[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.50,0:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any comments, suggestions and bug reports\Nregarding the subtitle.\NE-mail to: geek@geekbone.org
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.50,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was at the Agenda 2000
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.60,0:00:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and uh, one of the people who was there\Nwas Craig Mundie,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.40,0:00:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is some kind of\Nhigh mucky muck at Microsoft,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think uh, vice-president of consumer products\Nor something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.50,0:00:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And uh, I hadn't actually met him
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.50,0:00:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, I, I, uh, bumped in to him in an,\Nin an elevator... in an elevator
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.30,0:00:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And uh, I looked at his badge and said,\N"Oh, I see you work for Microsoft."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.80,0:00:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he looked back to me and said,\N"Oh, yeah and what do you do?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.40,0:00:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought he seemed just a sort of a tad dismissive
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.40,0:00:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, here's the archetypal, you know,\Nguy in a suit
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at a scruffy hacker
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.10,0:00:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I gave him the thousand\Nyard stare and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.70,0:00:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm your worst nightmare."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.80,0:00:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wonderview Productions\NPRESENTS
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.40,0:00:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A\NJ.T.S. Moore\NFILM
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.80,0:01:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,REVOLUTION OS
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.40,0:01:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most its short, but colorful history,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.60,0:01:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer industry has been dominated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.60,0:01:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Windows operating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.50,0:01:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that could soon change,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.50,0:01:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Windows faces a strong challenge from Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.80,0:01:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Silicon Valley has long been the place
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.50,0:01:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop new technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.80,0:01:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start new companies and get really rich.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.40,0:01:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now The Valley is the front line in a revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fighting for that most\Npolitically incorrect of ideas:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.20,0:01:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual freedom
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.20,0:01:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Day and night,\Na loose confederation of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.00,0:01:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hackers and programmers zaps bits pieces of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.10,0:01:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer code around the world as it builds the tools
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.20,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to set computer users free
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.30,0:01:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using open information and\Nthe free exchange of technology
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.60,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to achieve its goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This revolution began in the 1980's with
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.60,0:01:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Free Software Movement and GNU project.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.30,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now is most commonly associated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.30,0:01:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Linux and the Open Source Movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is Linux?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.60,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do have one sector that taking off today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the Linux-related sector.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.10,0:02:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought this might be\Na good opportunity to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.50,0:02:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What is Linux?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.40,0:02:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll answer this question for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.50,0:02:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of you probably already know,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.50,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but\NThere are 12 million users out there
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.30,0:02:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A computer Operating System\Ndeveloped by hundreds of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.60,0:02:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,programmers collaborating on the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.50,0:02:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A challenge to Microsoft Windows NT
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.50,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very popular for its speed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so this's what the craze is about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To kind of explain what Linux is you have to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.20,0:02:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explain what an Operating System is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.20,0:02:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And... the thing about Operating System is\Nyou, I mean...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.70,0:02:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're never ever supposed to see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.40,0:02:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.10,0:02:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody really uses an Operating System,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.70,0:02:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people use... programs... on their computer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.50,0:02:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the only mission in life
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.90,0:02:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an operating system is to help\Nthose programs run.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.80,0:02:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an operating system never does\Nanything on its own
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.30,0:02:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only waiting for the programs to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.70,0:02:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ask for certain resources
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.80,0:03:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or ask for the programs to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.50,0:03:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connect them to the outside world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.50,0:03:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the operating system\Ncomes, steps in and then
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.10,0:03:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tries to make it easy for people\Nto write programs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.70,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, What is Open Source?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Open Source is a way for people to collaborate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.30,0:03:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on software without being encumbered\Nby all of the problems of intellectual property,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.70,0:03:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having to negotiate contracts every time\Nyou buy a piece of software,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.50,0:03:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a lot of lawyers involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.80,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In general, we just wanna get software to work
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.40,0:03:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we want be able to have
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.80,0:03:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people contribute fixes to that, etc..
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.80,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we sort of sacrifice some of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the intellectual property rights
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just let the whole world\Nuse the software
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.50,0:03:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before there could be Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.90,0:03:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was Richard Stallman\Nand the Free Software Movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.50,0:03:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They think of Richard Stallman as the...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.30,0:03:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great philosopher, right.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.00,0:03:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And think of me as the engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Stallman is the founding father of\Nthe Free Software Movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.80,0:04:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through his efforts to build the\NGNU Operating System.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.10,0:04:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He created the legal, philosophical and\Ntechnological foundation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.90,0:04:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Free Software Movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.80,0:04:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without these contributions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.40,0:04:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's unlikely that Linux and Open Source
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.90,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have evolved in to their current forms today
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.70,0:04:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I joined the\NMIT Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I joined... a thriving community of hackers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.70,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who loved programming,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loved exploring the what they could do\Nwith computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.50,0:04:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they had developed\Na complete Operating System,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.70,0:04:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entirely written there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.30,0:04:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I became one of the team, that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continued to improve the Operating System,\Nadding new capabilities
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.40,0:04:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was my job, and I loved it, we all loved it.\NThat's why we were doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And [clears throat] we called our system
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.10,0:04:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the Incompatible Time Sharing System"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.20,0:04:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the example of the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.60,0:04:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playful spirit
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.00,0:05:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which defines a hacker.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.10,0:05:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hackers are people who enjoy\Nplayful cleverness.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it first started going wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.50,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the outside world started pressuring us\Nto have passwords.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.10,0:05:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't have any passwords\Non our computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.50,0:05:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason was that the hackers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.50,0:05:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who'd originally designed the system
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.80,0:05:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,realized that passwords were a way\Nthe administrators could control all the users.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.80,0:05:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they didn't want to build tools
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.50,0:05:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, locks and keys for\Nthe administrators to control them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.20,0:05:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they just didn't do it.\NThey left that out
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.30,0:05:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had the philosophy\Nthat whoever sitting at the computer
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.60,0:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be able to do whatever he wants
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.50,0:05:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody else who was there yesterday\Nshouldn't be controlling what you do today
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.50,0:05:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they put passwords onto one of\Nthe machines at MIT
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.50,0:05:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I and bunch of other hackers didn't like it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.50,0:05:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided to try a subversive sort of hack.\N[clears throat]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.30,0:06:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I figured out how to decode the passwords,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.40,0:06:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so by looking the database of encoded passwords
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.80,0:06:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could figure out what each person\Nwould actually type to login
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.80,0:06:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I sent messages to people, saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.50,0:06:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hello? I see that you've\Nchosen the password mumble,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.80,0:06:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever it was.\NHow about if you do as I do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.50,0:06:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just type Enter for your password
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.50,0:06:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's much shorter, much easier to type".
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And... of course with this message I was
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.50,0:06:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,implicitly telling them\Nthe security was really just a joke.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.30,0:06:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, but in addition\NI was letting them in on this hack.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.80,0:06:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually, A fifth of all\Nusers on that computer joined me
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.60,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in using just Enter as their passwords.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Where did the ideas that lead to what is now\Ncalled Open Source world?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.20,0:06:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did that begin? Who began that? ]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.30,0:06:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually began with the start\Nof computers because at that time
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.50,0:06:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software was just passed around between people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.50,0:06:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it was only like in the\Nlates 70's or early 80's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That people started really closing up\Ntheir software,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.50,0:07:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And saying, "No, you can never\Nget a look at the source code.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't change the software\Neven if it's necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.40,0:07:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for you to fix it, for your own application"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.00,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And... um, you can actually blame\Nsome of that on Microsoft,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.20,0:07:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are one of the real pioneers\Nof the proprietary software model.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.60,0:07:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the mid 1970's, a group of hackers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.90,0:07:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and computer hobbyist in Silicon Valley\Nformed the "Homebrew Computer Club".
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the club January 31, 1976 newsletter,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.50,0:07:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bill Gates of the recently formed Microsoft,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.50,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrote an open letter to the community
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.50,0:07:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he made a point by point argument for\Nthe relatively new concept of proprietary software
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.80,0:07:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to that point, the practice of computer users\Nhad been to freely pass around software
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.50,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with not much thought given to\Nits ownership
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.50,0:07:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Known as An Open Letter to Hobbyists,\NBill Gates writes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.50,0:07:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"To me the most critical thing\Nin the hobby market right now
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.90,0:07:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the lack of good software courses,\Nbooks and software itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without good software and an owner\Nwho understands programming,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.30,0:08:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A hobby computer is wasted.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.30,0:08:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will quality software be written\Nfor the hobby market?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.40,0:08:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gates goes on to write,\N"The feedback we have gotten from
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.90,0:08:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hundreds of people who say they are\Nusing BASIC has all been positive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.30,0:08:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two surprising things are apparent, however.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.50,0:08:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1) Most of these "users" never\Nbought BASIC, and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.50,0:08:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2) The amount of royalties we have received\Nfrom sales to hobbyists
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.50,0:08:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes the time spent on of Altair BASIC\Nworth less than 2 dollars an hour
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.50,0:08:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.70,0:08:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the majority of hobbyists must be aware,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.20,0:08:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of you steal your software.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.30,0:08:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hardware must be paid for but software\Nis something to share.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.20,0:08:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who cares if the people who worked\Non it get paid?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.50,0:08:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this fair?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.90,0:08:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing you don't do by stealing software
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.00,0:08:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is get back at MITS for some problem\Nyou may have had
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.50,0:08:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MITS doesn't make money selling software.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.60,0:08:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing you do do is prevent\Ngood software from being written.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who can afford to do professional work for nothing?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.60,0:08:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What hobbyist can put 3-man years into programming,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.30,0:08:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding all bugs, documenting his product\Nand distribute it for free?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.90,0:08:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.80,0:09:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one besides us has invested a lot of money\Nin hobby software.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.40,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about the guys who resell Altair BASIC?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.00,0:09:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aren't they making money on hobby software?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.30,0:09:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, but those who have been\Nreported to us may lose in the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.80,0:09:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are the ones who give\Nhobbyists a bad name,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.90,0:09:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and should be kicked out of any\Nclub meeting they show up at.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.30,0:09:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would appreciate letters from\Nanyone who wants to pay up,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.20,0:09:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or has a suggestion or comment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.00,0:09:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signed Bill Gates, General partner, Micro-Soft.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.40,0:09:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the late 70's and early 1980's,\NRichard Stallman was
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.10,0:09:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing Artificial Intelligence research and coding
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.40,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard had a number of negative experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.30,0:09:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during that period which soured him
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.30,0:09:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the whole idea of commercial software.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.40,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ such as? ]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh... some company wanted to work on and\Nwanted to fix was locked up.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.70,0:09:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he couldn't get the company on the code to let him fix it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.40,0:09:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though it would have been to their advantage to do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.50,0:09:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that put me into a moral dilemma, you see?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.50,0:10:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because to get one of the modern computers\Nof the day, which was the early 80's,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.60,0:10:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would have to get a proprietory\Noperating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.50,0:10:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The developers of those systems\Ndidn't share with other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.50,0:10:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead they tried to control the users,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.60,0:10:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dominate the users, restrict them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.90,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say, if to get the system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.10,0:10:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to sign a promise you won't\Nshare with anybody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.60,0:10:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to me that was essentially a promise\Nto be a bad person,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.40,0:10:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to betray the rest of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.20,0:10:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cut myself off from society\Nfrom a cooperating community.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.30,0:10:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I had already experienced what happened\Nwhen other people did that to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.30,0:10:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they refused to share with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.90,0:10:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they had signed these contracts.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.60,0:10:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it hurt the whole lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.50,0:10:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it kept us from doing useful things before.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.30,0:10:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I just wasn't going to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.70,0:10:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought,"This is wrong!\NI am not going to live this way"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.90,0:10:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from experiences like this\Nhe developed a profound hostility
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.00,0:10:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the idea of\Nintellectual property and software.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.70,0:11:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He eventually acted this out\Nby founding the Free Software Foundation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.40,0:11:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I looked for another alternative\Nand I realized:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.00,0:11:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was an operating system developer.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.60,0:11:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I were to develop another operating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.50,0:11:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then as the author,\Nencourage everyone to share it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.20,0:11:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say, everyone, " You come and get it,\Nuse this, form a new community"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.90,0:11:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only could I gave myself a way\Nto keep using computers without
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.30,0:11:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,betraying other people,\Nbut I'd give it to everybody else, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.60,0:11:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody would have a\Nway out of that moral dilemma
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.00,0:11:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I realized this was\Nwhat I had to do with my life.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.70,0:11:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually began the project in January of 1984.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.80,0:11:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when I resigned for my job at MIT
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.60,0:11:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start developing the GNU operating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.40,0:11:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I should explain the name GNU is a hack.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.90,0:11:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's a recursive acronym.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.10,0:11:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It stands for "GNU's Not Unix".
