0:00:01.500,0:00:09.000
Any comments, suggestions and bug reports[br]regarding the subtitle.[br]E-mail to: geek@geekbone.org

0:00:09.500,0:00:11.000
I was at the Agenda 2000

0:00:11.600,0:00:14.400
and uh, one of the people who was there[br]was Craig Mundie,

0:00:14.400,0:00:17.500
who is some kind of[br]high mucky muck at Microsoft,

0:00:18.000,0:00:21.500
I think uh, vice-president of consumer products[br]or something like that.

0:00:21.500,0:00:24.300
And uh, I hadn't actually met him

0:00:24.500,0:00:28.200
I, I, I, uh, bumped in to him in an,[br]in an elevator... in an elevator

0:00:28.300,0:00:32.300
And uh, I looked at his badge and said,[br]"Oh, I see you work for Microsoft."

0:00:32.800,0:00:36.300
And he looked back to me and said,[br]"Oh, yeah and what do you do?"

0:00:36.400,0:00:39.300
And I thought he seemed just a sort of a tad dismissive

0:00:39.400,0:00:42.500
I mean, here's the archetypal, you know,[br]guy in a suit

0:00:43.000,0:00:44.500
looking at a scruffy hacker

0:00:45.100,0:00:47.700
And so I gave him the thousand[br]yard stare and said,

0:00:47.700,0:00:49.600
"I'm your worst nightmare."

0:00:49.800,0:00:53.400
Wonderview Productions[br]PRESENTS

0:00:53.400,0:00:57.400
A[br]J.T.S. Moore[br]FILM

0:00:58.800,0:01:03.700
REVOLUTION OS

0:01:05.400,0:01:07.600
For most its short, but colorful history,

0:01:07.600,0:01:09.600
the computer industry has been dominated

0:01:09.600,0:01:11.500
by the Windows operating system.

0:01:11.500,0:01:13.500
But that could soon change,

0:01:13.500,0:01:16.400
as Windows faces a strong challenge from Linux

0:01:17.800,0:01:19.500
Silicon Valley has long been the place

0:01:19.500,0:01:21.500
to develop new technology,

0:01:21.800,0:01:25.300
start new companies and get really rich.

0:01:25.400,0:01:27.800
Now The Valley is the front line in a revolution

0:01:28.000,0:01:30.700
fighting for that most[br]politically incorrect of ideas:

0:01:31.200,0:01:32.500
individual freedom

0:01:33.200,0:01:34.800
Day and night,[br]a loose confederation of

0:01:35.000,0:01:37.000
hackers and programmers zaps bits pieces of

0:01:37.100,0:01:39.800
computer code around the world as it builds the tools

0:01:40.200,0:01:42.000
to set computer users free

0:01:42.300,0:01:44.600
using open information and[br]the free exchange of technology

0:01:44.600,0:01:46.000
to achieve its goals.

0:01:46.000,0:01:48.600
This revolution began in the 1980's with

0:01:48.600,0:01:51.300
the Free Software Movement and GNU project.

0:01:51.300,0:01:53.000
And now is most commonly associated

0:01:53.300,0:01:56.600
with Linux and the Open Source Movement.

0:01:57.000,0:01:59.600
What is Linux?

0:01:59.600,0:02:02.000
We do have one sector that taking off today.

0:02:02.000,0:02:04.100
It is the Linux-related sector.

0:02:04.100,0:02:06.200
And I thought this might be[br]a good opportunity to say,

0:02:06.500,0:02:08.200
"What is Linux?"

0:02:08.400,0:02:09.400
And I'll answer this question for you.

0:02:09.500,0:02:10.500
Many of you probably already know,

0:02:10.500,0:02:12.000
but[br]There are 12 million users out there

0:02:12.300,0:02:15.600
A computer Operating System[br]developed by hundreds of

0:02:15.600,0:02:17.500
programmers collaborating on the Internet

0:02:17.500,0:02:19.400
A challenge to Microsoft Windows NT

0:02:19.500,0:02:21.000
Very popular for its speed

0:02:22.000,0:02:23.300
and so this's what the craze is about

0:02:25.000,0:02:27.200
To kind of explain what Linux is you have to

0:02:27.200,0:02:29.200
explain what an Operating System is

0:02:29.200,0:02:31.700
And... the thing about Operating System is[br]you, I mean...

0:02:31.700,0:02:34.400
you're never ever supposed to see it.

0:02:34.400,0:02:36.100
Because...

0:02:36.100,0:02:38.300
nobody really uses an Operating System,

0:02:38.700,0:02:41.500
people use... programs... on their computer

0:02:41.500,0:02:43.500
And the only mission in life

0:02:43.900,0:02:47.500
of an operating system is to help[br]those programs run.

0:02:47.800,0:02:51.100
So an operating system never does[br]anything on its own

0:02:51.300,0:02:53.700
It's only waiting for the programs to

0:02:53.700,0:02:56.000
ask for certain resources

0:02:59.800,0:03:01.500
or ask for the programs to

0:03:01.500,0:03:03.300
connect them to the outside world.

0:03:03.500,0:03:06.100
And then the operating system[br]comes, steps in and then

0:03:06.100,0:03:09.700
tries to make it easy for people[br]to write programs

0:03:09.700,0:03:13.000
And, What is Open Source?

0:03:13.000,0:03:16.000
Open Source is a way for people to collaborate

0:03:16.300,0:03:21.700
on software without being encumbered[br]by all of the problems of intellectual property,

0:03:21.700,0:03:26.200
having to negotiate contracts every time[br]you buy a piece of software,

0:03:26.500,0:03:28.800
have a lot of lawyers involved.

0:03:28.800,0:03:32.000
In general, we just wanna get software to work

0:03:32.400,0:03:33.800
and we want be able to have

0:03:33.800,0:03:36.900
people contribute fixes to that, etc..

0:03:37.800,0:03:40.000
So we sort of sacrifice some of

0:03:40.000,0:03:41.900
the intellectual property rights

0:03:42.000,0:03:44.500
and just let the whole world[br]use the software

0:03:46.500,0:03:47.800
Before there could be Linux

0:03:47.900,0:03:51.200
There was Richard Stallman[br]and the Free Software Movement.

0:03:51.500,0:03:54.200
They think of Richard Stallman as the...

0:03:55.300,0:03:58.000
great philosopher, right.

0:03:58.000,0:03:59.800
And think of me as the engineer

0:04:01.000,0:04:04.400
Richard Stallman is the founding father of[br]the Free Software Movement.

0:04:04.800,0:04:08.000
Through his efforts to build the[br]GNU Operating System.

0:04:08.100,0:04:11.900
He created the legal, philosophical and[br]technological foundation

0:04:11.900,0:04:13.800
for the Free Software Movement.

0:04:13.800,0:04:15.400
Without these contributions,

0:04:15.400,0:04:17.900
it's unlikely that Linux and Open Source

0:04:17.900,0:04:20.000
would have evolved in to their current forms today

0:04:20.700,0:04:24.700
I joined the[br]MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971,

0:04:25.000,0:04:29.000
I joined... a thriving community of hackers,

0:04:29.700,0:04:31.000
people who loved programming,

0:04:31.000,0:04:34.300
loved exploring the what they could do[br]with computers.

0:04:34.500,0:04:37.700
And they had developed[br]a complete Operating System,

0:04:37.700,0:04:40.200
entirely written there.

0:04:40.300,0:04:42.800
And I became one of the team, that

0:04:43.000,0:04:46.400
continued to improve the Operating System,[br]adding new capabilities

0:04:46.400,0:04:50.400
That was my job, and I loved it, we all loved it.[br]That's why we were doing it.

0:04:51.000,0:04:54.100
And [clears throat] we called our system

0:04:54.100,0:04:56.600
"the Incompatible Time Sharing System"

0:04:57.200,0:04:58.600
which is the example of the

0:04:58.600,0:04:59.600
playful spirit

0:05:00.000,0:05:01.900
which defines a hacker.

0:05:02.100,0:05:05.200
Hackers are people who enjoy[br]playful cleverness.

0:05:06.000,0:05:08.500
Well, it first started going wrong

0:05:08.500,0:05:12.000
as the outside world started pressuring us[br]to have passwords.

0:05:12.100,0:05:15.300
We didn't have any passwords[br]on our computer.

0:05:15.500,0:05:17.500
And the reason was that the hackers

0:05:17.500,0:05:19.800
who'd originally designed the system

0:05:19.800,0:05:25.700
realized that passwords were a way[br]the administrators could control all the users.

0:05:25.800,0:05:28.200
And they didn't want to build tools

0:05:28.500,0:05:31.900
you know, locks and keys for[br]the administrators to control them,

0:05:32.200,0:05:34.300
so they just didn't do it.[br]They left that out

0:05:35.300,0:05:38.500
And we had the philosophy[br]that whoever sitting at the computer

0:05:38.600,0:05:41.000
should be able to do whatever he wants

0:05:41.500,0:05:46.500
and somebody else who was there yesterday[br]shouldn't be controlling what you do today

0:05:46.500,0:05:50.300
When they put passwords onto one of[br]the machines at MIT

0:05:51.500,0:05:53.500
I and bunch of other hackers didn't like it,

0:05:53.500,0:05:57.500
I decided to try a subversive sort of hack.[br][clears throat]

0:05:58.300,0:06:00.400
I figured out how to decode the passwords,

0:06:00.400,0:06:03.800
so by looking the database of encoded passwords

0:06:03.800,0:06:07.300
I could figure out what each person[br]would actually type to login

0:06:07.800,0:06:10.200
And so I sent messages to people, saying,

0:06:10.500,0:06:13.600
"Hello? I see that you've[br]chosen the password mumble,

0:06:13.800,0:06:16.000
whatever it was.[br]How about if you do as I do

0:06:16.500,0:06:18.500
just type Enter for your password

0:06:18.500,0:06:21.500
it's much shorter, much easier to type".

0:06:22.000,0:06:25.500
And... of course with this message I was

0:06:25.500,0:06:29.000
implicitly telling them[br]the security was really just a joke.

0:06:29.300,0:06:33.300
Anyway, but in addition[br]I was letting them in on this hack.

0:06:33.800,0:06:37.500
And eventually, A fifth of all[br]users on that computer joined me

0:06:37.600,0:06:41.000
in using just Enter as their passwords.

0:06:41.000,0:06:44.100
[ Where did the ideas that lead to what is now[br]called Open Source world?

0:06:44.200,0:06:46.200
How did that begin? Who began that? ]

0:06:46.300,0:06:50.300
It actually began with the start[br]of computers because at that time

0:06:50.500,0:06:53.400
software was just passed around between people

0:06:53.500,0:06:58.400
And I think it was only like in the[br]lates 70's or early 80's

0:06:59.000,0:07:02.500
That people started really closing up[br]their software,

0:07:02.500,0:07:05.700
And saying, "No, you can never[br]get a look at the source code.

0:07:06.000,0:07:09.300
You can't change the software[br]even if it's necessary

0:07:09.400,0:07:12.300
for you to fix it, for your own application"

0:07:13.000,0:07:17.000
And... um, you can actually blame[br]some of that on Microsoft,

0:07:17.200,0:07:21.200
They are one of the real pioneers[br]of the proprietary software model.

0:07:21.600,0:07:23.800
In the mid 1970's, a group of hackers

0:07:23.900,0:07:28.500
and computer hobbyist in Silicon Valley[br]formed the "Homebrew Computer Club".

0:07:29.000,0:07:32.500
In the club January 31, 1976 newsletter,

0:07:32.500,0:07:35.200
Bill Gates of the recently formed Microsoft,

0:07:35.500,0:07:37.000
wrote an open letter to the community

0:07:37.500,0:07:43.600
where he made a point by point argument for[br]the relatively new concept of proprietary software

0:07:43.800,0:07:48.200
up to that point, the practice of computer users[br]had been to freely pass around software

0:07:48.500,0:07:51.000
with not much thought given to[br]its ownership

0:07:51.500,0:07:54.100
Known as An Open Letter to Hobbyists,[br]Bill Gates writes,

0:07:54.500,0:07:56.800
"To me the most critical thing[br]in the hobby market right now

0:07:56.900,0:07:59.900
is the lack of good software courses,[br]books and software itself.

