrity, concerning his sincerity. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Because will have to confess that the problem has been around for a long time and whites 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 had been saying the same thing about it for the past hundred years and is no nearer 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to the solution today than a hundred years ago. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Well, he has changed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Changed from religious talk to ??? talk. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 To the point where I told him (Malcolm), that I listened to him when he first started 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and I listen to him now. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And I hear a change. He says: "What kind of change do you mean?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I say: "Well, your talks when you first started out caused me to have chills when you speak. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Because of the truth of what you were saying. But now I don't feel that anymore." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He told his answer to me: "Maybe you have lost your religion or your spirit" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I said: "Well, maybe I have, but I'm just letting you know how I feel." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 After a while we began to notice that there were some rumblings ?? from Elijah Muhammeds family. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Every now and then there'd be little things they would say to let you know that they got 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a problem with Malcolm rising up before the public like he's doing, because everybody had 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 began to recognize him now as the spokesman. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Spokesman" might be alright, but at the same time he's getting the public (s attention), 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the media has got him. Everybody is all "Malcolm, Malcolm, Malcolm X" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You're hearing Elijah Muhammeds name less and less. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm believed he could handle the jealousies within the Nation of Islam. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But tentions between him and the messenger would come to a head??? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in late November in 1963. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We're sittin in the restaurant, drinking coffee, having this meeting and the captain of the mosque, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Joseph, got a telephone call from his wife. He got up and went to the phone booth, took the call 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and he came back to the table looking visibly shocked. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He said, that his wife had just told him that Kennedy had been shot. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm sent somebody to get a radio out of the back and plugged in the radio and listened. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And the announcer was saying: "To repeat. We're confirming that the president has been shot 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in Dallas, Texas. At this point we don't know how serious it is." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And Malcolm said immediately: "That devil is dead". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John F. Kennedy had been assassinated. Mr. Muhammed and his son called Malcolm and said: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Brother Minister Malcolm? My father told me to tell you and we're calling all over the country, that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John F. Kennedy was assassinated. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And that we should not say anything in a degradory way whatsoever, because the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 man was the president of the united states. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And that people loved him." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The muslims had schedules a rallye at the manhattan center in new york city. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The day of the rallye the messenger called Malcolm to remind him to teach the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 spiritual side and avoid saying anything about the president's death. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But he was clearly nervois about what he might say. He spoke from a prepared speech. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Never specifically mentioned Kennedy. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But then as if ??? courting desaster, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he opened the floor up for questions. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Normally he would speak ????? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But this day he asked for questions and answer. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He went into this litany, comparing other leaders around the world who had somehow sufferd 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 at the hand of the United States Government and his agents and how this compared to what 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 just happened to Kennedy. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he said: "Patrice Lamumba died and his wife became a widow, his people had their leader cut down 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and the US Government had been involved in doing that." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he went through a ??? of these always winding up with the involvement of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 United States Government. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So that the final point when you do those kind of things all around the world you set up an 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 situation, an atmosphere, an environment in the world and sooner or later those chickens 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 come home to roost. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When he ??? I was really took ???. I didn't understand that. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he answered the question: "Well, I know I'll get in trouble for this, but as far as I'm concerned 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it's a case of the chickens coming home to roost." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ??? John Ali, the National Secretary was there. That's how Mr. Muhammed got the news so fast. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This ??? is from messenger Elijah Muhammed, the ??? muslim from america. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Mr. Malcolm ?? addressed in a public meeting at ?? center in New York City on Sunday, December 1st, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 did not speak for the muslims when he made comments of the ??? death of the president, John F. Kennedy. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was speaking for himself and not muslims in general. And Mr. Malcolm has been 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 suspended from public speaking for the time being. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Muhammad on President Kennedy: Nation Still Mourns Death 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 While the Nation of Islam publicly ??? for the slayed president, the leadership announced 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the silencing of Malcolm X for 90 days. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was to give no speeches and to have no contect with the press. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We were doing alot of Kennedy Stories and therer was going to be a little one talking about 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm having been suspended. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was expecting to pick up the phone and I'd get a quote and that would be it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This case he hold me on the phone for longer than I expected. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he sounded upset, he sounded worried and it was the first time I ever sensed vulnerabilty 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in this guy who I've always been accustomed to ??? think of as an extremely strong man. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Will censure of Malcolm X lead to split in muslims? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Newspapers predicted a power struggle within the nation of islam. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It was later learned the FBI fed stories to local reporters in an attempt to deepen the rift 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 between Malacolm and Elijah Muhammed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm, isolated and exhausted, accepted an invitation to Miami. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Where young heavy weight conteder Cassius Clay was training for his championship bout against Sunny Liston. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ??? member of the nation, Clay had been visiting muslim temples for two years and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 had asked malcolm to help him mentally prepare for the fight against Liston. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Well going to Florida for my family was honeymoon. My parents refered to it as a honeymoon. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Of course its significance of us going as a family was a much stronger and meaningful for them. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 For us it was just an opportunity to be with each other. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But as my mother and father talked about it it was the first time in their real life as a marital union. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that they had time for themselves. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Malcolm offered to bring Cassius Clay into the Nation of Islam in exchange for his own 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 reinstatement. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But the nations hirarchy ignored Malcolms offer. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 LIke most of america they saw the young boxer as a loud mouth with little chance of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 beating Lister. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 As Malcolm watched from ring side the young Clay wore down the older champion. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 At the beginning of the 7th round a batted Liston could not come out of his corner. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Clay had become the new heavy weight champion of the world. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ??? poetry on number seven. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He wanted to go to heaven, so I took him ???.