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.20,0:11:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see so the "G" in "GNU" stands for "GNU".
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.30,0:12:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what the name means is
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.40,0:12:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was developing a system that was like\Nthe Unix operating system,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.90,0:12:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but was not the Unix operating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.30,0:12:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a different system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.80,0:12:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would have to write it completely\Nfrom scratch
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.20,0:12:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Unix was proprietory.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.20,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were forbidden to share Unix,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.10,0:12:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We couldn't use Unix.\NIt was useless for a community.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.80,0:12:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had to write a replacement for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.90,0:12:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Throughout the 1980s,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.20,0:12:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Richard Stallman was building the GNU project,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.90,0:12:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer scientists from\Nthe University of California at Berkeley
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.40,0:12:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were developing their own free\Noperating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Known as Berkeley Unix, or BSD,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.60,0:12:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was based upon the Unix kernel\Nwhich had been licensed from AT&T.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.60,0:12:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, due to legal problems with AT&T\Nand fragmentation of the source code,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.50,0:12:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hackers and other non-institutional users\Nwere slow to adopt it
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.30,0:12:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Unix consisted of a large number of\Nseparate programs
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.70,0:12:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that communicated with each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.50,0:12:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we just had to replace these programs\None by one.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.50,0:13:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I started doing was\Nwriting a replacement for one program,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.30,0:13:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then another, and then another,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.20,0:13:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then people started joining me,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.00,0:13:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I published an announcement\Ninviting other people to join me
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.70,0:13:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help write these programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.60,0:13:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And uh... and by around 1991,\Nwe had replaced practically all of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.50,0:13:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ What were some of the programs that you ... ]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.90,0:13:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well... we had to... to have a complete system,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.10,0:13:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to have a kernel, which is the program that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.80,0:13:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allocates resources to all the other programs,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.80,0:13:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need a compiler, which translates a program
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.20,0:13:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from readable source code\Nthat programmers can understand into numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.60,0:13:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mysterious numbers\Nthat the computer can actually run.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need other programs\Nthat go with the compiler to help do this job.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.50,0:13:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need a debugger.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.70,0:13:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need a text editor.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.40,0:13:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need text formatters.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.60,0:13:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need mailers...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.50,0:13:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need lots and lots of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.90,0:13:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are hundreds of programs\Nin the Unix-like operating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.90,0:14:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw Stallman's announcement.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.60,0:14:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually I met him in February of 1987.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.00,0:14:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He came to give a five-day tutorial\Non Emacs at our company.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.60,0:14:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And during the day he would explain
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.30,0:14:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new ways to think about Emacs
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.50,0:14:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ways to extend it, enhance it,\Nand to use the Emacs source code
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.10,0:14:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, for better or worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.50,0:14:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the evening,\Nhe was busily working on this compiler,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.80,0:14:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he had not yet released it to the public,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.20,0:14:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he was uh, being a little bit uh,\Ncareful about
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.90,0:14:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, who got to see the source code.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.40,0:14:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I was very eager,\Nand when he first announced it in June,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.90,0:14:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I downloaded it immediately.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.70,0:14:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, I played with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.20,0:14:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got some, some pointers from him.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.60,0:14:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I sent the source code back to him,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.30,0:14:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was very,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.60,0:14:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, actually amazed that how quickly\NI was able to ramp up on his technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.50,0:14:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever we worked on something\Nat Stanford or in the university,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.30,0:14:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever we worked on something\Nat Stanford or in the university,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.40,0:14:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would get, mostly at the time
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.30,0:14:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were working off machines\Nfrom Digital Equipment or Sun, mostly Sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.40,0:14:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever we would get a Sun machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.10,0:15:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first thing we would do is\Nwe would spend literally days
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.60,0:15:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,downloading GNU free software from the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.70,0:15:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building it and installing it on that Sun machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.30,0:15:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crucial thing about GNU is that\Nit's free software.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.20,0:15:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Free Software refers not to price,\Nbut to freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.90,0:15:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So think of free speech, not free beer.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.20,0:15:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The freedoms that I am talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.50,0:15:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the freedoms to make changes if you want to,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.60,0:15:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or hire somebody else to make changes for you
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.40,0:15:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're using a software for your business,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.60,0:15:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to redistribute copies,\Nto share with other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.40,0:15:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to make improvements and publish them
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.60,0:15:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that other people can\Nget the benefit of them, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.60,0:15:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those are the freedoms that distinguish\Nfree software from non-free software.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.70,0:15:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the freedoms that\Nenable people to form a community.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.60,0:15:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't have all these freedoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.10,0:15:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're being divided and\Ndominated by somebody.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.90,0:15:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My first experience contributing to free software
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.00,0:16:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came in late 1989, early 1990.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.20,0:16:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was working as a graduate student\Nat Stanford University
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.40,0:16:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Computer Aided Design tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.70,0:16:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the pieces I needed was a tool
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.90,0:16:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a parser generator.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.80,0:16:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the Free Software Foundation
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.90,0:16:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under Richard Stallman\Ncreated a great tool called "bison".
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.50,0:16:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I needed a tool that worked with C++.\NBison worked with C.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.90,0:16:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I modified bison to create something\Ncalled "bison++".
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.20,0:16:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a tremendous feeling of empowerment
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.80,0:16:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be able to take a piece of software that was available
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.00,0:16:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and create what you needed\Nin a very short piece of time by modifying it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.70,0:16:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I put it back on the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.20,0:16:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was amazed at the number of people
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.00,0:16:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that picked it up and started using it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.00,0:16:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I remember going to, uh job interviews,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.30,0:16:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, at various times, considered\Njust going out getting a job.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.30,0:16:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd gone to a job interview.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.20,0:16:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was talking to one of the people,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.70,0:16:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I started asking them about what tools they used,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.60,0:16:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they said, "Gee, we used bison++!"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.10,0:17:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said, "Oh, I am the author of bison++!"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.60,0:17:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Free Software generally does have a copyright.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.20,0:17:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does have an owner.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.90,0:17:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it has a license.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.10,0:17:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not public domain.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.00,0:17:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we put the software in the public domain,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.70,0:17:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody else would be able to make\Na little bit of changes
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.00,0:17:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn that into a proprietory software package,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.00,0:17:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that\Nthe users would be running our software,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.90,0:17:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they wouldn't have freedom to cooperate and share.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.50,0:17:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To prevent that, we use a technique called "Copyleft".
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.50,0:17:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of Copyleft is that\Nit's "Copyright" flipped over.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.50,0:17:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we do is, we say,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.30,0:17:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this software is copyrighted
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.30,0:17:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we, the authors give you permission\Nto redistribute copies,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.70,0:17:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we give you permission to change,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.30,0:17:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we give you permission to add to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.00,0:17:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you redistribute it,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.80,0:17:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has to be under these terms,\Nno more and no less.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.60,0:17:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that whoever gets it from you
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.90,0:18:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also gets the freedom to cooperate\Nwith other people, if he wants to.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.30,0:18:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, in this way everywhere the software goes,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.90,0:18:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the freedom goes, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.60,0:18:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it becomes an inalienable right
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.00,0:18:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cooperate with other people and form a community.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.80,0:18:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ And so, what is that? the license?\Nwhat was that... ]
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.20,0:18:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Copyleft being a general idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.30,0:18:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to use it, you have to have specific example.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.40,0:18:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The specific example we use for\Nmost GNU software packages
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.20,0:18:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the GNU General Public License,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.20,0:18:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a particular document and legalese\Nwhich accomplishes this job.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.50,0:18:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of other people use that same license,\Nfor example,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.30,0:18:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linus Torvalds uses that license for Linux as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.70,0:18:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the license I use is the\NGNU General Public License.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.30,0:18:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the one Richard Stallman wrote.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.30,0:18:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it is really astounding contribution.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.30,0:18:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, it's one of the few software licenses\Nthat was written
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.60,0:18:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the standpoint of the community rather than
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.10,0:18:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the standpoint of um, protecting a company
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.00,0:19:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or um, as is the case with MIT and BSD license
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.70,0:19:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,performing the goals of\Na government grant program.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.50,0:19:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, and the GPL is really unique in that.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.60,0:19:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just a license.\NIt's a whole philosophy that,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.10,0:19:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, motivated the open source definition.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.20,0:19:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't hide that a lot of what I do came from Stallman.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.90,0:19:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A crucial step in the growth of GNU/Linux\Nand the Free Software movement
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.00,0:19:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the creation of businesses\Nbased upon the software and philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.80,0:19:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grown zero for the beginning of\Nthe business face
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.40,0:19:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the Electronics Research Lab\Nat Stanford University.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.80,0:19:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Known as ERL, the lab was the place for the first GNU
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.20,0:19:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Linux business founder inspiration.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.60,0:19:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So right here was where ERL was.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.10,0:19:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would have been the entrance\Nover there next to the uh,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.30,0:19:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrical engineering McCullough building.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.70,0:19:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you walk in, you come in,\Nyou walk down the hallway, down here.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.50,0:20:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My office would have been about, about here.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.70,0:20:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then right across the hall,\Nfrom that was Michael Tiemann's office.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.70,0:20:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michael Tiemann took uh.. and\Nstarted a company, Cygnus Software
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.70,0:20:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the idea was to sell consulting\Nand services around the GNU Free Software
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.60,0:20:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, well Michael's done very well with Cygnus.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.00,0:20:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well uh, I spend a lot of\Ntime working out uh,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.00,0:20:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we were going to make money
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.00,0:20:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the original GNU manifesto
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.00,0:20:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the last chapter\Nof the GNU Emacs manual.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.00,0:20:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stallman proposed a number of different
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.00,0:20:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possible ways to make money.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.80,0:20:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Form the beginning of the\NFree Software movement
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.80,0:20:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had the idea that there's
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.00,0:20:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,room in it for business to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.00,0:20:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the advantages of Free Software is that, there's
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.70,0:20:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a free market for any kind of service or support.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.00,0:20:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you are using software in your business,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.00,0:20:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you want good support,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.00,0:20:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a choice of people to go to for it,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.00,0:20:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a choice of businesses... that
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.00,0:20:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in the business of\Nproviding you with support.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.00,0:20:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they are going to have to in general give you
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.00,0:21:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good support or you go to somebody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.00,0:21:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With proprietory software,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.30,0:21:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,support is a monopoly, there is one company,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.00,0:21:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically, that has the source code
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.60,0:21:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and only they can give you support
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.10,0:21:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so typically, you are at the mercy of a monopoly.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.30,0:21:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the case, for example with Microsoft.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.60,0:21:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no wonder the support is so bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.90,0:21:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The benefits of Free Software were
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.50,0:21:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tremendous but the cost of supporting it internally
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.80,0:21:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, and made managers very very nervous and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.80,0:21:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the fundamental idea I had was\Nif we can build a model
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.50,0:21:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could deliver two to four times the support
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.50,0:21:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and uh, and uh, and hand holding capability
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.00,0:21:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an internal engineer could provide.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.10,0:21:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we could do it at 1/2 to 1/4 of the cost
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.10,0:21:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would meet the test of wether or not
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.30,0:21:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would actually buy.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.90,0:21:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by about the Fall of that year, we had
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.40,0:21:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the things worked out about who
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.30,0:21:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needed on the technical team, what
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.90,0:21:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the terms the sale would be, what
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.80,0:21:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the key price point were, and we
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.60,0:22:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually received our incorporation in Nov of 1989.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.20,0:22:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most difficult things in starting our company
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.80,0:22:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually finding a name for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.40,0:22:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I explained this to one of my friends
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.00,0:22:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"we're having difficulty"
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.40,0:22:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he returned an e-mail message
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.90,0:22:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that basically just had a bunch of words\Nwith the name "GNU" in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.80,0:22:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And "Cygnus" was the one that\Nlooked least obnoxious and least obscene.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.10,0:22:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can say very clearly that Cygnus
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.90,0:22:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the first business that specialized in Free Software.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.80,0:22:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cygnus supported Free Software,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.10,0:22:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filled a very essential niche because\Nwe had this great software,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.10,0:22:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could get it for nothing but\Nyou couldn't get support - they made their money
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.30,0:22:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by charging for support.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.20,0:22:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The GNU project started by building a toolkit,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.90,0:22:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a basic development tool such as\Na C compiler, a debugger, a text-editor,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:51.10,0:22:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and uh, other necessary apparatus.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.50,0:22:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their intention was eventually to\Ndevelop a kernel to sit underneath those
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.20,0:23:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be the center of the operating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.60,0:23:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By about 1990 they had successfully\Ndeveloped that toolkit,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.40,0:23:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was in wide use on great many variants of Unix.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.50,0:23:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there was still no free kernel.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.10,0:23:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The kernel happened to be\None of the last things we started to do
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.40,0:23:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had started it not long before.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.40,0:23:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's when Linus Torvalds came along.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.40,0:23:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Lin-us" or "Line-us"? What's the exact,\Ndo you prefer the pronunciation?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.00,0:23:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,um.. When I speak Swedish it's "Lee-nus";
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.60,0:23:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I speak Finnish it's "Leen-ous";
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.00,0:23:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I speak English it's "Line-us".