0:08:00.000,0:08:03.100
Without good software and an owner[br]who understands programming,

0:08:03.300,0:08:05.300
A hobby computer is wasted.

0:08:05.300,0:08:08.000
Will quality software be written[br]for the hobby market?

0:08:08.400,0:08:10.900
Gates goes on to write,[br]"The feedback we have gotten from

0:08:10.900,0:08:14.300
the hundreds of people who say they are[br]using BASIC has all been positive.

0:08:14.300,0:08:16.500
Two surprising things are apparent, however.

0:08:16.500,0:08:19.500
1) Most of these "users" never[br]bought BASIC, and

0:08:19.500,0:08:22.500
2) The amount of royalties we have received[br]from sales to hobbyists

0:08:22.500,0:08:26.500
makes the time spent on of Altair BASIC[br]worth less than 2 dollars an hour

0:08:26.500,0:08:27.700
Why is this?

0:08:27.700,0:08:30.200
As the majority of hobbyists must be aware,

0:08:30.200,0:08:32.300
most of you steal your software.

0:08:32.300,0:08:35.200
Hardware must be paid for but software[br]is something to share.

0:08:35.200,0:08:37.500
Who cares if the people who worked[br]on it get paid?

0:08:37.500,0:08:38.900
Is this fair?

0:08:38.900,0:08:41.000
One thing you don't do by stealing software

0:08:41.000,0:08:43.500
is get back at MITS for some problem[br]you may have had

0:08:43.500,0:08:45.600
MITS doesn't make money selling software.

0:08:45.600,0:08:48.600
One thing you do do is prevent[br]good software from being written.

0:08:49.000,0:08:51.300
Who can afford to do professional work for nothing?

0:08:51.600,0:08:54.300
What hobbyist can put 3-man years into programming,

0:08:54.300,0:08:57.900
finding all bugs, documenting his product[br]and distribute it for free?

0:08:57.900,0:08:58.800
The fact is,

0:08:58.800,0:09:02.400
no one besides us has invested a lot of money[br]in hobby software.

0:09:02.400,0:09:05.000
What about the guys who resell Altair BASIC?

0:09:05.000,0:09:07.300
Aren't they making money on hobby software?

0:09:07.300,0:09:10.800
Yes, but those who have been[br]reported to us may lose in the end.

0:09:10.800,0:09:12.900
They are the ones who give[br]hobbyists a bad name,

0:09:12.900,0:09:16.300
and should be kicked out of any[br]club meeting they show up at.

0:09:16.300,0:09:19.200
I would appreciate letters from[br]anyone who wants to pay up,

0:09:19.200,0:09:21.000
or has a suggestion or comment.

0:09:21.000,0:09:25.000
Signed Bill Gates, General partner, Micro-Soft.

0:09:25.400,0:09:29.100
In the late 70's and early 1980's,[br]Richard Stallman was

0:09:29.100,0:09:32.400
doing Artificial Intelligence research and coding

0:09:32.400,0:09:35.000
at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab.

0:09:35.000,0:09:37.300
Richard had a number of negative experiences

0:09:37.300,0:09:39.300
during that period which soured him

0:09:39.300,0:09:41.400
on the whole idea of commercial software.

0:09:41.400,0:09:43.000
[ such as? ]

0:09:43.000,0:09:47.000
uh... some company wanted to work on and[br]wanted to fix was locked up.

0:09:47.700,0:09:51.700
and he couldn't get the company on the code to let him fix it

0:09:52.400,0:09:54.500
even though it would have been to their advantage to do so.

0:09:54.500,0:09:57.400
And that put me into a moral dilemma, you see?

0:09:57.500,0:10:03.100
Because to get one of the modern computers[br]of the day, which was the early 80's,

0:10:03.600,0:10:06.400
you would have to get a proprietory[br]operating system.

0:10:06.500,0:10:09.400
The developers of those systems[br]didn't share with other people,

0:10:09.500,0:10:11.500
Instead they tried to control the users,

0:10:11.600,0:10:13.400
dominate the users, restrict them.

0:10:13.900,0:10:16.000
Say, if to get the system,

0:10:16.100,0:10:19.500
you have to sign a promise you won't[br]share with anybody else.

0:10:19.600,0:10:23.400
And to me that was essentially a promise[br]to be a bad person,

0:10:23.400,0:10:25.100
to betray the rest of the world,

0:10:25.200,0:10:29.100
cut myself off from society[br]from a cooperating community.

0:10:30.300,0:10:34.300
And I had already experienced what happened[br]when other people did that to us,

0:10:34.300,0:10:35.800
when they refused to share with us.

0:10:35.900,0:10:38.500
because they had signed these contracts.

0:10:38.600,0:10:40.400
And it hurt the whole lab,

0:10:40.500,0:10:43.200
it kept us from doing useful things before.

0:10:43.300,0:10:45.600
So I just wasn't going to do that.

0:10:45.700,0:10:49.700
I thought,"This is wrong![br]I am not going to live this way"

0:10:49.900,0:10:53.900
And from experiences like this[br]he developed a profound hostility

0:10:54.000,0:10:56.600
to the idea of[br]intellectual property and software.

0:10:56.700,0:11:00.300
He eventually acted this out[br]by founding the Free Software Foundation.

0:11:00.400,0:11:04.900
So, I looked for another alternative[br]and I realized:

0:11:05.000,0:11:06.500
I was an operating system developer.

0:11:06.600,0:11:10.300
If I were to develop another operating system.

0:11:10.500,0:11:14.100
And then as the author,[br]encourage everyone to share it.

0:11:14.200,0:11:17.900
Say, everyone, " You come and get it,[br]use this, form a new community"

0:11:18.900,0:11:23.200
Not only could I gave myself a way[br]to keep using computers without

0:11:23.300,0:11:26.500
betraying other people,[br]but I'd give it to everybody else, too.

0:11:26.600,0:11:29.500
Everybody would have a[br]way out of that moral dilemma

0:11:31.000,0:11:34.300
And so I realized this was[br]what I had to do with my life.

0:11:34.700,0:11:38.700
I actually began the project in January of 1984.

0:11:38.800,0:11:41.500
That's when I resigned for my job at MIT

0:11:41.600,0:11:45.400
to start developing the GNU operating system.

0:11:46.400,0:11:49.700
Now I should explain the name GNU is a hack.

0:11:49.900,0:11:52.700
Because it's a recursive acronym.

0:11:53.100,0:11:56.100
It stands for "GNU's Not Unix".

0:11:56.200,0:11:59.300
You see so the "G" in "GNU" stands for "GNU".

0:11:59.300,0:12:01.400
And what the name means is

0:12:01.400,0:12:05.900
I was developing a system that was like[br]the Unix operating system,

0:12:05.900,0:12:08.300
but was not the Unix operating system.

0:12:08.300,0:12:09.800
It was a different system.

0:12:09.800,0:12:12.200
We would have to write it completely[br]from scratch

0:12:12.200,0:12:14.100
because Unix was proprietory.

0:12:14.200,0:12:16.000
We were forbidden to share Unix,

0:12:16.100,0:12:19.700
We couldn't use Unix.[br]It was useless for a community.

0:12:19.800,0:12:23.300
So we had to write a replacement for it.

0:12:24.900,0:12:26.100
Throughout the 1980s,

0:12:26.200,0:12:28.700
as Richard Stallman was building the GNU project,

0:12:28.900,0:12:32.300
computer scientists from[br]the University of California at Berkeley

0:12:32.400,0:12:34.700
were developing their own free[br]operating system.

0:12:35.000,0:12:37.500
Known as Berkeley Unix, or BSD,

0:12:37.600,0:12:41.500
it was based upon the Unix kernel[br]which had been licensed from AT&T.

0:12:41.600,0:12:46.300
However, due to legal problems with AT&T[br]and fragmentation of the source code,

0:12:46.500,0:12:50.100
hackers and other non-institutional users[br]were slow to adopt it

0:12:50.300,0:12:54.300
Well, Unix consisted of a large number of[br]separate programs

0:12:54.700,0:12:56.400
that communicated with each other.

0:12:56.500,0:12:59.400
So we just had to replace these programs[br]one by one.

0:12:59.500,0:13:03.200
So what I started doing was[br]writing a replacement for one program,

0:13:03.300,0:13:05.100
and then another, and then another,

0:13:05.200,0:13:06.900
and then people started joining me,

0:13:07.000,0:13:10.600
because I published an announcement[br]inviting other people to join me

0:13:10.700,0:13:12.300
to help write these programs.

0:13:12.600,0:13:20.000
And uh... and by around 1991,[br]we had replaced practically all of them.

0:13:20.500,0:13:21.800
[ What were some of the programs that you ... ]

0:13:21.900,0:13:25.000
Well... we had to... to have a complete system,

0:13:25.100,0:13:28.700
you need to have a kernel, which is the program that

0:13:28.800,0:13:31.600
allocates resources to all the other programs,

0:13:31.800,0:13:35.100
you need a compiler, which translates a program

0:13:35.200,0:13:40.500
from readable source code[br]that programmers can understand into numbers,

0:13:40.600,0:13:44.900
mysterious numbers[br]that the computer can actually run.

0:13:45.000,0:13:47.500
you need other programs[br]that go with the compiler to help do this job.

0:13:47.500,0:13:48.600
you need a debugger.

0:13:48.700,0:13:50.300
you need a text editor.

0:13:50.400,0:13:51.500
you need text formatters.

0:13:51.600,0:13:53.400
you need mailers...

0:13:53.500,0:13:54.800
you need lots and lots of things.

0:13:54.900,0:13:58.500
There are hundreds of programs[br]in the Unix-like operating system.

0:13:58.900,0:14:00.500
I saw Stallman's announcement.

0:14:00.600,0:14:03.900
Actually I met him in February of 1987.

0:14:04.000,0:14:08.500
He came to give a five-day tutorial[br]on Emacs at our company.

0:14:08.600,0:14:11.200
And during the day he would explain

0:14:11.300,0:14:13.400
new ways to think about Emacs

0:14:13.500,0:14:16.500
and ways to extend it, enhance it,[br]and to use the Emacs source code

0:14:17.100,0:14:18.400
uh, for better or worse.

0:14:18.500,0:14:21.700
But in the evening,[br]he was busily working on this compiler,

0:14:21.800,0:14:24.100
and he had not yet released it to the public,

0:14:24.200,0:14:27.800
so he was uh, being a little bit uh,[br]careful about

0:14:27.900,0:14:30.300
who, who got to see the source code.

0:14:30.400,0:14:33.800
But I was very eager,[br]and when he first announced it in June,

0:14:33.900,0:14:35.500
I downloaded it immediately.

0:14:35.700,0:14:37.100
I, I played with it.

0:14:37.200,0:14:39.400
I got some, some pointers from him.

0:14:39.600,0:14:41.200
And when I sent the source code back to him,

0:14:41.300,0:14:42.500
he was very,

0:14:42.600,0:14:47.300
uh, actually amazed that how quickly[br]I was able to ramp up on his technology.

0:14:47.500,0:14:48.300
Whenever we worked on something[br]at Stanford or in the university,

0:14:48.300,0:14:52.300
Whenever we worked on something[br]at Stanford or in the university,

0:14:52.400,0:14:54.200
we would get, mostly at the time

0:14:54.300,0:14:58.200
we were working off machines[br]from Digital Equipment or Sun, mostly Sun.

0:14:58.400,0:14:59.900
Whenever we would get a Sun machine,

0:15:00.100,0:15:04.500
the first thing we would do is[br]we would spend literally days

0:15:04.600,0:15:08.600
downloading GNU free software from the Internet,

0:15:08.700,0:15:11.100
building it and installing it on that Sun machine.