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.80,0:23:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I really don't care how people pronounce my name.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:35.60,0:23:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But "Linux" is always "Linux".
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.40,0:23:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He developed a kernel, and got it working\Nfaster than we got ours working,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.40,0:23:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got it to work very nicely and solidly.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.90,0:23:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His kernel is called "Linux".
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.30,0:23:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The initial goal was my very personal goal
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.50,0:23:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to run a similar environment on my computer
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.50,0:23:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I had grown used to at, at the university computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.90,0:24:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I could not find anything that suited me for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.70,0:24:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So having been doing computers for all my life basically.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.40,0:24:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that point I decided that I'll do my own.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.00,0:24:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the inspiration early on came from, from SunOS
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.60,0:24:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was what um,\NI was using at the university at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.90,0:24:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Which University? ]
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.00,0:24:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,University of Helsinki in Finland.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.60,0:24:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From 1991 to about 1993 was really
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.40,0:24:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess the infancy period of Linux.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.70,0:24:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was when it was still only alpha or beta quality;
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.40,0:24:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was relatively unstable.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.80,0:24:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although, even then it was a good deal more stable
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.60,0:24:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a lot of what are now called\N"production" operating systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.60,0:24:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linus used the traditional\Ntried-and-true method of writing one program
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.50,0:24:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that does the job,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.70,0:24:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he got it to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.80,0:24:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quickly in fact faster than\NI would have thought was possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.50,0:25:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The term for it is "monolithic",
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.50,0:25:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that basically\Nthe OS itself is one entity, indivisible.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.10,0:25:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, while in the microkernel,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.40,0:25:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the, the operating system kernel is actually
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.60,0:25:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, just a collection of servers that
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.70,0:25:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do different things and then they have a common protocol
Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.50,0:25:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for doing communication between themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.20,0:25:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ So why is that... the GNU project that's had\Nso much lead-time, that's been doing this,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.80,0:25:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why...Why is it that he was able to kinda\Ncome in at the tail end so to speak ]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.10,0:25:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well we actually started the\NGNU Hurd not long before he started Linux.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.70,0:25:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it happened though we chose a design\Nthat's a very advanced design
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.30,0:25:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the power gives you
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.30,0:25:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also turns out to be very hard to debug.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.60,0:25:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We decided to divide up the kernel\Nwhich traditionally had been one program,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.30,0:25:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to divide it up into a lot of smaller programs
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.60,0:26:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would send messages to\Neach other asynchronously to, to communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:05.60,0:26:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that, that style of programming
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.50,0:26:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a great deal of potential for bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.80,0:26:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are often very hard to\Nfigure out because they depend on...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.70,0:26:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does this program send this message\Nbefore or after this one sends that message...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.30,0:26:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the result was:\Nit took us years to get the thing to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.30,0:26:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ What is Linux's relationship to the GNU project? ]
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.70,0:26:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well there's relationships to GNU\Non kind of multiple levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.60,0:26:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is just the philosophical level of thinking that
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.20,0:26:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"making your source open is a good idea".
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.30,0:26:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Linus developed the kernel\Nhe wasn't doing it for the GNU project.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.30,0:26:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did it independently.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.80,0:26:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he released it independently\Nand we didn't know about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:56.20,0:26:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of the people who did know about it
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.50,0:27:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided to look for what else they could find
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.00,0:27:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put together with that kernel to\Nmake a whole system.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.30,0:27:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They looked around, and lo and behold\Neverything they needed was already available.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.50,0:27:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They looked around, and lo and behold\Neverything they needed was already available.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:09.80,0:27:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What good fortune!" they thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.60,0:27:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually there was no chance about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.90,0:27:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had found all the pieces of the\NGNU system which was missing just the kernel,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.70,0:27:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so when they put all that together
Dialogue: 0,0:27:20.60,0:27:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really they were fitting\NLinux into the gap in the GNU system.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.20,0:27:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they didn't know that.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.80,0:27:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of these programs
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.50,0:27:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,um, done by the Free Softwares Foundation,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.60,0:27:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and done by other people like Linux.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.80,0:27:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a symbiosis between\NLinux and the programs
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.90,0:27:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the programs run on Linux and at the same time
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.70,0:27:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they take the advantage of Linux as a platform,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.10,0:27:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while Linux takes the advantage of the programs
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.70,0:27:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by just being able to use them.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:52.70,0:27:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ What...What programs? ]
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.70,0:27:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,umm...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.10,0:27:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main one is actually the GNU C Compiler.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.70,0:28:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which... Without a C compiler\Nit would not have been possible
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.30,0:28:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make Linux or most of the open progress available.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.50,0:28:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linux uses the GPL,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.70,0:28:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I agree with a kind of philosophy behind the GPL.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.50,0:28:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That said the GPL itself is not a very pretty document
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.20,0:28:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is probably just because\Nno lawyerese can ever be very pretty.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.80,0:28:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd been playing around with Linux for actually
Dialogue: 0,0:28:38.00,0:28:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,late '92 or early '93 for about a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.30,0:28:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before I decided that it was to the point\Nwhere actually had everything that I needed
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.20,0:28:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to really replace a Sun Workstation.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.30,0:28:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was looking for a way to\Nhave a Unix workstation at home
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.40,0:28:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the time we used Sun Sparc Stations\Nin the office at Stanford.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.90,0:29:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those machines cost us about 7,000 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.40,0:29:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I desperately wanted a Unix machine at home!
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.90,0:29:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's always a this thought\Nyou get as you get a graduate student
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.60,0:29:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Gee... if I could work at home!
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.90,0:29:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I would be so much more productive,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.80,0:29:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would graduate sooner because\NI would finish my thesis sooner"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.50,0:29:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Well, is it true? Well, you can judge.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.00,0:29:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know most people end up spending a lot of their time
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.80,0:29:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming more productive so that
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.30,0:29:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they ever actually worked on their thesis\Nthey'll finish it in a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.50,0:29:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes a while sometimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.20,0:29:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided that I wanted a Unix machine at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.50,0:29:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I went out there I was able to\Nuse Linux together with the PC.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.70,0:29:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For about 2,000 dollars, I put together a system.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.50,0:29:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was one and a half to two times faster
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.40,0:29:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than that 7,000 dollars Sun Sparc Station.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.10,0:29:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was absolutely amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.80,0:29:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had one and a half to two times the speed,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.80,0:29:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a third to fourth the price.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.50,0:29:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Light bulbs went off.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.80,0:29:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I knew there was an opportunity here.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.00,0:29:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the chance to really do something\Nbetter than what Sun has done
Dialogue: 0,0:29:57.10,0:29:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around open source and Linux.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.10,0:30:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I called it Linux originally as working name.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:03.30,0:30:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was just because Linus
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.80,0:30:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the it has to be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.00,0:30:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's Unix. It's like a law.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.40,0:30:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And...what happened was that...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.00,0:30:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I initially thought that I can't call it Linux publicly,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.80,0:30:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is just too egotistical.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.10,0:30:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was before I had a big ego. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.40,0:30:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They thought they were taking a whole bunch\Nof components putting them around Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.40,0:30:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they ended up calling the whole thing\N"A Linux System"
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.00,0:30:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somehow that term caught on.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.10,0:30:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the result is
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.60,0:30:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are now ten million people using
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.60,0:30:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this variant of the GNU system...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:40.10,0:30:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the GNU/Linux operating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.80,0:30:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of them don't know it.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.80,0:30:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Some people advocate it be described as GNU/Linux.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.20,0:30:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean what's your thought on\Nthat? I would say, justify or... ]
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.30,0:30:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I think it's justified but it is justified\Nif you actually make GNU distribution of Linux.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.00,0:31:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same way that I think that Red Hat Linux\Nis fine or SuSE Linux, or Debian Linux.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.00,0:31:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, because if you actually make your\Nown distribution of Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.00,0:31:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get to name the thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.90,0:31:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But calling Linux in general "GNU Linux"\NI think, is just ridiculous.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.80,0:31:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got involved in Fall '93.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.10,0:31:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I was sent a copy of the first CD-ROM\Ncommercial Linux distribution,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.10,0:31:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was called Yggdrasi produced by Adam Richter.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.90,0:31:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I got a copy because...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.60,0:31:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had been myself writing Free Software for\Na long time since the early 80's.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.50,0:31:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was actually one of the\Nearly GNU contributors myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.90,0:31:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was absolutely astonished,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.80,0:31:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was completely astonished.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.30,0:31:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I've been a software engineer\Nfor nearly 15 years at that point.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.00,0:31:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And according to all the rules I knew...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.20,0:31:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about controlling complexity,\Nkeeping a project group small,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.90,0:31:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having closely managed objectives.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.70,0:31:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linux should have been a disaster, and it wasn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.00,0:31:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, it was something wonderful,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.10,0:32:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was determined to figure out\Nhow they were getting a way with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.50,0:32:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order for Linux to grow beyond\Nthe world of the computer programmer
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.90,0:32:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It needed a use and application\Nthat made it a must-have technology
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.60,0:32:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That threshold was crossed
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.90,0:32:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the development of a program\Nthat made complex websites possible
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.20,0:32:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That program is the Apache web server.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.30,0:32:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The killer app of Linux was undoubtedly\Nthe Apache web server.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.20,0:32:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the history of Linux,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.10,0:32:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the adoption curve of Linux and\Nthe adoption curve of the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.80,0:32:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the adoption curve of Linux and\Nthe adoption curve of the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.60,0:32:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly track each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.10,0:32:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1993, which was when the Apache\Nweb server project really got started,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.10,0:32:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was also the beginnings of the popular ISP explosion
Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.70,0:32:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Internet first became a mass market commodity
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.50,0:32:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the idea of web-based electronic commerce
Dialogue: 0,0:32:47.90,0:32:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, and mass communication became real.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.90,0:32:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it was one of the first applications\Nthat caused people to go
Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.10,0:32:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, if I install Linux."