0:15:11.300,0:15:14.800
The crucial thing about GNU is that[br]it's free software.

0:15:15.200,0:15:18.700
And Free Software refers not to price,[br]but to freedom.

0:15:18.900,0:15:21.200
So think of free speech, not free beer.

0:15:22.200,0:15:24.500
The freedoms that I am talking about

0:15:24.500,0:15:27.500
are the freedoms to make changes if you want to,

0:15:27.600,0:15:30.300
or hire somebody else to make changes for you

0:15:30.400,0:15:32.500
if you're using a software for your business,

0:15:32.600,0:15:36.300
to redistribute copies,[br]to share with other people,

0:15:36.400,0:15:39.500
and to make improvements and publish them

0:15:39.600,0:15:42.500
so that other people can[br]get the benefit of them, too.

0:15:42.600,0:15:46.400
And those are the freedoms that distinguish[br]free software from non-free software.

0:15:46.700,0:15:50.500
These are the freedoms that[br]enable people to form a community.

0:15:50.600,0:15:52.100
If you don't have all these freedoms,

0:15:52.100,0:15:54.900
you're being divided and[br]dominated by somebody.

0:15:55.900,0:15:59.000
My first experience contributing to free software

0:15:59.000,0:16:03.000
came in late 1989, early 1990.

0:16:03.200,0:16:06.200
I was working as a graduate student[br]at Stanford University

0:16:06.400,0:16:08.600
on Computer Aided Design tools.

0:16:08.700,0:16:10.800
One of the pieces I needed was a tool

0:16:10.900,0:16:12.500
called a parser generator.

0:16:12.800,0:16:14.800
Well, the Free Software Foundation

0:16:14.900,0:16:18.300
under Richard Stallman[br]created a great tool called "bison".

0:16:18.500,0:16:22.400
I needed a tool that worked with C++.[br]Bison worked with C.

0:16:22.900,0:16:26.100
I modified bison to create something[br]called "bison++".

0:16:26.200,0:16:28.700
And it's a tremendous feeling of empowerment

0:16:28.800,0:16:31.900
be able to take a piece of software that was available

0:16:32.000,0:16:36.500
and create what you needed[br]in a very short piece of time by modifying it.

0:16:36.700,0:16:39.100
I put it back on the Internet

0:16:39.200,0:16:40.900
and I was amazed at the number of people

0:16:41.000,0:16:42.900
that picked it up and started using it.

0:16:43.000,0:16:47.000
In fact, I remember going to, uh job interviews,

0:16:47.300,0:16:50.100
I, at various times, considered[br]just going out getting a job.

0:16:50.300,0:16:52.100
And I'd gone to a job interview.

0:16:52.200,0:16:53.600
And I was talking to one of the people,

0:16:53.700,0:16:56.500
and I started asking them about what tools they used,

0:16:56.600,0:16:59.000
and they said, "Gee, we used bison++!"

0:16:59.100,0:17:01.400
and I said, "Oh, I am the author of bison++!"

0:17:01.600,0:17:06.100
Free Software generally does have a copyright.

0:17:06.200,0:17:08.800
It does have an owner.

0:17:08.900,0:17:10.000
And it has a license.

0:17:10.100,0:17:11.900
It is not public domain.

0:17:12.000,0:17:14.600
If we put the software in the public domain,

0:17:14.700,0:17:17.900
somebody else would be able to make[br]a little bit of changes

0:17:18.000,0:17:20.900
and turn that into a proprietory software package,

0:17:21.000,0:17:23.800
which means that[br]the users would be running our software,

0:17:23.900,0:17:26.800
but they wouldn't have freedom to cooperate and share.

0:17:27.500,0:17:31.200
To prevent that, we use a technique called "Copyleft".

0:17:31.500,0:17:34.700
The idea of Copyleft is that[br]it's "Copyright" flipped over.

0:17:35.500,0:17:37.200
And what we do is, we say,

0:17:37.300,0:17:39.200
this software is copyrighted

0:17:39.300,0:17:43.600
and we, the authors give you permission[br]to redistribute copies,

0:17:43.700,0:17:45.200
we give you permission to change,

0:17:45.300,0:17:46.900
we give you permission to add to it.

0:17:47.000,0:17:48.700
But when you redistribute it,

0:17:48.800,0:17:52.500
it has to be under these terms,[br]no more and no less.

0:17:52.600,0:17:54.800
So that whoever gets it from you

0:17:54.900,0:18:00.200
also gets the freedom to cooperate[br]with other people, if he wants to.

0:18:00.300,0:18:03.800
And then, in this way everywhere the software goes,

0:18:03.900,0:18:05.500
the freedom goes, too.

0:18:05.600,0:18:07.900
And it becomes an inalienable right

0:18:09.000,0:18:11.600
to cooperate with other people and form a community.

0:18:11.800,0:18:15.100
[ And so, what is that? the license?[br]what was that... ]

0:18:15.200,0:18:17.200
Well, Copyleft being a general idea,

0:18:17.300,0:18:20.300
in order to use it, you have to have specific example.

0:18:20.400,0:18:24.100
The specific example we use for[br]most GNU software packages

0:18:24.200,0:18:27.100
is the GNU General Public License,

0:18:27.200,0:18:31.200
a particular document and legalese[br]which accomplishes this job.

0:18:31.500,0:18:34.200
A lot of other people use that same license,[br]for example,

0:18:34.300,0:18:37.700
Linus Torvalds uses that license for Linux as well.

0:18:38.700,0:18:42.200
Well, the license I use is the[br]GNU General Public License.

0:18:42.300,0:18:44.200
That's the one Richard Stallman wrote.

0:18:44.300,0:18:48.200
And I think it is really astounding contribution.

0:18:48.300,0:18:52.300
Uh, it's one of the few software licenses[br]that was written

0:18:52.600,0:18:56.000
from the standpoint of the community rather than

0:18:56.100,0:18:59.900
from the standpoint of um, protecting a company

0:19:00.000,0:19:05.500
or um, as is the case with MIT and BSD license

0:19:05.700,0:19:09.400
performing the goals of[br]a government grant program.

0:19:09.500,0:19:12.500
Uh, and the GPL is really unique in that.

0:19:12.600,0:19:16.000
It's not just a license.[br]It's a whole philosophy that,

0:19:16.100,0:19:19.100
I think, motivated the open source definition.

0:19:19.200,0:19:23.500
I don't hide that a lot of what I do came from Stallman.

0:19:27.900,0:19:31.900
A crucial step in the growth of GNU/Linux[br]and the Free Software movement

0:19:32.000,0:19:35.600
was the creation of businesses[br]based upon the software and philosophy.

0:19:35.800,0:19:38.300
Grown zero for the beginning of[br]the business face

0:19:38.400,0:19:41.500
was the Electronics Research Lab[br]at Stanford University.

0:19:41.800,0:19:45.100
Known as ERL, the lab was the place for the first GNU

0:19:45.200,0:19:47.500
and Linux business founder inspiration.

0:19:47.600,0:19:49.600
So right here was where ERL was.

0:19:50.100,0:19:53.200
That would have been the entrance[br]over there next to the uh,

0:19:53.300,0:19:55.600
electrical engineering McCullough building.

0:19:55.700,0:19:59.500
As you walk in, you come in,[br]you walk down the hallway, down here.

0:20:00.500,0:20:03.600
My office would have been about, about here.

0:20:03.700,0:20:07.000
and then right across the hall,[br]from that was Michael Tiemann's office.

0:20:07.700,0:20:11.700
Michael Tiemann took uh.. and[br]started a company, Cygnus Software

0:20:11.700,0:20:16.600
with the idea was to sell consulting[br]and services around the GNU Free Software

0:20:16.600,0:20:19.000
and, well Michael's done very well with Cygnus.

0:20:19.000,0:20:23.000
Well uh, I spend a lot of[br]time working out uh,

0:20:23.000,0:20:25.000
how we were going to make money

0:20:25.000,0:20:27.000
and in the original GNU manifesto

0:20:27.000,0:20:30.000
which is the last chapter[br]of the GNU Emacs manual.

0:20:30.000,0:20:32.000
Stallman proposed a number of different

0:20:32.000,0:20:33.800
possible ways to make money.

0:20:33.800,0:20:35.800
Form the beginning of the[br]Free Software movement

0:20:35.800,0:20:37.000
I had the idea that there's

0:20:37.000,0:20:39.000
room in it for business to be done.

0:20:39.000,0:20:41.700
One of the advantages of Free Software is that, there's

0:20:41.700,0:20:45.000
a free market for any kind of service or support.

0:20:45.000,0:20:47.000
So if you are using software in your business,

0:20:47.000,0:20:49.000
and you want good support,

0:20:49.000,0:20:52.000
you have a choice of people to go to for it,

0:20:52.000,0:20:54.000
you have a choice of businesses... that

0:20:54.000,0:20:57.000
are in the business of[br]providing you with support.

0:20:57.000,0:20:59.000
So they are going to have to in general give you

0:20:59.000,0:21:02.000
good support or you go to somebody else.

0:21:02.000,0:21:04.000
With proprietory software,

0:21:04.300,0:21:07.000
support is a monopoly, there is one company,

0:21:07.000,0:21:09.600
typically, that has the source code

0:21:09.600,0:21:11.500
and only they can give you support

0:21:12.100,0:21:15.300
so typically, you are at the mercy of a monopoly.

0:21:15.300,0:21:17.600
That's the case, for example with Microsoft.

0:21:17.600,0:21:20.900
So no wonder the support is so bad.

0:21:20.900,0:21:22.500
The benefits of Free Software were

0:21:22.500,0:21:25.200
tremendous but the cost of supporting it internally

0:21:25.800,0:21:27.800
uh, and made managers very very nervous and

0:21:27.800,0:21:31.500
so the fundamental idea I had was[br]if we can build a model

0:21:31.500,0:21:35.500
that could deliver two to four times the support

0:21:35.500,0:21:39.000
and uh, and uh, and hand holding capability

0:21:39.000,0:21:41.100
that an internal engineer could provide.

0:21:41.100,0:21:44.100
And we could do it at 1/2 to 1/4 of the cost

0:21:44.100,0:21:46.300
that would meet the test of wether or not

0:21:46.300,0:21:47.900
people would actually buy.

0:21:47.900,0:21:50.400
And by about the Fall of that year, we had

0:21:50.400,0:21:52.300
all the things worked out about who

0:21:52.300,0:21:53.900
needed on the technical team, what

0:21:53.900,0:21:55.800
the terms the sale would be, what

0:21:55.800,0:21:57.600
the key price point were, and we

0:21:57.600,0:22:01.600
actually received our incorporation in Nov of 1989.

0:22:02.200,0:22:04.800
One of the most difficult things in starting our company

0:22:04.800,0:22:06.400
was actually finding a name for it.

0:22:06.400,0:22:09.000
I explained this to one of my friends

0:22:09.000,0:22:10.400
"we're having difficulty"

0:22:10.400,0:22:12.900
and he returned an e-mail message

0:22:12.900,0:22:16.800
that basically just had a bunch of words[br]with the name "GNU" in it.

0:22:16.800,0:22:21.600
And "Cygnus" was the one that[br]looked least obnoxious and least obscene.

0:22:22.100,0:22:24.600
I can say very clearly that Cygnus

0:22:24.900,0:22:28.600
was the first business that specialized in Free Software.

0:22:28.800,0:22:32.100
Cygnus supported Free Software,

0:22:32.100,0:22:36.100
filled a very essential niche because[br]we had this great software,

0:22:36.100,0:22:40.100
you could get it for nothing but[br]you couldn't get support - they made their money

0:22:40.300,0:22:42.200
by charging for support.

0:22:42.200,0:22:45.900
The GNU project started by building a toolkit,

0:22:45.900,0:22:50.800
a basic development tool such as[br]a C compiler, a debugger, a text-editor,

0:22:51.100,0:22:54.500
and uh, other necessary apparatus.