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.00,0:32:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I get some tangible benefit from doing so, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.50,0:33:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, clearly there were a lot of\Ninteresting applications on Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:33:02.80,0:33:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at, at the time, this being maybe\Ntwo or three years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.70,0:33:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the root thing really started to take off
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.60,0:33:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there wasn't a driving, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.30,0:33:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could almost say business case
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.60,0:33:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for someone to use Linux versus using NT
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.50,0:33:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until, I think, Apache and\Na lot of the things that plugged into Apache
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.80,0:33:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enhanced Apache
Dialogue: 0,0:33:18.30,0:33:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, when you want to go out and build..\Ngo out to build a server farm
Dialogue: 0,0:33:21.80,0:33:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was much more cost effective
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.60,0:33:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cost effective
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.20,0:33:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,real dollar returns to build it on Linux and Apache\Nthan was to build it on IIS and NT
Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.10,0:33:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if it meant that you have to\Nspend a little bit of money
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.50,0:33:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to train your staff to learn how to use that or
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.10,0:33:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find people who were people who\Nwere knowledgeable.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.80,0:33:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the good news was that
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.90,0:33:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the knowledge wasn't very expensive
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.60,0:33:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there were all those college students out there
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.30,0:33:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who'd been using Linux for a long time\Nand were very familiar with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.70,0:33:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the trend curves in web servers
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.90,0:33:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apache has steadily been gaining\Na market share ever since
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.60,0:33:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's up to something like 66% now
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.10,0:33:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's steadily clobbered\Nall of the closed source competition
Dialogue: 0,0:33:55.30,0:33:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because it's more reliable\Nit's more flexible, it's more extensible
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.70,0:34:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does what webmasters actually need
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.20,0:34:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the combination of Apache and Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.00,0:34:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found its way into a great many commercial shops.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.20,0:34:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Essentially, Apache became the application\Nthat motivated Internet service providers
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.80,0:34:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and e-commerce companies to choose Linux\Nover Microsoft's Windows.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.00,0:34:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would probably runs best on Linux and on FreeBSD
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.10,0:34:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason is the\Ncommunities around those operating systems
Dialogue: 0,0:34:25.70,0:34:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are also the communities that\Ncontribute the most back to Apache, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:30.10,0:34:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there were also the operating systems\Nthat Internet service providers
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.10,0:34:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started using very heavily as well
Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.50,0:34:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Internet service providers really liked Apache
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.40,0:34:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it allowed them to do
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.80,0:34:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of different things\Nthat some of the commercial web servers didn't
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.10,0:34:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the ability to host more than\None web site on a single box, which clearly
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.20,0:34:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you are an ISP and you would have 40,000 users
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.80,0:34:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they all want their web site
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.00,0:34:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's gonna be pretty important to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.90,0:34:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the key factors in the growth of Linux was
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.20,0:35:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the creation of companies that\Nspecialized in the distribution
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.00,0:35:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and support of the Operating System itself
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.30,0:35:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among these companies,\NRed Hat Software is the best known.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.70,0:35:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Red Hat started as a product of Marc Ewing
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.10,0:35:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while he was working at IBM.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.70,0:35:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wanted a little better Linux distribution
Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.70,0:35:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he started playing around,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.10,0:35:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found out he uh, he spent more time\Nmaintaining his Linux distribution
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.30,0:35:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than he did uh,\Nthan he did working on his new project.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.30,0:35:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he uh, sort of started the distribution himself
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.00,0:35:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He met up with Bob Young,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.60,0:35:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who at the time was running company called\NACC Bookstore
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.50,0:35:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was a mail-order PC Unix uh, catalog
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.90,0:35:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Bob kind of knew he wanted something,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:34.80,0:35:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, more his own to market,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.90,0:35:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than reselling other people's products
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.30,0:35:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was fairly good at marketing, and...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:42.40,0:35:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mark knew he needed some marketing help
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.80,0:35:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he was very good at the technical parts,\Nso they kinda got together
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.80,0:35:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started working with Red Hat in May of 1995,\Nbasically right out of NC State.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.10,0:35:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with Eric Troan who, me and him\Ncombined make up employees #4 and #5.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.00,0:36:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually reported to work in an apartment\Nthat Mark Ewing used to live in
Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.30,0:36:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took it over as kind of\Nthe development part of Red Hat software
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.20,0:36:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stayed that way till about November of 1995 when...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.30,0:36:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a toilet we had in the apartment kind of exploded,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.90,0:36:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flooded our downstairs neighbor
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.30,0:36:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she got little upset and...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.40,0:36:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the apartment folks found out\Nwe were running a business there
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.60,0:36:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of actually living there the same time
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.70,0:36:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they decided to throw us out.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:23.10,0:36:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at that point, we had about a week to go find
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.30,0:36:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our first office, which we did
Dialogue: 0,0:36:27.60,0:36:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get ourselves moved in a hurry
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.10,0:36:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started going in again '95 or so\Nto the venture capital firms,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.10,0:36:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asking, saying, there's something happening here.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:48.00,0:36:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a great business opportunity,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.10,0:36:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build the next Sun for open source.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.30,0:36:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the venture capitalists looked at this and said
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.50,0:37:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Gee, you are selling systems
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.00,0:37:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the software is free. This is kind of scary.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.10,0:37:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not sure that we want to put money in. And...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.60,0:37:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the way, we funded other systems companies
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.00,0:37:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it hasn't really panned out. We are scared."
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.10,0:37:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I came to the US about 3 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.20,0:37:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason really was that I'd been spending
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.80,0:37:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like 6 or 7 years at Helsinki University.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.80,0:37:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decide it was time to see the real world\Nand not just university life.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.10,0:37:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially this area had a lot of the most\Ninteresting work being done.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.60,0:37:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I just decided that...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.40,0:37:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's try to move half way across the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.90,0:37:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give this a try.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:41.10,0:37:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's turned out pretty well.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.10,0:37:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Ah...you see this as temporary or long term? ]
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.50,0:37:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we saw it as temporary at first.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.10,0:37:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it's certainly looking like\Nit's turning into long term.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.40,0:37:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our youngest daughter is\Nboth US and Finnish citizen,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.90,0:37:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she was born here
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.00,0:38:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the older one is speaking\Nboth Swedish and English, so...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:27.20,0:38:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next major event was one that\NI had directed hand in.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.30,0:38:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote a paper, called\N"The Cathedral & the Bazaar".
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.10,0:38:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was my observations,\Nmy anthropological analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.80,0:38:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what it was that made\Nthe open source world work.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.10,0:38:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't call it that then. We were still\Nusing the term "Free Software" primarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.40,0:38:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was my observation of\Nwhat made the Free Software world work
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.10,0:38:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why we were able to\Nproduce extremely high quality software
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.90,0:38:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in spite of constantly violating all of\Nthe standard rules of software engineering
Dialogue: 0,0:38:57.80,0:39:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that paper, I was setting up a contrast
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.50,0:39:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between two different styles of development,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.70,0:39:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two opposed styles of development.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.40,0:39:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, which is the\Nconventional closed development style,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.00,0:39:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I called the "Cathedral" style.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.50,0:39:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that one, you have\Ntight specification of objectives.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:15.80,0:39:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small project groups which are run\Nin a fairly hierarchical authoritarian manner.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.30,0:39:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have long release intervals
Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.60,0:39:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand,what I identified\Nis happening in the Linux world
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.50,0:39:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a much more peer to peer decentralized,\Nmarket or bazaar-like style,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.50,0:39:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has a very short release intervals
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.10,0:39:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and constant solicitation of feedback from people\Nwho are formally outside of the project.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:41.10,0:39:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A very intense peer review process.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.40,0:39:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the startling thing was that the more I looked at this,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.10,0:39:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more it seemed that trading away\Nall the supposed advantages
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.90,0:39:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of conventional closed development,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.00,0:39:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for that one single advantage\Nof massive independent peer review
Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.00,0:40:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually seemed to win,\Nactually seemed to get you good results.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:06.50,0:40:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason Netscape is important is
Dialogue: 0,0:40:08.40,0:40:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were the first large company\Nto participate in open source.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:13.30,0:40:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had Cygnus providing support,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.10,0:40:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we didn't really have much business.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.70,0:40:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Netscape went open source essentially\Nas a way to fight Microsoft.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.50,0:40:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which was giving away Internet Explorer,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.30,0:40:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not letting anyone else have the source code,\Nnot letting companies collaborate.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.30,0:40:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Working as part of the sales force, I got a bit of,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.00,0:40:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got a good idea of.. of why people bought our software
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.40,0:40:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what it took to make our software successful\Nin the marketplace against competitive products.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.80,0:40:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the problem was,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.10,0:40:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were seeing, as that, as time went on,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.70,0:40:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our software was uh,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.10,0:40:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being competed against by other\Npeople's software, particularly Microsoft's
Dialogue: 0,0:40:51.90,0:40:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as time went on, the price of our software had to drop
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.70,0:40:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because other people were giving their software away
Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.80,0:41:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at no charge or at little charge.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:00.80,0:41:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the real problem was that they feared
Dialogue: 0,0:41:03.00,0:41:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microsoft would achieve a monopoly lock on the browser market
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.50,0:41:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would then use that monopoly lock to
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.30,0:41:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pervert actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:11.90,0:41:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the HTTP and HTML standards that the web depends on.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.90,0:41:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once they had turned those\Nstandards in to lock in devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.90,0:41:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could then use that control\Nto drive Netscape out of the server market,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.30,0:41:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was where it was making its real money.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.60,0:41:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My concern was that as time went on,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.00,0:41:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Netscape's business would be threatened,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:33.30,0:41:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the fact that we didn't have enough people\Nto do what we needed to do as a company
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.10,0:41:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to keep our software viable in the marketplace.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.50,0:41:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Netscape release happened in early 1998.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.30,0:41:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And uh, I was told later, I had no idea at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.30,0:41:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it came about as a direct result of
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.60,0:41:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right people having read\N"The Cathedral and the Bazaar".
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.90,0:41:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Cathedral and the Bazaar",\Nthe paper by Eric Raymond,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.60,0:42:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a significant influence on\NNetscape's decision to release source code.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.90,0:42:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It came as a complete shock to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.10,0:42:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wasn't really ready for the thought
Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.30,0:42:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I was changing the world even by accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.20,0:42:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However he was not by any means\Nthe only influence on that decision.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.50,0:42:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, and not necessarily the most important one,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.70,0:42:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when all is said and done.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:21.40,0:42:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I said, Netscape,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.60,0:42:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Netscape had already been talking about\Nreleasing source code for quite some time before
Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.30,0:42:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anyone ever heard of Eric's paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:30.60,0:42:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linux Congress in early 1997,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.60,0:42:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was the first place that I gave that paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.90,0:42:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the people who heard it was\NTim O'Reilly of O'Reilly and Associates.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:40.40,0:42:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And uh, he thought it was pretty intriguing
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.30,0:42:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he asked me to give it at\Nhis first PERL conference, which was uh..
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.30,0:42:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,later that year, in Fall of 97.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:50.60,0:42:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And apparently what happened, I was told later,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:52.50,0:42:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although I had no idea that this was happening at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.40,0:43:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh is that some people from Netscape actually\Nheard the paper at the PERL conference
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.50,0:43:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and took those ideas back to Netscape and\Nthey kind of lit a fire there.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.60,0:43:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The role of my paper was essentially\Nto make the internal case at Netscape, uh
Dialogue: 0,0:43:09.70,0:43:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the business case for\Nwhy Netscape should release its source code.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.90,0:43:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The paper was called\N"Netscape Source Code As Netscape Product".
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.20,0:43:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh.. a strange title,\Nessentially what the title meant was that
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.80,0:43:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my opinion we needed to
Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.10,0:43:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think of source code not just as something\Nthat was used in creating our products,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.90,0:43:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as something that was a product in its own right.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.50,0:43:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something that customers might use, other people might use.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.70,0:43:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I then looked at what the business models might be
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.50,0:43:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we released source code for our products.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:39.40,0:43:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How would we license them?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.10,0:43:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we sell products in this environment?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:46.40,0:43:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I looked at the competition, particularly Microsoft.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.60,0:43:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would they be likely to do\Nif we released source code?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:52.20,0:43:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was there some way they could\Nuse our source code against us?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.80,0:43:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I used Eric's paper as an example of\Nhow distributed development could work,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.60,0:44:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how a company could develop software not\Njust using their own people,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:03.40,0:44:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also working with people on the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:07.30,0:44:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why I included a reference to\NEric's paper in my paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.20,0:44:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once my paper was circulated,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:12.70,0:44:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people who read my paper would naturally enough
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.10,0:44:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find a reference to Eric's paper\Nand read that as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.10,0:44:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ And who was involved in\Nmaking that happen at Netscape? ]
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.70,0:44:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Primarily the person who made the\Nactual decision was Jim Barksdale.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.90,0:44:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this turned out to be important later.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.00,0:44:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That our big win, the big score
Dialogue: 0,0:44:30.80,0:44:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gave us mainstream\Nvisibility and credibility with investors
Dialogue: 0,0:44:34.40,0:44:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came not because of bottom up evangelism\Nfrom a bunch of engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.50,0:44:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because one strategist at the top
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.60,0:44:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw the potential power of this method and
Dialogue: 0,0:44:43.90,0:44:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then essentially imposed that vision\Non everyone underneath him.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:47.90,0:44:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I completed the paper,\NI first gave a copy to Mark Andreessen,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:51.10,0:44:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was co-founder of Netscape and\Nwas at the time one of,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.10,0:44:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the senior management team at Netscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.90,0:45:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mark then gave a copy of the paper to several\Nother people within Netscape management,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.00,0:45:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including Jim Barksdale.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:03.10,0:45:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure exactly when Jim and\Nthe other senior managers
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.20,0:45:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made the actual decision,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.00,0:45:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe it was in early January sometime.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.40,0:45:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Netscape actually announced that it was gonna\Nrelease the source code on Jan 22nd,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.40,0:45:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same time it was going to give\NCommunicator away for free.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:20.30,0:45:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Netscape decided to release the source code,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.00,0:45:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people sort of got a wake up notice and said
Dialogue: 0,0:45:25.40,0:45:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, maybe there is something to this idea\Nof releasing source code
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.90,0:45:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doing development with people\Noutside your company."