0:22:54.500,0:22:59.000
And their intention was eventually to[br]develop a kernel to sit underneath those

0:22:59.200,0:23:01.600
and be the center of the operating system.

0:23:01.600,0:23:05.400
By about 1990 they had successfully[br]developed that toolkit,

0:23:05.400,0:23:09.400
and it was in wide use on great many variants of Unix.

0:23:09.500,0:23:12.100
But there was still no free kernel.

0:23:12.100,0:23:16.100
The kernel happened to be[br]one of the last things we started to do

0:23:16.400,0:23:18.400
and we had started it not long before.

0:23:19.400,0:23:22.400
And that's when Linus Torvalds came along.

0:23:22.400,0:23:25.700
"Lin-us" or "Line-us"? What's the exact,[br]do you prefer the pronunciation?

0:23:26.000,0:23:28.600
um.. When I speak Swedish it's "Lee-nus";

0:23:28.600,0:23:31.000
when I speak Finnish it's "Leen-ous";

0:23:31.000,0:23:32.800
when I speak English it's "Line-us".

0:23:32.800,0:23:35.600
And I really don't care how people pronounce my name.

0:23:35.600,0:23:38.400
But "Linux" is always "Linux".

0:23:38.400,0:23:42.800
He developed a kernel, and got it working[br]faster than we got ours working,

0:23:43.400,0:23:45.900
and got it to work very nicely and solidly.

0:23:45.900,0:23:47.800
His kernel is called "Linux".

0:23:48.300,0:23:51.500
The initial goal was my very personal goal

0:23:51.500,0:23:55.100
to be able to run a similar environment on my computer

0:23:55.500,0:23:59.300
that I had grown used to at, at the university computers.

0:23:59.900,0:24:05.300
And I could not find anything that suited me for that.

0:24:05.700,0:24:09.400
So having been doing computers for all my life basically.

0:24:09.400,0:24:12.500
At that point I decided that I'll do my own.

0:24:13.000,0:24:17.000
Most of the inspiration early on came from, from SunOS

0:24:17.600,0:24:21.900
which was what um,[br]I was using at the university at the time.

0:24:21.900,0:24:23.000
[ Which University? ]

0:24:23.000,0:24:24.700
University of Helsinki in Finland.

0:24:25.600,0:24:30.100
From 1991 to about 1993 was really

0:24:30.400,0:24:32.700
I guess the infancy period of Linux.

0:24:32.700,0:24:36.400
That was when it was still only alpha or beta quality;

0:24:36.400,0:24:38.800
it was relatively unstable.

0:24:38.800,0:24:41.600
Although, even then it was a good deal more stable

0:24:41.600,0:24:45.600
than a lot of what are now called[br]"production" operating systems.

0:24:45.600,0:24:49.600
Linus used the traditional[br]tried-and-true method of writing one program

0:24:50.500,0:24:52.500
that does the job,

0:24:52.700,0:24:54.800
and he got it to work.

0:24:54.800,0:24:58.500
quickly in fact faster than[br]I would have thought was possible.

0:24:58.500,0:25:01.500
The term for it is "monolithic",

0:25:01.500,0:25:09.400
which means that basically[br]the OS itself is one entity, indivisible.

0:25:11.100,0:25:13.400
uh, while in the microkernel,

0:25:13.400,0:25:15.900
the, the operating system kernel is actually

0:25:17.600,0:25:20.700
uh, just a collection of servers that

0:25:20.700,0:25:23.500
do different things and then they have a common protocol

0:25:23.500,0:25:25.700
for doing communication between themselves.

0:25:26.200,0:25:31.800
[ So why is that... the GNU project that's had[br]so much lead-time, that's been doing this,

0:25:31.800,0:25:35.100
Why...Why is it that he was able to kinda[br]come in at the tail end so to speak ]

0:25:35.100,0:25:40.800
Well we actually started the[br]GNU Hurd not long before he started Linux.

0:25:41.700,0:25:45.700
And it happened though we chose a design[br]that's a very advanced design

0:25:46.300,0:25:48.300
in terms of the power gives you

0:25:48.300,0:25:50.900
but also turns out to be very hard to debug.

0:25:51.600,0:25:57.300
We decided to divide up the kernel[br]which traditionally had been one program,

0:25:57.300,0:25:59.600
to divide it up into a lot of smaller programs

0:25:59.600,0:26:03.600
that would send messages to[br]each other asynchronously to, to communicate.

0:26:05.600,0:26:09.500
The problem is that, that style of programming

0:26:09.500,0:26:11.800
has a great deal of potential for bugs,

0:26:11.800,0:26:14.700
which are often very hard to[br]figure out because they depend on...

0:26:14.700,0:26:22.100
does this program send this message[br]before or after this one sends that message...

0:26:22.300,0:26:27.300
And the result was:[br]it took us years to get the thing to work.

0:26:28.300,0:26:31.700
[ What is Linux's relationship to the GNU project? ]

0:26:32.700,0:26:39.100
Well there's relationships to GNU[br]on kind of multiple levels.

0:26:39.600,0:26:43.600
One is just the philosophical level of thinking that

0:26:44.200,0:26:46.700
"making your source open is a good idea".

0:26:47.300,0:26:51.300
When Linus developed the kernel[br]he wasn't doing it for the GNU project.

0:26:51.300,0:26:52.800
He did it independently.

0:26:52.800,0:26:56.200
And he released it independently[br]and we didn't know about it.

0:26:56.200,0:26:58.500
But some of the people who did know about it

0:26:58.500,0:27:01.000
decided to look for what else they could find

0:27:01.000,0:27:04.300
to put together with that kernel to[br]make a whole system.

0:27:04.300,0:27:08.300
They looked around, and lo and behold[br]everything they needed was already available.

0:27:08.500,0:27:09.500
They looked around, and lo and behold[br]everything they needed was already available.

0:27:09.800,0:27:11.600
"What good fortune!" they thought.

0:27:11.600,0:27:13.900
But actually there was no chance about it.

0:27:13.900,0:27:17.900
They had found all the pieces of the[br]GNU system which was missing just the kernel,

0:27:18.700,0:27:20.600
so when they put all that together

0:27:20.600,0:27:24.600
really they were fitting[br]Linux into the gap in the GNU system.

0:27:25.200,0:27:26.400
But they didn't know that.

0:27:26.800,0:27:30.800
There's a lot of these programs

0:27:31.500,0:27:34.600
um, done by the Free Softwares Foundation,

0:27:34.600,0:27:36.800
and done by other people like Linux.

0:27:36.800,0:27:40.800
And there's a symbiosis between[br]Linux and the programs

0:27:40.900,0:27:44.700
that the programs run on Linux and at the same time

0:27:44.700,0:27:47.100
and they take the advantage of Linux as a platform,

0:27:47.100,0:27:50.700
while Linux takes the advantage of the programs

0:27:50.700,0:27:52.700
by just being able to use them.

0:27:52.700,0:27:54.300
[ What...What programs? ]

0:27:54.700,0:27:56.100
umm...

0:27:56.100,0:27:59.100
The main one is actually the GNU C Compiler.

0:27:59.700,0:28:03.300
Which... Without a C compiler[br]it would not have been possible

0:28:03.300,0:28:09.500
to make Linux or most of the open progress available.

0:28:10.500,0:28:12.700
Linux uses the GPL,

0:28:12.700,0:28:17.400
and I agree with a kind of philosophy behind the GPL.

0:28:18.500,0:28:23.200
That said the GPL itself is not a very pretty document

0:28:23.200,0:28:27.800
which is probably just because[br]no lawyerese can ever be very pretty.

0:28:33.800,0:28:37.800
I'd been playing around with Linux for actually

0:28:38.000,0:28:41.300
late '92 or early '93 for about a year.

0:28:41.300,0:28:45.900
before I decided that it was to the point[br]where actually had everything that I needed

0:28:46.200,0:28:48.300
to really replace a Sun Workstation.

0:28:48.300,0:28:52.300
And I was looking for a way to[br]have a Unix workstation at home

0:28:52.400,0:28:56.400
at the time we used Sun Sparc Stations[br]in the office at Stanford.

0:28:57.900,0:29:00.400
Those machines cost us about 7,000 dollars.

0:29:00.400,0:29:02.900
Now I desperately wanted a Unix machine at home!

0:29:02.900,0:29:05.600
There's always a this thought[br]you get as you get a graduate student

0:29:05.600,0:29:06.900
"Gee... if I could work at home!

0:29:06.900,0:29:08.800
Then I would be so much more productive,

0:29:08.800,0:29:11.900
I would graduate sooner because[br]I would finish my thesis sooner"

0:29:12.500,0:29:16.000
Well, Well, is it true? Well, you can judge.

0:29:16.000,0:29:19.800
You know most people end up spending a lot of their time

0:29:19.800,0:29:21.300
becoming more productive so that

0:29:21.300,0:29:24.500
they ever actually worked on their thesis[br]they'll finish it in a day.

0:29:24.500,0:29:26.200
It takes a while sometimes.

0:29:26.200,0:29:28.500
So I decided that I wanted a Unix machine at home.

0:29:28.500,0:29:32.500
And I went out there I was able to[br]use Linux together with the PC.

0:29:32.700,0:29:36.500
For about 2,000 dollars, I put together a system.

0:29:36.500,0:29:39.400
That was one and a half to two times faster

0:29:39.400,0:29:42.100
than that 7,000 dollars Sun Sparc Station.

0:29:42.100,0:29:43.800
It was absolutely amazing.

0:29:43.800,0:29:46.800
I had one and a half to two times the speed,

0:29:46.800,0:29:49.500
at a third to fourth the price.

0:29:49.500,0:29:50.800
Light bulbs went off.

0:29:50.800,0:29:53.000
I knew there was an opportunity here.

0:29:53.000,0:29:57.000
This was the chance to really do something[br]better than what Sun has done

0:29:57.100,0:29:59.700
around open source and Linux.

0:30:00.100,0:30:03.300
I called it Linux originally as working name.

0:30:03.300,0:30:06.800
And that was just because Linus

0:30:06.800,0:30:08.000
and the it has to be there.

0:30:08.000,0:30:10.100
It's Unix. It's like a law.

0:30:11.400,0:30:14.000
And...what happened was that...

0:30:14.000,0:30:17.800
I initially thought that I can't call it Linux publicly,

0:30:17.800,0:30:20.100
because it is just too egotistical.

0:30:20.100,0:30:22.400
And that was before I had a big ego. Right?

0:30:22.400,0:30:26.700
They thought they were taking a whole bunch[br]of components putting them around Linux

0:30:27.400,0:30:30.400
So they ended up calling the whole thing[br]"A Linux System"

0:30:31.000,0:30:33.100
and somehow that term caught on.

0:30:33.100,0:30:34.600
And the result is

0:30:34.600,0:30:38.600
there are now ten million people using

0:30:38.600,0:30:40.100
this variant of the GNU system...

0:30:40.100,0:30:42.400
the GNU/Linux operating system.

0:30:42.800,0:30:44.500
And most of them don't know it.

0:30:44.800,0:30:48.800
[ Some people advocate it be described as GNU/Linux.

0:30:49.200,0:30:52.300
I mean what's your thought on[br]that? I would say, justify or... ]

0:30:52.300,0:30:57.600
Well, I think it's justified but it is justified[br]if you actually make GNU distribution of Linux.

0:30:58.000,0:31:05.100
The same way that I think that Red Hat Linux[br]is fine or SuSE Linux, or Debian Linux.

0:31:06.000,0:31:09.000
Uh, because if you actually make your[br]own distribution of Linux

0:31:09.000,0:31:10.800
You get to name the thing.

0:31:10.900,0:31:14.900
But calling Linux in general "GNU Linux"[br]I think, is just ridiculous.

0:31:16.800,0:31:18.600
I got involved in Fall '93.

0:31:19.100,0:31:25.100
Because I was sent a copy of the first CD-ROM[br]commercial Linux distribution,

0:31:25.100,0:31:28.500
which was called Yggdrasi produced by Adam Richter.

0:31:28.900,0:31:30.600
And I got a copy because...

0:31:30.600,0:31:34.500
I had been myself writing Free Software for[br]a long time since the early 80's.

0:31:34.500,0:31:37.100
I was actually one of the[br]early GNU contributors myself.

0:31:37.900,0:31:39.800
And I was absolutely astonished,

0:31:39.800,0:31:41.300
I was completely astonished.

0:31:41.300,0:31:45.300
Because I've been a software engineer[br]for nearly 15 years at that point.

0:31:46.000,0:31:48.200
And according to all the rules I knew...

0:31:48.200,0:31:51.900
about controlling complexity,[br]keeping a project group small,

0:31:51.900,0:31:54.700
having closely managed objectives.

0:31:54.700,0:31:57.000
Linux should have been a disaster, and it wasn't.

0:31:57.000,0:31:59.100
Instead, it was something wonderful,

0:31:59.100,0:32:02.400
and I was determined to figure out[br]how they were getting a way with that.

0:32:04.500,0:32:07.900
In order for Linux to grow beyond[br]the world of the computer programmer

0:32:07.900,0:32:11.900
It needed a use and application[br]that made it a must-have technology

0:32:12.600,0:32:13.900
That threshold was crossed

0:32:13.900,0:32:17.700
with the development of a program[br]that made complex websites possible

0:32:18.200,0:32:20.600
That program is the Apache web server.

0:32:21.300,0:32:24.600
The killer app of Linux was undoubtedly[br]the Apache web server.

0:32:25.200,0:32:27.100
If you look at the history of Linux,

0:32:27.100,0:32:28.800
the adoption curve of Linux and[br]the adoption curve of the Internet

0:32:28.800,0:32:31.600
the adoption curve of Linux and[br]the adoption curve of the Internet

0:32:31.600,0:32:33.100
exactly track each other.

0:32:33.100,0:32:38.100
1993, which was when the Apache[br]web server project really got started,

0:32:38.100,0:32:41.700
was also the beginnings of the popular ISP explosion

0:32:41.700,0:32:45.500
when the Internet first became a mass market commodity

0:32:45.500,0:32:47.900
and the idea of web-based electronic commerce

0:32:47.900,0:32:50.300
and, and mass communication became real.

0:32:50.900,0:32:54.100
I think it was one of the first applications[br]that caused people to go

0:32:54.100,0:32:56.000
"Well, if I install Linux."

0:32:56.000,0:32:59.000
I get some tangible benefit from doing so, right?

0:32:59.500,0:33:02.800
I mean, clearly there were a lot of[br]interesting applications on Linux

0:33:02.800,0:33:04.700
at, at the time, this being maybe[br]two or three years ago,

0:33:04.700,0:33:06.600
when the root thing really started to take off

0:33:06.600,0:33:09.300
but there wasn't a driving, you know,

0:33:09.300,0:33:10.600
you could almost say business case

0:33:10.600,0:33:13.500
for someone to use Linux versus using NT

0:33:13.500,0:33:16.800
until, I think, Apache and[br]a lot of the things that plugged into Apache

0:33:16.800,0:33:18.300
enhanced Apache

0:33:18.300,0:33:21.300
I mean, when you want to go out and build..[br]go out to build a server farm

0:33:21.800,0:33:23.600
It was much more cost effective

0:33:23.600,0:33:24.200
cost effective

0:33:24.200,0:33:29.100
real dollar returns to build it on Linux and Apache[br]than was to build it on IIS and NT

0:33:29.100,0:33:31.500
even if it meant that you have to[br]spend a little bit of money

0:33:31.500,0:33:33.100
to train your staff to learn how to use that or

0:33:33.100,0:33:34.800
to find people who were people who[br]were knowledgeable.

0:33:34.800,0:33:35.900
But the good news was that

0:33:35.900,0:33:37.600
the knowledge wasn't very expensive

0:33:37.600,0:33:39.300
because there were all those college students out there

0:33:39.300,0:33:42.700
who'd been using Linux for a long time[br]and were very familiar with it.

0:33:42.700,0:33:45.900
If you look at the trend curves in web servers

0:33:45.900,0:33:49.600
Apache has steadily been gaining[br]a market share ever since

0:33:49.600,0:33:52.100
it's up to something like 66% now

0:33:52.100,0:33:55.300
It's steadily clobbered[br]all of the closed source competition

0:33:55.300,0:33:59.700
And that's because it's more reliable[br]it's more flexible, it's more extensible

0:33:59.700,0:34:03.000
It does what webmasters actually need

0:34:03.200,0:34:06.000
and the combination of Apache and Linux

0:34:06.000,0:34:08.300
found its way into a great many commercial shops.

0:34:09.200,0:34:13.800
Essentially, Apache became the application[br]that motivated Internet service providers

0:34:13.800,0:34:17.800
and e-commerce companies to choose Linux[br]over Microsoft's Windows.

0:34:19.000,0:34:22.100
It would probably runs best on Linux and on FreeBSD

0:34:22.100,0:34:25.700
and the reason is the[br]communities around those operating systems

0:34:25.700,0:34:30.100
are also the communities that[br]contribute the most back to Apache, right?

0:34:30.100,0:34:34.100
And there were also the operating systems[br]that Internet service providers

0:34:34.100,0:34:35.900
started using very heavily as well

0:34:36.500,0:34:39.400
and Internet service providers really liked Apache

0:34:39.400,0:34:40.800
because it allowed them to do

0:34:40.800,0:34:44.100
a lot of different things[br]that some of the commercial web servers didn't

0:34:44.100,0:34:48.100
such as the ability to host more than[br]one web site on a single box, which clearly

0:34:48.200,0:34:50.800
if you are an ISP and you would have 40,000 users

0:34:50.800,0:34:52.000
and they all want their web site

0:34:52.000,0:34:53.600
it's gonna be pretty important to you.

0:34:54.900,0:34:57.200
one of the key factors in the growth of Linux was

0:34:57.200,0:35:00.000
the creation of companies that[br]specialized in the distribution

0:35:00.000,0:35:02.100
and support of the Operating System itself

0:35:02.300,0:35:05.700
Among these companies,[br]Red Hat Software is the best known.

0:35:05.700,0:35:09.100
Red Hat started as a product of Marc Ewing

0:35:09.100,0:35:10.700
while he was working at IBM.

0:35:10.700,0:35:12.700
He wanted a little better Linux distribution

0:35:12.700,0:35:14.100
he started playing around,

0:35:14.100,0:35:18.100
found out he uh, he spent more time[br]maintaining his Linux distribution

0:35:18.300,0:35:21.300
than he did uh,[br]than he did working on his new project.

0:35:21.300,0:35:25.000
So he uh, sort of started the distribution himself

0:35:25.000,0:35:26.600
He met up with Bob Young,

0:35:26.600,0:35:29.500
who at the time was running company called[br]ACC Bookstore

0:35:29.500,0:35:32.900
which was a mail-order PC Unix uh, catalog

0:35:32.900,0:35:34.800
And Bob kind of knew he wanted something,

0:35:34.800,0:35:36.900
you know, more his own to market,

0:35:36.900,0:35:39.300
rather than reselling other people's products

0:35:39.300,0:35:42.400
And he was fairly good at marketing, and...

0:35:42.400,0:35:43.800
Mark knew he needed some marketing help

0:35:43.800,0:35:46.800
because he was very good at the technical parts,[br]so they kinda got together

0:35:46.800,0:35:51.100
I started working with Red Hat in May of 1995,[br]basically right out of NC State.

0:35:51.100,0:35:56.100
along with Eric Troan who, me and him[br]combined make up employees #4 and #5.

0:35:57.000,0:36:01.000
We actually reported to work in an apartment[br]that Mark Ewing used to live in

0:36:02.300,0:36:06.200
We took it over as kind of[br]the development part of Red Hat software

0:36:06.200,0:36:10.100
and stayed that way till about November of 1995 when...

0:36:10.300,0:36:12.900
a toilet we had in the apartment kind of exploded,

0:36:12.900,0:36:14.300
flooded our downstairs neighbor

0:36:14.300,0:36:17.400
and she got little upset and...

0:36:17.400,0:36:19.600
the apartment folks found out[br]we were running a business there

0:36:19.600,0:36:21.700
instead of actually living there the same time

0:36:21.700,0:36:23.100
So they decided to throw us out.

0:36:23.100,0:36:25.300
So at that point, we had about a week to go find

0:36:25.300,0:36:27.600
our first office, which we did

0:36:27.600,0:36:29.600
and get ourselves moved in a hurry

0:36:40.100,0:36:45.100
We started going in again '95 or so[br]to the venture capital firms,

0:36:45.100,0:36:48.000
asking, saying, there's something happening here.

0:36:48.000,0:36:50.100
There's a great business opportunity,

0:36:50.100,0:36:54.100
to build the next Sun for open source.

0:36:54.300,0:36:57.500
Well, the venture capitalists looked at this and said

0:36:57.500,0:37:00.000
"Gee, you are selling systems

0:37:00.000,0:37:02.100
the software is free. This is kind of scary.

0:37:02.100,0:37:04.600
We're not sure that we want to put money in. And...

0:37:04.600,0:37:08.000
by the way, we funded other systems companies

0:37:08.000,0:37:10.900
and it hasn't really panned out. We are scared."

0:37:13.100,0:37:16.200
I came to the US about 3 years ago,

0:37:16.200,0:37:18.500
and the reason really was that I'd been spending

0:37:19.800,0:37:22.800
like 6 or 7 years at Helsinki University.

0:37:22.800,0:37:27.100
and decide it was time to see the real world[br]and not just university life.

0:37:27.100,0:37:32.100
Especially this area had a lot of the most[br]interesting work being done.

0:37:33.600,0:37:35.400
So I just decided that...

0:37:35.400,0:37:39.400
let's try to move half way across the world,

0:37:39.900,0:37:41.100
and give this a try.

0:37:41.100,0:37:43.100
And it's turned out pretty well.

0:37:43.100,0:37:46.000
[ Ah...you see this as temporary or long term? ]

0:37:46.500,0:37:49.100
Well, we saw it as temporary at first.

0:37:49.100,0:37:53.100
And I think it's certainly looking like[br]it's turning into long term.

0:37:53.400,0:37:56.900
Our youngest daughter is[br]both US and Finnish citizen,

0:37:56.900,0:37:58.400
because she was born here

0:37:59.000,0:38:03.000
and the older one is speaking[br]both Swedish and English, so...

0:38:27.200,0:38:31.200
The next major event was one that[br]I had directed hand in.

0:38:31.300,0:38:34.100
I wrote a paper, called[br]"The Cathedral & the Bazaar".

0:38:34.100,0:38:37.800
which was my observations,[br]my anthropological analysis

0:38:37.800,0:38:40.100
of what it was that made[br]the open source world work.

0:38:40.100,0:38:45.400
We didn't call it that then. We were still[br]using the term "Free Software" primarily.

0:38:45.400,0:38:48.100
So it was my observation of[br]what made the Free Software world work

0:38:48.100,0:38:52.400
and why we were able to[br]produce extremely high quality software

0:38:52.900,0:38:56.900
in spite of constantly violating all of[br]the standard rules of software engineering

0:38:57.800,0:39:00.500
In that paper, I was setting up a contrast

0:39:00.500,0:39:02.700
between two different styles of development,

0:39:02.700,0:39:04.400
two opposed styles of development.

0:39:04.400,0:39:10.000
One, which is the[br]conventional closed development style,

0:39:10.000,0:39:12.500
which I called the "Cathedral" style.

0:39:12.500,0:39:15.800
In that one, you have[br]tight specification of objectives.

0:39:15.800,0:39:21.100
Small project groups which are run[br]in a fairly hierarchical authoritarian manner.

0:39:22.300,0:39:24.800
And you have long release intervals

0:39:25.600,0:39:28.500
On the other hand,what I identified[br]is happening in the Linux world

0:39:28.500,0:39:34.100
was a much more peer to peer decentralized,[br]market or bazaar-like style,

0:39:34.500,0:39:36.100
which has a very short release intervals

0:39:36.100,0:39:41.100
and constant solicitation of feedback from people[br]who are formally outside of the project.