Dialogue: 0,0:45:33.40,0:45:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Netscape's decision brought a lot of\Npublic attention to the idea of Free Software,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.20,0:45:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what became known as Open Source,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:40.50,0:45:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and brought a lot of attention to\Nthe Linux operating system,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:43.00,0:45:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was one of the most prominent examples of\NOpen Source software at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.50,0:45:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is our first office, Mountain View, California.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.80,0:45:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We moved here in early 1995.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:58.20,0:46:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is 4,000 square feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.10,0:46:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an incredible leap of faith for us to\Nmove out and take the company to our own office.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.70,0:46:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what's really important about this place
Dialogue: 0,0:46:09.70,0:46:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this is the office\Nwhere the term "Open Source" was invented.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.30,0:46:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you walk in to an executive's office\Nand say "Free Software",
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.30,0:46:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, If you're lucky, the response\Nyou'll get is something like,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:22.10,0:46:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"hmm, hmm, Free Software, must be\Ncheap, shoddy, worthless."
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.60,0:46:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, and if you're not lucky,\Nit has associations with, uh.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.00,0:46:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Free Software Foundation's\Nwholesale attack on intellectual property rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.40,0:46:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which regardless of what\Nyou think about the ethics of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.00,0:46:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's lousy marketing, it's not something\Nthat businesses want to hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.50,0:46:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Eric Raymond knew there was a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.90,0:46:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd been calling this Free Software,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:50.10,0:46:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but people took the term "Free"\Nand associated with "Free of charge",
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.50,0:46:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they thought they couldn't make money or couldn't sell,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.20,0:46:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is exactly the wrong concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:59.10,0:47:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wanted to get across the idea the software\Nwas open and that the source code was available.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.70,0:47:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very important pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:07.00,0:47:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had this meeting at the VA offices\Nin Mountain View, where Eric,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.70,0:47:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,myself, and Christine Peterson from Foresight Institute\Njoined us as well as some other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:17.20,0:47:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Christine Peterson was there by phone. uh..
Dialogue: 0,0:47:22.00,0:47:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jon "Mad dog" Hall was also there by phone. uh..
Dialogue: 0,0:47:26.40,0:47:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Todd Anderson, who later worked for\NSuSE for a while was there.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.30,0:47:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sam Ockman who now runs Penguin Computing was there.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:33.30,0:47:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was uh.. He was an employee of VA at the time
Dialogue: 0,0:47:36.70,0:47:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we came up with the concept of Open Source,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:39.60,0:47:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we called Linus in fact and asked Linus if he liked it.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:42.90,0:47:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was interested, He liked it.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:46.10,0:47:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually we came up with something that replaced "Free Software".
Dialogue: 0,0:47:48.60,0:47:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the beginning of Open Source.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.20,0:47:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ How did you chose words "Open Source"? ]
Dialogue: 0,0:47:53.10,0:47:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, I think Christine Peterson was\Nthe person who really came up with the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:57.50,0:48:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, we wanted, again, the idea\Nthat the source code was out there and it was open.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:04.30,0:48:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There weren't many choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.80,0:48:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, since the fist three recipients have\Nspoken for the Open Source movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:12.80,0:48:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I should speak about\Nthe Free Software movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:16.30,0:48:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Open Source movement,\Nfocuses on practical advantages
Dialogue: 0,0:48:19.80,0:48:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can get by having a community of users
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.50,0:48:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who can cooperate on interchanging and improving software.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.60,0:48:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I agree completely with the points they make about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.40,0:48:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why my views are different,\Nwhile I am in the Free Software movement
Dialogue: 0,0:48:34.90,0:48:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than the Open Source movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.00,0:48:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that I believe there's something\Nmore important at stake.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:40.00,0:48:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That freedom to cooperate with other people,\Nfreedom to have a community...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.00,0:48:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is important for our quality of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.20,0:48:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's important for having a good society\Nthat we can live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.30,0:48:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that that is in my view, even more important\Nthan having powerful and reliable software.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:57.80,0:49:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think some of the people in\Nthe Free Software camp...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:02.60,0:49:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a little scared by the commercialization.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.00,0:49:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And uh, you know,\Nof course a rebel is put off by success.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:12.30,0:49:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh.. I think that commercialization is very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:15.90,0:49:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to mainstream this software,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:18.70,0:49:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I work with Richard Stallman\Nwho's the gray haired man of Free Software,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:25.40,0:49:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, on a regular basis, and I don't feel
Dialogue: 0,0:49:28.40,0:49:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have any philosophical differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:31.90,0:49:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,me as author the Open Source definition and
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.00,0:49:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is originator of free software as an organized thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:41.80,0:49:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for one thing.\NRichard thinks that all software should be free,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.80,0:49:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that free software and\Nnon-free software should coexist.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.50,0:49:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the only difference we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:52.00,0:49:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, we decided early on that what we needed,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.80,0:49:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a..a definition, we needed a kind of\Nmeta-license to define the term "Open Source".
Dialogue: 0,0:49:59.00,0:49:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a, a definition, we needed a kind of\Nmeta-license to define the term "Open Source".
Dialogue: 0,0:49:59.80,0:50:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we came up with is a document called\N"The Open Source Definition".
Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.60,0:50:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's derived from the Debian Free Software guidelines\Nthat were originally written by Bruce Parens.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:09.30,0:50:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd written the original draft of that, uh,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:12.60,0:50:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discussed it for a month with the Debian developers
Dialogue: 0,0:50:16.10,0:50:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Debian is a Linux distribution
Dialogue: 0,0:50:18.80,0:50:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And made it their project policy
Dialogue: 0,0:50:22.00,0:50:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Eric and I decided to relabel
Dialogue: 0,0:50:25.70,0:50:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we'd written for Debian
Dialogue: 0,0:50:27.80,0:50:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as The Open Source definition
Dialogue: 0,0:50:29.10,0:50:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to say Open Source is a software
Dialogue: 0,0:50:31.80,0:50:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gives you a list of nine rights
Dialogue: 0,0:50:34.30,0:50:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is in the Open Source definition.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:37.60,0:50:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first right is Free Redistribution
Dialogue: 0,0:50:40.40,0:50:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This doesn't mean Free as in no price
Dialogue: 0,0:50:42.80,0:50:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means liberty
Dialogue: 0,0:50:45.80,0:50:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, you have to be free to redistribute
Dialogue: 0,0:50:48.60,0:50:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your software to someone else
Dialogue: 0,0:50:50.10,0:50:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually no price is a side effect
Dialogue: 0,0:50:52.30,0:50:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can charge for that redistribution or not
Dialogue: 0,0:50:55.60,0:50:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has to come with source code
Dialogue: 0,0:50:58.10,0:51:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that someone can maintain a program.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.50,0:51:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they go from a PC to a Mac for example
Dialogue: 0,0:51:04.60,0:51:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can change the software.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.60,0:51:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Derived Works have to be possible
Dialogue: 0,0:51:10.00,0:51:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If someone has to improve your program
Dialogue: 0,0:51:12.70,0:51:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,um, they should be able to distribute the result
Dialogue: 0,0:51:18.00,0:51:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, There is a provision about integrity
Dialogue: 0,0:51:21.50,0:51:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the author's source code
Dialogue: 0,0:51:23.00,0:51:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which says that the author can sort of\Nmaintain their honor
Dialogue: 0,0:51:27.90,0:51:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you make a change
Dialogue: 0,0:51:30.10,0:51:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might have to change the name of the program
Dialogue: 0,0:51:32.40,0:51:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or mark out your change very clearly
Dialogue: 0,0:51:35.10,0:51:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that your change doesn't reflect on the author
Dialogue: 0,0:51:38.50,0:51:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no discrimination against people or groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:42.40,0:51:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, the example I usually use is
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.90,0:51:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't stop an abortion clinic
Dialogue: 0,0:51:47.40,0:51:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an anti-abortion activist from using the software
Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.60,0:51:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no discrimination against fields of endeavor
Dialogue: 0,0:51:54.60,0:51:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means the software has to be usable
Dialogue: 0,0:51:57.60,0:52:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a business as well as in a school
Dialogue: 0,0:52:00.90,0:52:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The license has to be distributable
Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.50,0:52:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words
Dialogue: 0,0:52:05.70,0:52:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to be able to give that license to someone
Dialogue: 0,0:52:08.90,0:52:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that license then should work
Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.30,0:52:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if that someone gives it to yet a third person
Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.00,0:52:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The license can't be specific to a product
Dialogue: 0,0:52:18.80,0:52:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in other words
Dialogue: 0,0:52:20.00,0:52:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I distribute my software on a Red Hat system
Dialogue: 0,0:52:25.20,0:52:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the license can't say
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.80,0:52:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't distribute this on a SuSE or Debian system
Dialogue: 0,0:52:30.50,0:52:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The license can't contaminate other software
Dialogue: 0,0:52:34.00,0:52:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I distribute this on a CD with another program
Dialogue: 0,0:52:40.40,0:52:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can't say that other program must be free
Dialogue: 0,0:52:43.60,0:52:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise you can't distribute my software
Dialogue: 0,0:52:46.50,0:52:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the only other part of
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.20,0:52:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Open Source definition
Dialogue: 0,0:52:50.40,0:52:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a list of licenses that were accepted
Dialogue: 0,0:52:53.20,0:52:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ones that we started with were the GPL
Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.10,0:53:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was actually the example for a lot of
Dialogue: 0,0:53:00.20,0:53:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's in the Open Source definition in the BSD license
Dialogue: 0,0:53:03.70,0:53:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because software for BSD system pre-existed Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:53:13.50,0:53:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the next moment that I thought\Nwas really pivotal
Dialogue: 0,0:53:17.30,0:53:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was when the database vendors flipped over
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.50,0:53:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which happened about three months sooner
Dialogue: 0,0:53:21.50,0:53:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than I expected to
Dialogue: 0,0:53:22.60,0:53:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually happened in late July early August
Dialogue: 0,0:53:25.00,0:53:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commitments to do one ports from Oracle and
Dialogue: 0,0:53:29.30,0:53:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Sybase and the other key database vendors.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:32.10,0:53:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ And why was that critical? ]
Dialogue: 0,0:53:33.40,0:53:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we knew that in order for
Dialogue: 0,0:53:35.50,0:53:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the open source story to be credible
Dialogue: 0,0:53:37.80,0:53:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially in order for the Linux story\Nto be credible,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:40.50,0:53:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd have to get commitments from\Nindependent software vendors
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.50,0:53:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do ports of their applications to these platforms
Dialogue: 0,0:53:47.00,0:53:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was actually kind of worried
Dialogue: 0,0:53:49.60,0:53:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought that we were in a window of vulnerability
Dialogue: 0,0:53:52.00,0:53:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the time that we announced\Nthe open source campaign
Dialogue: 0,0:53:55.40,0:53:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the database vendors flipped over
Dialogue: 0,0:53:57.20,0:53:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was the point in which hostile action
Dialogue: 0,0:53:59.80,0:54:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Microsoft or other close-source software companies
Dialogue: 0,0:54:03.50,0:54:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was the point in which
Dialogue: 0,0:54:04.80,0:54:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a serious marketing bleeds might have suck us
Dialogue: 0,0:54:07.30,0:54:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but once the big database vendors flipped over
Dialogue: 0,0:54:11.30,0:54:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that opened the way for other ISVs
Dialogue: 0,0:54:13.80,0:54:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that started the snow ball effect going
Dialogue: 0,0:54:15.70,0:54:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every six months or so
Dialogue: 0,0:54:17.80,0:54:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would come back to the venture capitalists
Dialogue: 0,0:54:19.40,0:54:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would show them the new numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:54:21.10,0:54:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing more and more people adopting Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:54:23.20,0:54:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and new people porting, new users
Dialogue: 0,0:54:25.00,0:54:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd show them our customer list
Dialogue: 0,0:54:26.60,0:54:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our customer list was getting much more impressive
Dialogue: 0,0:54:29.90,0:54:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was people like Cisco that were beginning to appear
Dialogue: 0,0:54:32.50,0:54:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people like, you know, those dot-com companies
Dialogue: 0,0:54:35.00,0:54:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were started to show up on our customer list
Dialogue: 0,0:54:37.40,0:54:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually the venture capitalists
Dialogue: 0,0:54:40.00,0:54:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, they kept looking at it
Dialogue: 0,0:54:42.00,0:54:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they kept saying "Oh, we can't quite do it"
Dialogue: 0,0:54:43.80,0:54:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, Linus appeared on the cover of Fortune
Dialogue: 0,0:54:47.00,0:54:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was something happening with Open Source
Dialogue: 0,0:54:49.30,0:54:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, at that point, the venture capitalists\Ncouldn't ignore it
Dialogue: 0,0:54:53.70,0:54:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just got sick of hearing about Linux everywhere
Dialogue: 0,0:54:56.60,0:54:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they got tired of me, just, you know
Dialogue: 0,0:54:58.50,0:55:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing it to them every,\Nat that point it was almost every week
Dialogue: 0,0:55:01.90,0:55:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they uh, they decided it was time to invest,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:04.50,0:55:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was something happening
Dialogue: 0,0:55:06.30,0:55:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I announced Open Source to the world on the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:55:09.80,0:55:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did a lot of the early... administrative the work of
Dialogue: 0,0:55:13.20,0:55:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting the Open Source Initiative
Dialogue: 0,0:55:16.70,0:55:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think six months later
Dialogue: 0,0:55:18.50,0:55:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was reading the words Open Source
Dialogue: 0,0:55:21.00,0:55:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the news all the time
Dialogue: 0,0:55:23.60,0:55:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was totally astounded
Dialogue: 0,0:55:25.90,0:55:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a year later, I believe
Dialogue: 0,0:55:27.10,0:55:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microsoft was talking about releasing some source code
Dialogue: 0,0:55:32.20,0:55:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And someone in the press asked Steve Ballmer
Dialogue: 0,0:55:34.40,0:55:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they were going to open source their code
Dialogue: 0,0:55:37.00,0:55:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Steve Ballmer said,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:38.50,0:55:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, Open Source means more than\Njust releasing the source code"
Dialogue: 0,0:55:42.80,0:55:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I realized that he had read my document
Dialogue: 0,0:55:45.40,0:55:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understood it and was now telling\Nthe press about this
Dialogue: 0,0:55:48.60,0:55:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you are like just a guy on the net
Dialogue: 0,0:55:51.60,0:55:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's not doing this for a job at all
Dialogue: 0,0:55:53.90,0:55:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you sort of write a manifesto
Dialogue: 0,0:55:55.70,0:55:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it spreads out through the world
Dialogue: 0,0:55:58.00,0:55:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a year later
Dialogue: 0,0:55:59.00,0:56:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vice president of Microsoft is talking about that
Dialogue: 0,0:56:02.10,0:56:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd think you were on drugs, wouldn't you?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:05.40,0:56:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's what really happened
Dialogue: 0,0:56:13.00,0:56:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Local Users Groups\Ntend to be more than an issue of
Dialogue: 0,0:56:18.90,0:56:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building a social network
Dialogue: 0,0:56:22.20,0:56:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially getting people familiarized with the issues
Dialogue: 0,0:56:29.40,0:56:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also just acting as a kind of supporting network
Dialogue: 0,0:56:33.60,0:56:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people who do not, for example, have the ability
Dialogue: 0,0:56:38.90,0:56:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pay for commercial support network
Dialogue: 0,0:56:42.10,0:56:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing they're doing in this area
Dialogue: 0,0:56:44.70,0:56:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, is they're making these.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:46.60,0:56:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's once a month
Dialogue: 0,0:56:48.70,0:56:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're having install feasts, which mean that
Dialogue: 0,0:56:54.10,0:56:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting Linux installed on their machines
Dialogue: 0,0:56:57.10,0:56:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or have some issue, I mean
Dialogue: 0,0:56:58.60,0:57:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe they've installed Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:57:00.00,0:57:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but want to set up the network in a specific way
Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.60,0:57:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can actually bring in their machines
Dialogue: 0,0:57:04.70,0:57:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this users group meeting
Dialogue: 0,0:57:05.80,0:57:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a lot of people there willing to help
Dialogue: 0,0:57:09.40,0:57:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who may have seen the same problem before.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:22.40,0:57:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, actually things aren't so well.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:24.10,0:57:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried it earlier myself. I had problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:27.30,0:57:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I came to this install feast world.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:29.70,0:57:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the gurus abound.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:31.40,0:57:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully I'll have better luck getting it in.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:35.30,0:57:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of having, uh, sending e-mails, or
Dialogue: 0,0:57:38.10,0:57:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writing to news groups on the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:57:40.00,0:57:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and waiting several days for the answers sometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:57:42.50,0:57:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's easy to come here and find other people
Dialogue: 0,0:57:45.50,0:57:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who might know about your problem
Dialogue: 0,0:57:46.70,0:57:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and may be able to help you
Dialogue: 0,0:57:48.60,0:57:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hopefully within a few hours
Dialogue: 0,0:57:49.70,0:57:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have your machine installed
Dialogue: 0,0:57:51.90,0:57:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Originally I wanted to it install on\Nuh, my larger laptop
Dialogue: 0,0:57:56.10,0:57:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I just did a search on the net
Dialogue: 0,0:57:57.80,0:58:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and found where there were resources to get help
Dialogue: 0,0:58:02.40,0:58:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And um, I'm here today
Dialogue: 0,0:58:04.10,0:58:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause I'm trying to put Linux on\Nthis little guy right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:07.80,0:58:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a Toshiba Libretto
Dialogue: 0,0:58:10.10,0:58:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a easy thing in the world to do
Dialogue: 0,0:58:12.70,0:58:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's a weird piece hardware, So...
Dialogue: 0,0:58:15.30,0:58:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any chairs right here?
Dialogue: 0,0:58:29.20,0:58:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that Department of Justice case
Dialogue: 0,0:58:31.00,0:58:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has made people aware of the fact that
Dialogue: 0,0:58:33.00,0:58:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should at least look for alternatives to Microsoft.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:36.00,0:58:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe Microsoft isn't the American dream after all
Dialogue: 0,0:58:40.10,0:58:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that kind of shifting perception
Dialogue: 0,0:58:43.30,0:58:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can very clearly see
Dialogue: 0,0:58:45.10,0:58:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people just took Microsoft for granted
Dialogue: 0,0:58:49.60,0:58:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe they're still buying Microsoft but at least
Dialogue: 0,0:58:52.00,0:58:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're kind of more aware of the issue these days
Dialogue: 0,0:58:54.90,0:58:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microsoft actually uses Linux as defense
Dialogue: 0,0:58:57.60,0:58:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They used Linux to ground a claim
Dialogue: 0,0:58:59.00,0:59:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they don't have a monopoly
Dialogue: 0,0:59:00.00,0:59:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Linux could essentially
Dialogue: 0,0:59:03.10,0:59:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,push them off their catbird any time.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:05.00,0:59:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a very ingenious argument,\Ntotally specious
Dialogue: 0,0:59:07.80,0:59:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it didn't
Dialogue: 0,0:59:09.60,0:59:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do anything to answer the charge
Dialogue: 0,0:59:11.80,0:59:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had previously engaged in
Dialogue: 0,0:59:13.40,0:59:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bullying and very anti-competitive practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:16.10,0:59:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was clever of them
Dialogue: 0,0:59:17.70,0:59:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in an event, the judge didn't buy it
Dialogue: 0,0:59:22.50,0:59:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While ordinarily we in the Linux community are\Nrather worried about
Dialogue: 0,0:59:25.10,0:59:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,letting Microsoft become the issue,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:27.50,0:59:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there was a Slashdot article\Nabout December of '98
Dialogue: 0,0:59:32.70,0:59:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a fellow named Matt at the noodle\Nhad pointed out that...
Dialogue: 0,0:59:38.50,0:59:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the of Australia has managed\Nto receive a refund for
Dialogue: 0,0:59:41.50,0:59:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the unused copy of Windows that\Ncame with his computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:45.50,0:59:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he declared the 19th of January, was January?
Dialogue: 0,0:59:50.00,0:59:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,err, no, It was February. It was February.\NOh, I'm sorry, the 19th the February...
Dialogue: 0,0:59:52.40,0:59:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he declared 19th the February\NWindows Refund Day.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:54.50,0:59:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he encouraged everyone to go to\Nthe computer manufacturers,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:56.80,0:59:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and return their unused copies of Windows...
Dialogue: 0,0:59:59.80,1:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it was specified in the\NWindows End-User License Agreement.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:03.00,1:00:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's important to remember that\Nin the License itself, it says that
Dialogue: 0,1:00:06.10,1:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can receive a refund if you don't use the software,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:11.00,1:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the manufacture is bound by law to do this...
Dialogue: 0,1:00:14.00,1:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it was bond by contract.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:16.00,1:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we found if you called up\Nthese manufactures, they basically said...
Dialogue: 0,1:00:19.00,1:00:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Stop bothering me." and keep hanging up on you.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:21.20,1:00:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't really wanna sort of giving out our location,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:24.20,1:00:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or where we were going to meet, until...
Dialogue: 0,1:00:27.40,1:00:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, at the very last seconds.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:28.40,1:00:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we did is, we have people meet\Nat the place where we could control
Dialogue: 0,1:00:31.80,1:00:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the different towns around here.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:33.50,1:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I was the San Jose marshal, and I believe Nick you were...
Dialogue: 0,1:00:37.00,1:00:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was..., Rick Moen and I did San Francisco.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:39.40,1:00:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right
Dialogue: 0,1:00:40.00,1:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we had the maps there and we\Nhanded them off everybody who was coming.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:44.00,1:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we actually met at a Denny's\NThat's just outside of the Foster City limits...
Dialogue: 0,1:00:48.00,1:00:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Foster City city limits,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:49.60,1:00:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant also just outside of\NFoster City Police jurisdiction,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:53.00,1:00:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant any, any instances\Nthat happened at the meeting point
Dialogue: 0,1:00:56.60,1:00:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened in the jurisdiction of San Mateo,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:58.90,1:01:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they told us they get lost, we'd say,\N"Fine, we are going to Foster city. Bye."
Dialogue: 0,1:01:02.50,1:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's sort of the Dukes of Hazzard method of\Navoiding the cops, so...
Dialogue: 0,1:01:07.50,1:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well actually, originally we marched\Non the other side of this building.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:11.00,1:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We marched around and up onto the parking\Nstructure that's up there,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.00,1:01:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's where Microsoft had a reception\Nlaid out for us with
Dialogue: 0,1:01:17.90,1:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drinks\Nand a big sign that said...
Dialogue: 0,1:01:20.00,1:01:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Microsoft Welcomes the Open Source Community".
Dialogue: 0,1:01:22.40,1:01:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the local news cameras got shots of\NEric Raymond and Microsoft representative.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:27.50,1:01:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microsoft's story seems to mostly be that...
Dialogue: 0,1:01:30.50,1:01:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...this was not an issue for Microsoft,\Nrather from the OEMs.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:35.00,1:01:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we all needed to go back to our\Ncomputer manufacturers and try yet again
Dialogue: 0,1:01:38.30,1:01:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and get refund from them.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:40.40,1:01:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We responded to them saying, you know,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:42.10,1:01:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we tried that and it's not possible,\Nwe need Microsoft to take action at this point.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:46.40,1:01:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they just repeated the tag line\Nover and over again...