0:39:41.100,0:39:45.100
A very intense peer review process.

0:39:45.400,0:39:48.100
And the startling thing was that the more I looked at this,

0:39:48.100,0:39:52.100
the more it seemed that trading away[br]all the supposed advantages

0:39:52.900,0:39:55.000
of conventional closed development,

0:39:55.000,0:39:59.000
for that one single advantage[br]of massive independent peer review

0:39:59.000,0:40:03.000
actually seemed to win,[br]actually seemed to get you good results.

0:40:06.500,0:40:08.400
The reason Netscape is important is

0:40:08.400,0:40:13.300
that they were the first large company[br]to participate in open source.

0:40:13.300,0:40:15.100
We had Cygnus providing support,

0:40:15.100,0:40:17.700
but we didn't really have much business.

0:40:17.700,0:40:21.500
And Netscape went open source essentially[br]as a way to fight Microsoft.

0:40:21.500,0:40:25.300
Which was giving away Internet Explorer,

0:40:25.300,0:40:29.300
but not letting anyone else have the source code,[br]not letting companies collaborate.

0:40:30.300,0:40:32.000
Working as part of the sales force, I got a bit of,

0:40:32.000,0:40:34.400
I got a good idea of.. of why people bought our software

0:40:34.400,0:40:38.400
and what it took to make our software successful[br]in the marketplace against competitive products.

0:40:39.800,0:40:41.100
However, the problem was,

0:40:41.100,0:40:44.700
we were seeing, as that, as time went on,

0:40:44.700,0:40:48.100
our software was uh,

0:40:48.100,0:40:51.900
being competed against by other[br]people's software, particularly Microsoft's

0:40:51.900,0:40:55.700
and as time went on, the price of our software had to drop

0:40:55.700,0:40:57.800
because other people were giving their software away

0:40:57.800,0:41:00.800
at no charge or at little charge.

0:41:00.800,0:41:03.000
Now the real problem was that they feared

0:41:03.000,0:41:06.500
Microsoft would achieve a monopoly lock on the browser market

0:41:06.500,0:41:10.300
and they would then use that monopoly lock to

0:41:10.300,0:41:11.900
pervert actually,

0:41:11.900,0:41:15.900
the HTTP and HTML standards that the web depends on.

0:41:15.900,0:41:19.900
And once they had turned those[br]standards in to lock in devices,

0:41:19.900,0:41:23.900
they could then use that control[br]to drive Netscape out of the server market,

0:41:24.300,0:41:26.600
which was where it was making its real money.

0:41:26.600,0:41:29.500
My concern was that as time went on,

0:41:31.000,0:41:33.300
Netscape's business would be threatened,

0:41:33.300,0:41:37.100
by the fact that we didn't have enough people[br]to do what we needed to do as a company

0:41:37.100,0:41:41.000
in order to keep our software viable in the marketplace.

0:41:41.500,0:41:45.300
The Netscape release happened in early 1998.

0:41:45.300,0:41:49.300
And uh, I was told later, I had no idea at the time,

0:41:50.300,0:41:52.600
that it came about as a direct result of

0:41:52.600,0:41:55.400
the right people having read[br]"The Cathedral and the Bazaar".

0:41:55.900,0:41:59.600
"The Cathedral and the Bazaar",[br]the paper by Eric Raymond,

0:41:59.600,0:42:05.200
was a significant influence on[br]Netscape's decision to release source code.

0:42:05.900,0:42:08.100
It came as a complete shock to me.

0:42:08.100,0:42:10.300
I wasn't really ready for the thought

0:42:10.300,0:42:12.500
that I was changing the world even by accident.

0:42:13.200,0:42:17.200
However he was not by any means[br]the only influence on that decision.

0:42:17.500,0:42:19.700
Uh, and not necessarily the most important one,

0:42:19.700,0:42:21.400
when all is said and done.

0:42:21.400,0:42:23.600
As I said, Netscape,

0:42:23.600,0:42:27.600
Netscape had already been talking about[br]releasing source code for quite some time before

0:42:28.300,0:42:30.200
anyone ever heard of Eric's paper.

0:42:30.600,0:42:32.600
Linux Congress in early 1997,

0:42:32.600,0:42:35.600
which was the first place that I gave that paper.

0:42:35.900,0:42:39.900
And one of the people who heard it was[br]Tim O'Reilly of O'Reilly and Associates.

0:42:40.400,0:42:43.300
And uh, he thought it was pretty intriguing

0:42:43.300,0:42:47.300
and he asked me to give it at[br]his first PERL conference, which was uh..

0:42:47.300,0:42:49.900
later that year, in Fall of 97.

0:42:50.600,0:42:52.500
And apparently what happened, I was told later,

0:42:52.500,0:42:55.000
although I had no idea that this was happening at the time,

0:42:55.400,0:43:01.500
uh is that some people from Netscape actually[br]heard the paper at the PERL conference

0:43:01.500,0:43:05.500
and took those ideas back to Netscape and[br]they kind of lit a fire there.

0:43:05.600,0:43:09.600
The role of my paper was essentially[br]to make the internal case at Netscape, uh

0:43:09.700,0:43:13.700
to make the business case for[br]why Netscape should release its source code.

0:43:13.900,0:43:17.500
The paper was called[br]"Netscape Source Code As Netscape Product".

0:43:18.200,0:43:22.200
uh.. a strange title,[br]essentially what the title meant was that

0:43:22.800,0:43:24.000
In my opinion we needed to

0:43:24.100,0:43:27.900
think of source code not just as something[br]that was used in creating our products,

0:43:27.900,0:43:30.100
but as something that was a product in its own right.

0:43:30.500,0:43:33.200
Something that customers might use, other people might use.

0:43:33.700,0:43:36.500
I then looked at what the business models might be

0:43:36.500,0:43:39.400
if we released source code for our products.

0:43:39.400,0:43:41.100
How would we license them?

0:43:41.100,0:43:45.100
How do we sell products in this environment?

0:43:46.400,0:43:49.600
Then I looked at the competition, particularly Microsoft.

0:43:49.600,0:43:52.200
What would they be likely to do[br]if we released source code?

0:43:52.200,0:43:54.800
Was there some way they could[br]use our source code against us?

0:43:54.800,0:43:58.800
I used Eric's paper as an example of[br]how distributed development could work,

0:43:59.600,0:44:03.400
how a company could develop software not[br]just using their own people,

0:44:03.400,0:44:06.200
but also working with people on the Internet.

0:44:07.300,0:44:10.900
And that's why I included a reference to[br]Eric's paper in my paper.

0:44:11.200,0:44:12.700
Once my paper was circulated,

0:44:12.700,0:44:15.100
the people who read my paper would naturally enough

0:44:15.100,0:44:18.100
find a reference to Eric's paper[br]and read that as well.

0:44:18.100,0:44:20.700
[ And who was involved in[br]making that happen at Netscape? ]

0:44:21.700,0:44:25.100
Primarily the person who made the[br]actual decision was Jim Barksdale.

0:44:25.900,0:44:28.000
And this turned out to be important later.

0:44:28.000,0:44:30.800
That our big win, the big score

0:44:30.800,0:44:34.400
that gave us mainstream[br]visibility and credibility with investors

0:44:34.400,0:44:38.400
came not because of bottom up evangelism[br]from a bunch of engineers,

0:44:38.500,0:44:41.600
but because one strategist at the top

0:44:41.600,0:44:43.900
saw the potential power of this method and

0:44:43.900,0:44:46.800
then essentially imposed that vision[br]on everyone underneath him.

0:44:47.900,0:44:51.100
When I completed the paper,[br]I first gave a copy to Mark Andreessen,

0:44:51.100,0:44:55.100
who was co-founder of Netscape and[br]was at the time one of,

0:44:55.100,0:44:56.900
on the senior management team at Netscape.

0:44:56.900,0:45:00.900
Mark then gave a copy of the paper to several[br]other people within Netscape management,

0:45:01.000,0:45:03.100
including Jim Barksdale.

0:45:03.100,0:45:06.200
I'm not sure exactly when Jim and[br]the other senior managers

0:45:06.200,0:45:08.300
made the actual decision,

0:45:09.000,0:45:11.300
I believe it was in early January sometime.

0:45:11.400,0:45:15.900
Netscape actually announced that it was gonna[br]release the source code on Jan 22nd,

0:45:16.400,0:45:19.900
the same time it was going to give[br]Communicator away for free.

0:45:20.300,0:45:23.000
When Netscape decided to release the source code,

0:45:23.000,0:45:25.400
people sort of got a wake up notice and said

0:45:25.400,0:45:28.900
"Hey, maybe there is something to this idea[br]of releasing source code

0:45:28.900,0:45:32.400
and doing development with people[br]outside your company."

0:45:33.400,0:45:38.200
So Netscape's decision brought a lot of[br]public attention to the idea of Free Software,

0:45:38.200,0:45:40.500
what became known as Open Source,

0:45:40.500,0:45:43.000
and brought a lot of attention to[br]the Linux operating system,

0:45:43.000,0:45:47.000
which was one of the most prominent examples of[br]Open Source software at that time.

0:45:52.500,0:45:55.800
This is our first office, Mountain View, California.

0:45:55.800,0:45:58.200
We moved here in early 1995.

0:45:58.200,0:46:00.100
This is 4,000 square feet.

0:46:00.100,0:46:06.700
It was an incredible leap of faith for us to[br]move out and take the company to our own office.

0:46:06.700,0:46:09.700
Now what's really important about this place

0:46:09.700,0:46:13.300
is that this is the office[br]where the term "Open Source" was invented.

0:46:13.300,0:46:18.000
If you walk in to an executive's office[br]and say "Free Software",

0:46:18.300,0:46:22.100
OK, If you're lucky, the response[br]you'll get is something like,

0:46:22.100,0:46:28.600
"hmm, hmm, Free Software, must be[br]cheap, shoddy, worthless."

0:46:28.600,0:46:32.600
Uh, and if you're not lucky,[br]it has associations with, uh.

0:46:34.000,0:46:38.000
with the Free Software Foundation's[br]wholesale attack on intellectual property rights,

0:46:38.400,0:46:41.000
which regardless of what[br]you think about the ethics of that,

0:46:41.000,0:46:45.000
it's lousy marketing, it's not something[br]that businesses want to hear.

0:46:45.500,0:46:47.900
So Eric Raymond knew there was a problem.

0:46:47.900,0:46:50.100
We'd been calling this Free Software,

0:46:50.100,0:46:54.100
but people took the term "Free"[br]and associated with "Free of charge",

0:46:54.500,0:46:57.200
they thought they couldn't make money or couldn't sell,

0:46:57.200,0:46:59.100
which is exactly the wrong concept.

0:46:59.100,0:47:04.700
We wanted to get across the idea the software[br]was open and that the source code was available.

0:47:04.700,0:47:07.000
Very important pieces.

0:47:07.000,0:47:10.700
We had this meeting at the VA offices[br]in Mountain View, where Eric,

0:47:10.700,0:47:17.200
myself, and Christine Peterson from Foresight Institute[br]joined us as well as some other people.

0:47:17.200,0:47:20.100
Christine Peterson was there by phone. uh..

0:47:22.000,0:47:25.600
Jon "Mad dog" Hall was also there by phone. uh..

0:47:26.400,0:47:30.300
And then Todd Anderson, who later worked for[br]SuSE for a while was there.

0:47:30.300,0:47:33.300
Sam Ockman who now runs Penguin Computing was there.

0:47:33.300,0:47:36.700
He was uh.. He was an employee of VA at the time

0:47:36.700,0:47:39.600
Well, we came up with the concept of Open Source,

0:47:39.600,0:47:42.900
we called Linus in fact and asked Linus if he liked it.

0:47:42.900,0:47:46.100
He was interested, He liked it.