Dialogue: 0,1:01:49.00,1:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"you need to go to the OEMs and manufacturers\Nand get your refunds there."
Dialogue: 0,1:01:52.50,1:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had about 150 people,\Nprobably half of voyage had signs and such, so..
Dialogue: 0,1:01:58.50,1:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we ended up actually right\Nin this courtyard here.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:02.50,1:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically we originally met, gathered outside,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:06.00,1:02:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various people sent groups in,\Npeople from FreeBSD camp sent a couple of folks in.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:11.00,1:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had Eric Raymond and Christ\Nactually tried to go up eventually.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:15.30,1:02:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had blocked the elevator off to us.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:17.60,1:02:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Where are the offices? ]
Dialogue: 0,1:02:18.80,1:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The offices are right up here on the 9th floor.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:23.00,1:02:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got some really nice parts out of it.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:25.30,1:02:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we think as a result
Dialogue: 0,1:02:26.50,1:02:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Toshiba made a possible for you to buy\Nlaptop without the operating system on it.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:31.20,1:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's a small victory, but...
Dialogue: 0,1:02:33.10,1:02:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, even now, companies such as IBM and...
Dialogue: 0,1:02:37.20,1:02:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of other computer manufacturers\Nare allowing you...
Dialogue: 0,1:02:39.50,1:02:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now to buy machines that don't have\NWindows on them.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:51.00,1:02:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a kid and I went to school,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:53.80,1:02:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the teachers will try to teach us to share.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:56.10,1:02:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said if you bring some candy,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:58.10,1:03:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't eat it all yourself, you\Ngot to share with other kids.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:01.20,1:03:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now the administration says teachers\Nshould be teaching kids to say yes to licensing.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:06.80,1:03:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you bring some software to school,\N"Oh! No, don't share it...
Dialogue: 0,1:03:09.80,1:03:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...sharing means you're pirate,\Nsharing means you will be put in jail."
Dialogue: 0,1:03:14.00,1:03:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not the way society should work.\NWe need the good will,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:19.00,1:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the willingness to help other people\Nat least when it's not too hard,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:23.30,1:03:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's the basis of society,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:25.50,1:03:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the fundamental resource.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:28.00,1:03:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They give us a society instead of\Na dog-eat-dog jungle.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:31.90,1:03:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ So what about people say if that if
Dialogue: 0,1:03:33.10,1:03:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have rampant piracy and eliminate\Nthe profit motive and...
Dialogue: 0,1:03:36.20,1:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and creative works, software.\NWill not... ]
Dialogue: 0,1:03:38.00,1:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, they were on both counts. For one thing,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:41.00,1:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are making a profit from\Ndeveloping Free Software,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:45.00,1:03:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for another, the freedom to\Nhave a community is more important.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:50.00,1:03:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ People that look at, casually at\NOpen Source Free Software and think...
Dialogue: 0,1:03:53.80,1:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, because you are supposed to\Nshare and do it for people's good will,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:57.00,1:03:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doesn't that seem someone communist.\NWhat's your response? ]
Dialogue: 0,1:03:59.40,1:04:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely nonsense,\Nit makes me really angry when people do that.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:03.20,1:04:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, back in, back in 1989,\Nactually communism would have been a compliment.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:08.20,1:04:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word people were using at that time\Nwas "crazy",
Dialogue: 0,1:04:10.60,1:04:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want them to use capitalism.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:12.50,1:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Communism is an ideology that forces people to share.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:16.10,1:04:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't share, you get thrown in jail or killed.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:19.90,1:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1990, we got a visit from a director\Nof an institute in uh, the Moscow University,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:26.10,1:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually I saw him in Helsinki just 2 weeks ago,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:31.20,1:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in an event, he came by,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:33.20,1:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Richard Stallman had suggested\Nthat he visit Cygnus,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:37.00,1:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he was interested in and\Nunderstanding how the Free Software model...
Dialogue: 0,1:04:41.00,1:04:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might apply to stimulating entrepreneurial\Ninnovation in Russia of all places,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:46.30,1:04:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had been kind of secretive\Nabout our business plan,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:50.50,1:04:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you know, we were not really\Nsure it's gonna work,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:53.20,1:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't want to look too stupid if it failed.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:56.00,1:04:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I was very very open with him.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:58.30,1:05:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more I told him,\Nthe more he started to shake his head like this,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:02.40,1:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I finally said, you know, "What's wrong?"
Dialogue: 0,1:05:06.00,1:05:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "This sounds to much like communism\Nto be successful in Russia."
Dialogue: 0,1:05:13.00,1:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You got to go a Gulag and end up in a mass grave\Nwith a bullet in the back of your head.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:17.00,1:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Open Source is not communism\Nbecause it does not force people.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:23.00,1:05:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carl Marx did not invent helping your neighbor.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:27.80,1:05:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not communist to have a commons,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:31.90,1:05:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A commons existed long before communism as\Na philosophy of government.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:39.40,1:05:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are many commons in our lives,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:41.50,1:05:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we drive on the highway,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:43.60,1:05:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something it is maintained for our common good.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:47.00,1:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually labeling our business model...
Dialogue: 0,1:05:51.60,1:05:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that it misses the point a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:53.70,1:05:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's communist, or whether it's capitalist,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:54.80,1:05:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the label doesn't matter, the real question is,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:58.40,1:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much value can you deliver,\Nhow scalable is the business,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:02.00,1:06:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kind of problems,\Nwhat kind of of rate of innovation can you sustain.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:05.30,1:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, however you want to label that,\Nit's really up to you.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:10.40,1:06:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Revolution goes Prime Time.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:37.60,1:06:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of people described,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:39.10,1:06:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that August LinuxWorld as\N"Linux's coming-out party",
Dialogue: 0,1:06:42.00,1:06:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linus Torvalds was very funny about this,\Nhe said, "What? Was Linux gay?"
Dialogue: 0,1:06:48.00,1:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some people said\N"Yeah, that was our debutante ball."
Dialogue: 0,1:06:51.60,1:06:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was when the...
Dialogue: 0,1:06:52.70,1:06:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linux Gods, and the hardware hackers\Nreally got it together with the suits.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:06.80,1:07:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At 3pm on August 10th 1999,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:09.80,1:07:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linus Torvalds delivered the keynote\Naddress to the LinuxWorld.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:13.40,1:07:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crowds of 6000 people began lining up at 12 noon.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:37.50,1:07:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentlemen,\Nplease welcome Larry Augustin...
Dialogue: 0,1:07:40.00,1:07:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LinuxWorld Conference Chair and President and\NCEO of VA Linux Systems.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:54.00,1:07:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These guys have to clap, I pay them.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:57.00,1:08:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you all for being here,\Nlooks like it's been a great show so far.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:01.30,1:08:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you'll indulge me for a moment, I'm going to\Ntry to avoid the glare of the lights.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:07.80,1:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still think there's lots of people,\Neven though this is the 2nd show,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:11.00,1:08:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still think there's lots of people\Nwho don't quite get...
Dialogue: 0,1:08:14.50,1:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...what it is that's so exciting about Linux.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:17.00,1:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a great show going\Non next door,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:19.00,1:08:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's huge exhibits and everything,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:21.70,1:08:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's the people out here\Nthat are real contributors, not those companies.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:26.60,1:08:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The person on next I know you all know,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:29.50,1:08:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I don't have to give anything in the way\Nas introduction.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:32.40,1:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentlemen, I give you, Linus Torvalds.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:36.00,1:08:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linus
Dialogue: 0,1:08:44.00,1:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:48.00,1:08:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Calm down.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:55.50,1:08:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Calm down.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:57.50,1:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say "oooo".
Dialogue: 0,1:08:59.00,1:09:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:00.20,1:09:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to just give one\Nof my normal talks,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:03.60,1:09:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I find them boring,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:05.10,1:09:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably by now most of you find them boring\Ntoo because you've heard them like 10 times.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:10.00,1:09:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But after the technical updates,\Nwe will actually try...
Dialogue: 0,1:09:12.70,1:09:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...whether we can do a question and\Nanswer session with 5,000 people,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:17.30,1:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how many of you there are there.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:21.00,1:09:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it may not actually work out,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:23.20,1:09:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because one of the 5,000 people is really loud.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:26.90,1:09:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one thing I will do,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:28.00,1:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I always do in all my talks is\Nthe gratitude thing,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:32.40,1:09:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to kind of acknowledge the fact that...
Dialogue: 0,1:09:35.50,1:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...I'm obviously not been alone in doing Linux.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:38.00,1:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,RHAT IPO: On August 11, 1999
Dialogue: 0,1:09:40.00,1:09:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Red Hat Software became\Nthe first Linux company to go public.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:43.70,1:09:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Red Hat, up 228%
Dialogue: 0,1:09:45.70,1:09:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this the IPO the everybody was waiting for.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:48.80,1:09:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They of cause are behind\Nthe Linux operating software.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:58.00,1:10:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Morgan J.T., I know
Dialogue: 0,1:10:03.00,1:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All I've gotten today,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:04.00,1:10:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are comments about\Nwhat the stock prices all morning,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:07.40,1:10:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know it was 41, it was 42, it was 47,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:10.90,1:10:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is 53, it is 51...
Dialogue: 0,1:10:13.80,1:10:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every machine as far as I can tell\Non the show floor
Dialogue: 0,1:10:17.60,1:10:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is pointed to their e-trade accounts or their\Nbroker accounts, they know the Red Hat's price
Dialogue: 0,1:10:22.40,1:10:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't believe this.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:24.90,1:10:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just heard 53.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:26.70,1:10:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, boy.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:27.70,1:10:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hang on, I didn't buy it.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:29.70,1:10:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't buy?
Dialogue: 0,1:10:31.10,1:10:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, I didn't buy.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:33.30,1:10:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should've buy, but uh...
Dialogue: 0,1:10:35.00,1:10:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No no, that's great.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:36.60,1:10:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it's... if it's....
Dialogue: 0,1:10:38.10,1:10:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You guys don't know?
Dialogue: 0,1:10:39.40,1:10:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you know
Dialogue: 0,1:10:40.50,1:10:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Red Hat being successful as just being said
Dialogue: 0,1:10:42.80,1:10:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It legitimizes Linux\NSo it's much easier for us to go out
Dialogue: 0,1:11:03.00,1:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rob Malda (CmdrTaco) ...\Non the Red Hat IPO
Dialogue: 0,1:11:06.00,1:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of been a little bit divided.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:08.00,1:11:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got a lot of people
Dialogue: 0,1:11:09.00,1:11:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are pretty hardcore and
Dialogue: 0,1:11:10.00,1:11:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are a kind of offended by that
Dialogue: 0,1:11:11.30,1:11:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, cause they worked really hard,\Nthey are not really getting...
Dialogue: 0,1:11:14.40,1:11:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe they fair share out of that.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:16.90,1:11:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people do get ticked.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:18.10,1:11:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you know the thing
Dialogue: 0,1:11:19.20,1:11:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you see that on a lot of mailing lists\Non the Slashdot you'll read, you know
Dialogue: 0,1:11:21.40,1:11:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This guy is really mad because he didn't\Nget chance to, he's didn't get a chance to do...
Dialogue: 0,1:11:28.30,1:11:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get stock from Red Hat
Dialogue: 0,1:11:29.70,1:11:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He didn't get a chance to get...\Nto get a job from this other company, you know.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:35.20,1:11:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the, the kind of the shocking secret\Nthere is that,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:38.70,1:11:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most the really hardcore guys,\Nyou know, they don't care so much.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:41.80,1:11:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The guys that are kind of really down in trenches.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:43.60,1:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're writing this code because\Nthey need this code.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:46.30,1:11:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we could invite Richard Stallman
Dialogue: 0,1:11:48.40,1:11:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is the founder of\Nthe Free Software Association
Dialogue: 0,1:11:51.80,1:11:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Tim Ney, who's the managing director.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:53.70,1:11:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go. Hahahahaha
Dialogue: 0,1:11:57.00,1:11:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, here it is.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:00.00,1:12:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Richard, I saw you playing your recorder\Nat, in Paris at that Linux conference
Dialogue: 0,1:12:04.80,1:12:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I didn't have audio tracks.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:06.20,1:12:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So would you them to add audio to their, uh...
Dialogue: 0,1:12:08.40,1:12:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Video downstream next time
Dialogue: 0,1:12:10.40,1:12:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh..I don't have any control over that
Dialogue: 0,1:12:12.60,1:12:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unfortunately those things can\Nonly be done with non-free software.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:20.10,1:12:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We give you the award, and before you say a word,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:23.40,1:12:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll have a Tim and yourself hold up\Na little representation of the contribution
Dialogue: 0,1:12:28.50,1:12:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards the Free Software Association.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:30.80,1:12:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, very ironic things have happened,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:35.20,1:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nothing to match this
Dialogue: 0,1:12:38.00,1:12:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Giving the Linus Tovarlds award\Nto the Free Software Foundation
Dialogue: 0,1:12:41.60,1:12:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sort of like giving the\NHan Solo award to the rebel fleet.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:50.20,1:12:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, some of you may not realize how far\Nthat analogy goes.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:57.80,1:13:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually let me tell you\Nhow this, how we got here.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:01.30,1:13:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see what happened this.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:02.80,1:13:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15 years ago, if you wanted to use a computer,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:05.40,1:13:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only way you could do it\Nwas to, was with proprietary software,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:10.30,1:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software that divides and subjugates the users.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:13.00,1:13:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most people just...
Dialogue: 0,1:13:14.90,1:13:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of people didn't like it.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:16.20,1:13:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they saw there's no alternative.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:17.70,1:13:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of us were determined\Nto make an alternative.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:21.50,1:13:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we said we're gonna develop\Na free operating system,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:25.60,1:13:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a free software operating system
Dialogue: 0,1:13:27.40,1:13:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will give users the chance to have freedom\Nwhile they use their computers.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:33.70,1:13:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now a lot of people said, "Well, it's a nice idea
Dialogue: 0,1:13:36.30,1:13:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's so hard, you'll never get it done,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:38.60,1:13:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I don't wanna participate,\NI don't believe you can ever get it done."
Dialogue: 0,1:13:42.50,1:13:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But luckily not everybody said that.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:45.30,1:13:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And clearly, we knew\Nwe would eventually get the kernel done.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:49.20,1:13:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as it happens.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:50.50,1:13:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody else did a better kernel before we did.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:53.60,1:13:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in the old days, we had an overall strategy
Dialogue: 0,1:13:57.20,1:14:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from calling people's attention\Nto the importance of freedom
Dialogue: 0,1:14:00.80,1:14:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the freedom they can have, or not have,\Nwhen they use a computer.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:05.50,1:14:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well what can we do about it?\NAs far as I can tell,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:07.60,1:14:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only workable way of trying to\Nchange this make that strategy work again
Dialogue: 0,1:14:14.00,1:14:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to, spread the word that the operating system\Nyou're using is actually the GNU system.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:19.90,1:14:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somewhat modify of cause.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:23.20,1:14:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when people know this,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:25.10,1:14:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll take a look at the reasons\Nwe developed this system.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:28.60,1:14:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll think about these issues.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:30.50,1:14:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of them will decide they agree.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:33.30,1:14:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I ask people,\Nplease tell the people this is the GNU system.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:36.60,1:14:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the combination of the GNU and Linux\Nso we can call it GNU/Linux
Dialogue: 0,1:14:46.60,1:14:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ So Larry, when you were at Stanford \N8 or 9 years ago during your Ph.D
Dialogue: 0,1:14:49.90,1:14:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did you ever think in this position? ]
Dialogue: 0,1:14:51.60,1:14:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No
Dialogue: 0,1:14:52.50,1:14:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ All kidding aside. ]
Dialogue: 0,1:14:53.90,1:14:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No I had no idea honestly
Dialogue: 0,1:14:55.80,1:14:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ What did you think you would be\Nwhen you were finished up with your Ph.D? ]
Dialogue: 0,1:14:58.60,1:15:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know that's a good question,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:00.00,1:15:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really didn't have a good idea, I mean.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:02.30,1:15:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are, on this huge show floor.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:05.60,1:15:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are people just going crazy about Linux.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:08.60,1:15:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had 6,200 people crammed into a room
Dialogue: 0,1:15:12.00,1:15:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see the Linux, Linus speak last night.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:15.30,1:15:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are, with, you know,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:16.90,1:15:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these huge venders all over the show.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:19.60,1:15:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I..It's, just, you have no idea that\Nthis is gonna happen.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:22.70,1:15:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean this is just this little operating system\Nthat were happy with.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:25.50,1:15:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that few people cared about, you know,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:27.50,1:15:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought I'd have a nice little\Nconsulting business.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:29.50,1:15:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here I am suddenly,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:30.90,1:15:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all of this huge show going on.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:33.40,1:15:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just incredible.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:34.40,1:15:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, a year ago, you could look and say,\Nyou know, this is gonna be big
Dialogue: 0,1:15:37.60,1:15:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everyone standing at the show going
Dialogue: 0,1:15:39.40,1:15:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You know the show was big last year,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:41.80,1:15:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it gonna, is it gonna be as big as this year?"
Dialogue: 0,1:15:44.90,1:15:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The you remind them
Dialogue: 0,1:15:46.10,1:15:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You know, last year was only 6 month ago."
Dialogue: 0,1:15:48.40,1:15:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they go "Oh, , Linux time".
Dialogue: 0,1:16:17.00,1:16:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So leading up to the IPO, uh...
Dialogue: 0,1:16:19.20,1:16:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had arrived actually in San Diego\Non Tuesday night
Dialogue: 0,1:16:25.50,1:16:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We spent Wednesday morning meeting investors\Nin San Diago.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:29.90,1:16:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We flew up to San Francisco
Dialogue: 0,1:16:31.30,1:16:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spent Wednesday afternoon meeting\Ninvestment firms in San Francisco
Dialogue: 0,1:16:35.20,1:16:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,VA Linux Selected\NDecember 9, 1999, as the day\Nfor its stock to begin trading.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:36.10,1:16:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then on the Thursday morning of the IPO is
Dialogue: 0,1:16:39.50,1:16:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when our stock would be traded publically.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:42.00,1:16:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was nice we had ended\Nthe tour in San Francisco
Dialogue: 0,1:16:45.80,1:16:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we could go to the credits suite's\Ntrading desk the next morning
Dialogue: 0,1:16:49.70,1:16:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to watch the public offering.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:51.60,1:16:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in San Francisco being close\Nenough to the company, and to our families,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:55.60,1:16:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could invite people up to\Nactually join us in the first trade.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:59.60,1:17:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I invited my wife and we invited Linus and Tove,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:02.70,1:17:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a number of other friends and people\Nwho worked in the company in to join us.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:06.20,1:17:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever we invite Linus and Tove,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:07.70,1:17:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have uh, two young children,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:10.80,1:17:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have a daughter, Andrea.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:12.80,1:17:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we always bring the kids along
Dialogue: 0,1:17:14.30,1:17:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we went in to the credit suite's trading floor
Dialogue: 0,1:17:16.30,1:17:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all these traders and there are these 3 year old kids
Dialogue: 0,1:17:18.70,1:17:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running around and chasing each other\Naround the show floor,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:21.00,1:17:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the trading floor.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:22.00,1:17:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Linus and I walked in and\Nwe walked up in to the trading floor
Dialogue: 0,1:17:27.30,1:17:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everyone was very excited.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:28.60,1:17:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we kept asking them, well\N"Hows it going? Are things going ok?".
Dialogue: 0,1:17:31.80,1:17:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they said, "Oh, it's.. uh, we're really excited,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:34.60,1:17:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think things are going well.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:35.80,1:17:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't wanna, We don't wanna say,\NWe don't wanna jinx anything."
Dialogue: 0,1:17:39.40,1:17:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We walked in and it was a big screen TV showing CNBC.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:44.00,1:17:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was amazing to us,\Nbut the theme for the day was Linux.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:48.10,1:17:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have an IPO that's gonna go today.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:50.50,1:17:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I mean go, it is going to go.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:52.70,1:17:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The estimates I'm hearing are staggering.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:54.70,1:17:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But watch VA Linux Systems. It goes at 12:40 today.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:58.20,1:17:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The symbol is L-N-U-X.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:59.90,1:18:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A provider of large scale computer\Nservers and workstations,
Dialogue: 0,1:18:03.50,1:18:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specially designed for the Linux operating system.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:05.70,1:18:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The original range on this IPO was\N11 to 13 dollars, then 21 to 23, then 28 to 30.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:12.00,1:18:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Priced at 30, and the estimates I'm hearing\NI don't wanna repeat
Dialogue: 0,1:18:15.30,1:18:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I don't have a confirmation.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:16.60,1:18:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if they're true, they will blow you're mind\Nwhen this stock takes off at 12:40.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:21.50,1:18:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I turned to Linus and I said "Gee, did you ever think,
Dialogue: 0,1:18:23.90,1:18:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, you'd walk in here some day and\NLinux would be THE theme on CNBC?".
Dialogue: 0,1:18:29.70,1:18:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Linus said in his joking way said "Oh Absolutely!".
Dialogue: 0,1:18:32.80,1:18:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we walk in and they show us\Nthe buy and sell orders coming in..
Dialogue: 0,1:18:36.30,1:18:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's incredible.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:38.30,1:18:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing numbers like\N320 dollars, 340 dollars a share.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:42.50,1:18:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm just in complete shock.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:44.40,1:18:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, this is over 10 times\Nwhere we priced the offering. It was incredible.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:50.00,1:18:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember Linus just kind of,\Nsort of patting me on the back and saying,
Dialogue: 0,1:18:54.00,1:18:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know "Relax..." and it was\Npretty exciting to see that.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:58.00,1:19:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were, it was just amazing. We were stunned.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:01.30,1:19:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were lucky that we were able to\Nget back to the offices,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:04.30,1:19:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd been in San Francisco\Nso we could come back to VA's offices
Dialogue: 0,1:19:08.10,1:19:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to, to see everyone in the office for the IPO.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:10.60,1:19:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we got back, we had uh,\Neveryone was obviously very excited.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:16.10,1:19:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The IPO had done just tremendously well.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:18.80,1:19:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had a little party that we put together.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:22.40,1:19:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was interesting, while we were celebrating
Dialogue: 0,1:19:24.10,1:19:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were plenty of people that were still trying to work.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:26.60,1:19:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I recall cries of "Be quiet!",\N"We're on the phone!", "We're Working!",
Dialogue: 0,1:19:30.40,1:19:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, as we uh, as we went in to the offices.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:34.10,1:19:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things I did was\NI gave the road show presentation
Dialogue: 0,1:19:37.90,1:19:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the employees back at the office,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:39.70,1:19:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they could have an idea of\Nwhat we'd been telling investors,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:42.80,1:19:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understand exactly what we'd uh,\Nput together for them.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:46.40,1:19:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again the story of the day is VA Linux,\Nnow up 766% to 235 dollars to 265.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:55.30,1:19:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sue, the best performing IPO ever.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:57.70,1:20:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here it goes, Sycamore Networks was uh,\Npriced at 38 dollars, surged to $270.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:03.50,1:20:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has just beat it. And by the way..
Dialogue: 0,1:20:05.80,1:20:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ How do you feel about potentially billions\Nof dollars of wealth being created
Dialogue: 0,1:20:10.00,1:20:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from your creation,\Nthat you're not directly cashing out? ]
Dialogue: 0,1:20:14.60,1:20:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if I hadn't made Linux available, I mean,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:18.00,1:20:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't have gotten any money that way either.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:21.30,1:20:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I mean, It's a win-win situation.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:24.20,1:20:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, just the fact that there are\Na lot of commercial companies
Dialogue: 0,1:20:31.10,1:20:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that there are a lot of Linux people\Nwho used to work on Linux kind of on the side.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:37.50,1:20:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now they get paid for\Ndoing what they wanted to do.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:40.20,1:20:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that helps me in the sense that\NI wanted them to work on Linux anyway.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:06.40,1:21:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole GNU project is really one big hack.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:12.20,1:21:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one big act of subversive playful cleverness,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:16.20,1:21:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change society for the better, because\NI'm only interested in changing it for the better,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:22.40,1:21:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in a clever way.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:26.80,1:21:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, we're the GNU/Stallmans, and this is\N"The Free Software Song"