0:47:46.100,0:47:48.600
Eventually we came up with something that replaced "Free Software".

0:47:48.600,0:47:50.200
That was the beginning of Open Source.

0:47:50.200,0:47:52.300
[ How did you chose words "Open Source"? ]

0:47:53.100,0:47:57.100
You know, I think Christine Peterson was[br]the person who really came up with the idea.

0:47:57.500,0:48:04.300
Uh, we wanted, again, the idea[br]that the source code was out there and it was open.

0:48:04.300,0:48:05.700
There weren't many choices.

0:48:07.800,0:48:11.800
Well, since the fist three recipients have[br]spoken for the Open Source movement,

0:48:12.800,0:48:16.300
I think I should speak about[br]the Free Software movement.

0:48:16.300,0:48:19.800
The Open Source movement,[br]focuses on practical advantages

0:48:19.800,0:48:22.500
that you can get by having a community of users

0:48:22.500,0:48:26.500
who can cooperate on interchanging and improving software.

0:48:26.600,0:48:30.400
I agree completely with the points they make about that.

0:48:30.400,0:48:34.900
The reason why my views are different,[br]while I am in the Free Software movement

0:48:34.900,0:48:37.000
rather than the Open Source movement,

0:48:37.000,0:48:40.000
is that I believe there's something[br]more important at stake.

0:48:40.000,0:48:45.000
That freedom to cooperate with other people,[br]freedom to have a community...

0:48:45.000,0:48:47.200
is important for our quality of life.

0:48:47.200,0:48:51.200
It's important for having a good society[br]that we can live in.

0:48:51.300,0:48:57.300
And that that is in my view, even more important[br]than having powerful and reliable software.

0:48:57.800,0:49:01.800
But I think some of the people in[br]the Free Software camp...

0:49:02.600,0:49:06.000
are a little scared by the commercialization.

0:49:08.000,0:49:12.000
And uh, you know,[br]of course a rebel is put off by success.

0:49:12.300,0:49:15.900
uh.. I think that commercialization is very important.

0:49:15.900,0:49:18.700
We want to mainstream this software,

0:49:18.700,0:49:23.900
and I work with Richard Stallman[br]who's the gray haired man of Free Software,

0:49:25.400,0:49:28.400
uh, on a regular basis, and I don't feel

0:49:28.400,0:49:31.900
I have any philosophical differences.

0:49:31.900,0:49:35.000
me as author the Open Source definition and

0:49:35.000,0:49:40.300
he is originator of free software as an organized thing,

0:49:41.800,0:49:44.800
except for one thing.[br]Richard thinks that all software should be free,

0:49:44.800,0:49:49.500
and I think that free software and[br]non-free software should coexist.

0:49:49.500,0:49:51.200
That's the only difference we have.

0:49:52.000,0:49:54.800
Uh, we decided early on that what we needed,

0:49:54.800,0:49:58.800
a..a definition, we needed a kind of[br]meta-license to define the term "Open Source".

0:49:59.000,0:49:59.800
a, a definition, we needed a kind of[br]meta-license to define the term "Open Source".

0:49:59.800,0:50:03.600
And what we came up with is a document called[br]"The Open Source Definition".

0:50:03.600,0:50:08.800
It's derived from the Debian Free Software guidelines[br]that were originally written by Bruce Parens.

0:50:09.300,0:50:12.600
I'd written the original draft of that, uh,

0:50:12.600,0:50:16.100
discussed it for a month with the Debian developers

0:50:16.100,0:50:18.800
Debian is a Linux distribution

0:50:18.800,0:50:22.000
And made it their project policy

0:50:22.000,0:50:24.900
And Eric and I decided to relabel

0:50:25.700,0:50:27.800
what we'd written for Debian

0:50:27.800,0:50:29.100
as The Open Source definition

0:50:29.100,0:50:31.400
and to say Open Source is a software

0:50:31.800,0:50:34.300
that gives you a list of nine rights

0:50:34.300,0:50:36.600
which is in the Open Source definition.

0:50:37.600,0:50:40.400
The first right is Free Redistribution

0:50:40.400,0:50:42.800
This doesn't mean Free as in no price

0:50:42.800,0:50:45.000
It means liberty

0:50:45.800,0:50:48.600
Um, you have to be free to redistribute

0:50:48.600,0:50:50.100
your software to someone else

0:50:50.100,0:50:52.300
And actually no price is a side effect

0:50:52.300,0:50:55.600
You can charge for that redistribution or not

0:50:55.600,0:50:57.800
It has to come with source code

0:50:58.100,0:51:01.500
So that someone can maintain a program.

0:51:01.500,0:51:04.200
If they go from a PC to a Mac for example

0:51:04.600,0:51:07.600
they can change the software.

0:51:07.600,0:51:10.000
Derived Works have to be possible

0:51:10.000,0:51:12.700
If someone has to improve your program

0:51:12.700,0:51:18.000
um, they should be able to distribute the result

0:51:18.000,0:51:21.500
uh, There is a provision about integrity

0:51:21.500,0:51:22.800
of the author's source code

0:51:23.000,0:51:27.900
which says that the author can sort of[br]maintain their honor

0:51:27.900,0:51:29.700
and if you make a change

0:51:30.100,0:51:32.400
you might have to change the name of the program

0:51:32.400,0:51:35.100
or mark out your change very clearly

0:51:35.100,0:51:38.500
so that your change doesn't reflect on the author

0:51:38.500,0:51:42.300
There is no discrimination against people or groups.

0:51:42.400,0:51:44.200
Uh, the example I usually use is

0:51:44.900,0:51:47.400
You can't stop an abortion clinic

0:51:47.400,0:51:50.600
or an anti-abortion activist from using the software

0:51:50.600,0:51:54.200
There is no discrimination against fields of endeavor

0:51:54.600,0:51:57.400
And that means the software has to be usable

0:51:57.600,0:52:00.900
in a business as well as in a school

0:52:00.900,0:52:04.400
The license has to be distributable

0:52:04.500,0:52:05.500
In other words

0:52:05.700,0:52:08.900
I have to be able to give that license to someone

0:52:08.900,0:52:12.300
and that license then should work

0:52:12.300,0:52:15.000
if that someone gives it to yet a third person

0:52:15.000,0:52:18.800
The license can't be specific to a product

0:52:18.800,0:52:20.000
in other words

0:52:20.000,0:52:25.200
if I distribute my software on a Red Hat system

0:52:25.200,0:52:26.800
the license can't say

0:52:26.800,0:52:30.500
you can't distribute this on a SuSE or Debian system

0:52:30.500,0:52:34.000
The license can't contaminate other software

0:52:34.000,0:52:40.400
So if I distribute this on a CD with another program

0:52:40.400,0:52:43.600
It can't say that other program must be free

0:52:43.600,0:52:46.500
otherwise you can't distribute my software

0:52:46.500,0:52:49.200
And then the only other part of

0:52:49.200,0:52:50.400
the Open Source definition

0:52:50.400,0:52:53.200
is a list of licenses that were accepted

0:52:53.200,0:52:57.100
And the ones that we started with were the GPL

0:52:57.100,0:53:00.200
which was actually the example for a lot of

0:53:00.200,0:53:03.700
what's in the Open Source definition in the BSD license

0:53:03.700,0:53:07.700
because software for BSD system pre-existed Linux

0:53:13.500,0:53:17.300
I think the next moment that I thought[br]was really pivotal

0:53:17.300,0:53:19.500
was when the database vendors flipped over

0:53:19.500,0:53:21.500
which happened about three months sooner

0:53:21.500,0:53:22.600
than I expected to

0:53:22.600,0:53:25.000
and actually happened in late July early August

0:53:25.000,0:53:29.000
commitments to do one ports from Oracle and

0:53:29.300,0:53:32.100
and Sybase and the other key database vendors.

0:53:32.100,0:53:33.400
[ And why was that critical? ]

0:53:33.400,0:53:35.500
because we knew that in order for

0:53:35.500,0:53:37.800
the open source story to be credible

0:53:37.800,0:53:40.500
and especially in order for the Linux story[br]to be credible,

0:53:40.500,0:53:43.500
we'd have to get commitments from[br]independent software vendors

0:53:43.500,0:53:47.000
to do ports of their applications to these platforms

0:53:47.000,0:53:49.600
and I was actually kind of worried

0:53:49.600,0:53:52.000
I thought that we were in a window of vulnerability

0:53:52.000,0:53:55.400
between the time that we announced[br]the open source campaign

0:53:55.400,0:53:57.200
and the database vendors flipped over

0:53:57.200,0:53:59.800
that was the point in which hostile action

0:53:59.800,0:54:03.500
by Microsoft or other close-source software companies

0:54:03.500,0:54:04.800
that was the point in which

0:54:04.800,0:54:07.300
a serious marketing bleeds might have suck us

0:54:07.300,0:54:11.300
but once the big database vendors flipped over

0:54:11.300,0:54:13.800
that opened the way for other ISVs

0:54:13.800,0:54:15.700
that started the snow ball effect going

0:54:15.700,0:54:17.800
Every six months or so

0:54:17.800,0:54:19.400
I would come back to the venture capitalists

0:54:19.400,0:54:21.100
I would show them the new numbers

0:54:21.100,0:54:23.200
showing more and more people adopting Linux

0:54:23.200,0:54:25.000
and new people porting, new users

0:54:25.000,0:54:26.600
and I'd show them our customer list

0:54:26.600,0:54:29.900
And our customer list was getting much more impressive

0:54:29.900,0:54:32.500
It was people like Cisco that were beginning to appear

0:54:32.500,0:54:35.000
people like, you know, those dot-com companies

0:54:35.000,0:54:37.400
were started to show up on our customer list

0:54:37.400,0:54:40.000
and eventually the venture capitalists

0:54:40.000,0:54:42.000
you know, they kept looking at it

0:54:42.000,0:54:43.800
they kept saying "Oh, we can't quite do it"

0:54:43.800,0:54:47.000
Finally, Linus appeared on the cover of Fortune

0:54:47.000,0:54:49.300
There was something happening with Open Source

0:54:49.300,0:54:53.300
Well, at that point, the venture capitalists[br]couldn't ignore it

0:54:53.700,0:54:56.600
they just got sick of hearing about Linux everywhere

0:54:56.600,0:54:58.500
and they got tired of me, just, you know

0:54:58.500,0:55:01.900
showing it to them every,[br]at that point it was almost every week

0:55:01.900,0:55:04.500
So they uh, they decided it was time to invest,

0:55:04.500,0:55:06.300
that there was something happening

0:55:06.300,0:55:09.800
I announced Open Source to the world on the Internet

0:55:09.800,0:55:13.200
I did a lot of the early... administrative the work of

0:55:13.200,0:55:16.700
starting the Open Source Initiative

0:55:16.700,0:55:18.500
and I think six months later

0:55:18.500,0:55:21.000
I was reading the words Open Source

0:55:21.000,0:55:23.600
in the news all the time

0:55:23.600,0:55:25.900
And I was totally astounded

0:55:25.900,0:55:27.100
And a year later, I believe

0:55:27.100,0:55:31.100
Microsoft was talking about releasing some source code

0:55:32.200,0:55:34.400
And someone in the press asked Steve Ballmer

0:55:34.400,0:55:37.000
if they were going to open source their code

0:55:37.000,0:55:38.500
and Steve Ballmer said,

0:55:38.500,0:55:42.500
"Well, Open Source means more than[br]just releasing the source code"

0:55:42.800,0:55:45.400
And I realized that he had read my document

0:55:45.400,0:55:48.200
and understood it and was now telling[br]the press about this

0:55:48.600,0:55:51.600
Now if you are like just a guy on the net

0:55:51.600,0:55:53.900
who's not doing this for a job at all

0:55:53.900,0:55:55.700
and you sort of write a manifesto

0:55:55.700,0:55:58.000
and it spreads out through the world

0:55:58.000,0:55:59.000
and a year later

0:55:59.000,0:56:02.100
the vice president of Microsoft is talking about that

0:56:02.100,0:56:05.400
You'd think you were on drugs, wouldn't you?

0:56:05.400,0:56:07.100
But that's what really happened

0:56:13.000,0:56:17.000
The Local Users Groups[br]tend to be more than an issue of

0:56:18.900,0:56:21.000
building a social network

0:56:22.200,0:56:27.800
especially getting people familiarized with the issues

0:56:29.400,0:56:33.400
also just acting as a kind of supporting network

0:56:33.600,0:56:38.900
for people who do not, for example, have the ability

0:56:38.900,0:56:42.100
to pay for commercial support network

0:56:42.100,0:56:44.700
So one thing they're doing in this area

0:56:44.700,0:56:46.600
for example, is they're making these.

0:56:46.600,0:56:48.700
I think it's once a month

0:56:48.700,0:56:52.400
They're having install feasts, which mean that

0:56:54.100,0:56:57.100
getting Linux installed on their machines

0:56:57.100,0:56:58.600
or have some issue, I mean

0:56:58.600,0:57:00.000
maybe they've installed Linux

0:57:00.000,0:57:02.600
but want to set up the network in a specific way

0:57:02.600,0:57:04.700
can actually bring in their machines

0:57:04.700,0:57:05.800
to this users group meeting

0:57:05.800,0:57:09.400
And there's a lot of people there willing to help

0:57:09.400,0:57:13.400
who may have seen the same problem before.

0:57:22.400,0:57:24.100
Well, actually things aren't so well.

0:57:24.100,0:57:27.300
I tried it earlier myself. I had problems.

0:57:27.300,0:57:29.700
And so I came to this install feast world.

0:57:29.700,0:57:31.400
All the gurus abound.

0:57:31.400,0:57:35.300
Hopefully I'll have better luck getting it in.

0:57:35.300,0:57:38.100
Instead of having, uh, sending e-mails, or

0:57:38.100,0:57:40.000
writing to news groups on the Internet

0:57:40.000,0:57:42.500
and waiting several days for the answers sometimes

0:57:42.500,0:57:45.500
it's easy to come here and find other people

0:57:45.500,0:57:46.700
who might know about your problem

0:57:46.700,0:57:48.600
and may be able to help you

0:57:48.600,0:57:49.700
And hopefully within a few hours

0:57:49.700,0:57:51.900
you have your machine installed

0:57:51.900,0:57:55.900
Originally I wanted to it install on[br]uh, my larger laptop

0:57:56.100,0:57:57.800
and I just did a search on the net

0:57:57.800,0:58:01.800
and found where there were resources to get help

0:58:02.400,0:58:04.100
And um, I'm here today

0:58:04.100,0:58:07.800
cause I'm trying to put Linux on[br]this little guy right here.

0:58:07.800,0:58:10.100
just a Toshiba Libretto

0:58:10.100,0:58:12.700
It's not a easy thing in the world to do

0:58:12.700,0:58:15.300
because it's a weird piece hardware, So...

0:58:15.300,0:58:17.300
Any chairs right here?

0:58:29.200,0:58:31.000
I think that Department of Justice case

0:58:31.000,0:58:33.000
has made people aware of the fact that

0:58:33.000,0:58:36.000
you should at least look for alternatives to Microsoft.

0:58:36.000,0:58:40.000
and maybe Microsoft isn't the American dream after all

0:58:40.100,0:58:42.000
and that kind of shifting perception

0:58:43.300,0:58:45.100
you can very clearly see

0:58:45.100,0:58:49.100
that people just took Microsoft for granted

0:58:49.600,0:58:52.000
and maybe they're still buying Microsoft but at least

0:58:52.000,0:58:54.900
they're kind of more aware of the issue these days

0:58:54.900,0:58:57.600
Microsoft actually uses Linux as defense

0:58:57.600,0:58:59.000
They used Linux to ground a claim

0:58:59.000,0:59:00.000
that they don't have a monopoly

0:59:00.000,0:59:03.100
because Linux could essentially

0:59:03.100,0:59:05.000
push them off their catbird any time.

0:59:05.000,0:59:07.800
It was a very ingenious argument,[br]totally specious

0:59:07.800,0:59:09.600
because it didn't

0:59:09.600,0:59:11.800
do anything to answer the charge

0:59:11.800,0:59:13.400
that they had previously engaged in

0:59:13.400,0:59:16.100
bullying and very anti-competitive practices.

0:59:16.100,0:59:17.700
but it was clever of them

0:59:17.700,0:59:20.200
And, in an event, the judge didn't buy it

0:59:22.500,0:59:25.100
While ordinarily we in the Linux community are[br]rather worried about

0:59:25.100,0:59:27.500
letting Microsoft become the issue,

0:59:27.500,0:59:32.700
but there was a Slashdot article[br]about December of '98

0:59:32.700,0:59:38.500
where a fellow named Matt at the noodle[br]had pointed out that...

0:59:38.500,0:59:41.500
the of Australia has managed[br]to receive a refund for

0:59:41.500,0:59:45.500
the unused copy of Windows that[br]came with his computer.

0:59:45.500,0:59:50.000
So he declared the 19th of January, was January?

0:59:50.000,0:59:52.400
err, no, It was February. It was February.[br]Oh, I'm sorry, the 19th the February...

0:59:52.400,0:59:54.500
he declared 19th the February[br]Windows Refund Day.

0:59:54.500,0:59:56.800
and he encouraged everyone to go to[br]the computer manufacturers,

0:59:56.800,0:59:59.800
and return their unused copies of Windows...

0:59:59.800,1:00:03.000
as it was specified in the[br]Windows End-User License Agreement.

1:00:03.000,1:00:06.100
It's important to remember that[br]in the License itself, it says that

1:00:06.100,1:00:11.000
you can receive a refund if you don't use the software,

1:00:11.000,1:00:14.000
and that the manufacture is bound by law to do this...

1:00:14.000,1:00:16.000
or it was bond by contract.

1:00:16.000,1:00:19.000
and we found if you called up[br]these manufactures, they basically said...

1:00:19.000,1:00:21.200
"Stop bothering me." and keep hanging up on you.

1:00:21.200,1:00:24.200
We didn't really wanna sort of giving out our location,

1:00:24.200,1:00:27.400
or where we were going to meet, until...

1:00:27.400,1:00:28.400
you know, at the very last seconds.

1:00:28.400,1:00:31.800
What we did is, we have people meet[br]at the place where we could control

1:00:31.800,1:00:33.500
in the different towns around here.

1:00:33.500,1:00:37.000
So I was the San Jose marshal, and I believe Nick you were...

1:00:37.000,1:00:39.400
I was..., Rick Moen and I did San Francisco.

1:00:39.400,1:00:39.900
Right

1:00:40.000,1:00:44.000
and so we had the maps there and we[br]handed them off everybody who was coming.

1:00:44.000,1:00:48.000
Well, we actually met at a Denny's[br]That's just outside of the Foster City limits...

1:00:48.000,1:00:49.600
Foster City city limits,

1:00:49.600,1:00:53.000
which meant also just outside of[br]Foster City Police jurisdiction,

1:00:53.000,1:00:56.600
which meant any, any instances[br]that happened at the meeting point

1:00:56.600,1:00:58.900
happened in the jurisdiction of San Mateo,

1:00:58.900,1:01:02.500
and if they told us they get lost, we'd say,[br]"Fine, we are going to Foster city. Bye."

1:01:02.500,1:01:06.000
It's sort of the Dukes of Hazzard method of[br]avoiding the cops, so...

1:01:07.500,1:01:11.000
Well actually, originally we marched[br]on the other side of this building.

1:01:11.000,1:01:15.000
We marched around and up onto the parking[br]structure that's up there,

1:01:15.000,1:01:17.900
and that's where Microsoft had a reception[br]laid out for us with

1:01:17.900,1:01:20.000
drinks[br]and a big sign that said...

1:01:20.000,1:01:22.400
"Microsoft Welcomes the Open Source Community".

1:01:22.400,1:01:26.400
and the local news cameras got shots of[br]Eric Raymond and Microsoft representative.

1:01:27.500,1:01:30.400
Microsoft's story seems to mostly be that...

1:01:30.500,1:01:35.000
...this was not an issue for Microsoft,[br]rather from the OEMs.

1:01:35.000,1:01:38.300
So we all needed to go back to our[br]computer manufacturers and try yet again

1:01:38.300,1:01:40.400
to try and get refund from them.

1:01:40.400,1:01:42.100
We responded to them saying, you know,

1:01:42.100,1:01:46.100
that we tried that and it's not possible,[br]we need Microsoft to take action at this point.

1:01:46.400,1:01:49.000
And they just repeated the tag line[br]over and over again...

1:01:49.000,1:01:52.000
"you need to go to the OEMs and manufacturers[br]and get your refunds there."

1:01:52.500,1:01:58.000
We had about 150 people,[br]probably half of voyage had signs and such, so..

1:01:58.500,1:02:02.000
Well, we ended up actually right[br]in this courtyard here.

1:02:02.500,1:02:06.000
Basically we originally met, gathered outside,

1:02:06.000,1:02:11.000
various people sent groups in,[br]people from FreeBSD camp sent a couple of folks in.

1:02:11.000,1:02:15.000
We had Eric Raymond and Christ[br]actually tried to go up eventually.

1:02:15.300,1:02:17.600
They had blocked the elevator off to us.

1:02:17.600,1:02:18.800
[ Where are the offices? ]

1:02:18.800,1:02:21.000
The offices are right up here on the 9th floor.

1:02:23.000,1:02:25.100
We got some really nice parts out of it.

1:02:25.300,1:02:26.500
and we think as a result

1:02:26.500,1:02:30.500
Toshiba made a possible for you to buy[br]laptop without the operating system on it.

1:02:31.200,1:02:33.000
So, it's a small victory, but...

1:02:33.100,1:02:37.100
Well, even now, companies such as IBM and...

1:02:37.200,1:02:39.500
a lot of other computer manufacturers[br]are allowing you...

1:02:39.500,1:02:42.100
now to buy machines that don't have[br]Windows on them.

1:02:51.000,1:02:53.800
When I was a kid and I went to school,

1:02:53.800,1:02:56.100
the teachers will try to teach us to share.

1:02:56.100,1:02:58.100
They said if you bring some candy,

1:02:58.100,1:03:01.200
you can't eat it all yourself, you[br]got to share with other kids.

1:03:01.200,1:03:06.800
But now the administration says teachers[br]should be teaching kids to say yes to licensing.

1:03:06.800,1:03:09.800
If you bring some software to school,[br]"Oh! No, don't share it...

1:03:09.800,1:03:13.800
...sharing means you're pirate,[br]sharing means you will be put in jail."

1:03:14.000,1:03:18.000
That's not the way society should work.[br]We need the good will,

1:03:19.000,1:03:23.000
the willingness to help other people[br]at least when it's not too hard,

1:03:23.300,1:03:25.500
because that's the basis of society,

1:03:25.500,1:03:28.000
that's the fundamental resource.

1:03:28.000,1:03:31.900
They give us a society instead of[br]a dog-eat-dog jungle.

1:03:31.900,1:03:33.100
[ So what about people say if that if

1:03:33.100,1:03:36.200
you have rampant piracy and eliminate[br]the profit motive and...

1:03:36.200,1:03:38.000
...and creative works, software.[br]Will not... ]

1:03:38.000,1:03:41.000
Well, they were on both counts. For one thing,

1:03:41.000,1:03:45.000
people are making a profit from[br]developing Free Software,

1:03:45.000,1:03:49.800
but for another, the freedom to[br]have a community is more important.

1:03:50.000,1:03:53.800
[ People that look at, casually at[br]Open Source Free Software and think...

1:03:53.800,1:03:57.000
Well, because you are supposed to[br]share and do it for people's good will,

1:03:57.000,1:03:59.400
Doesn't that seem someone communist.[br]What's your response? ]

1:03:59.400,1:04:03.200
Absolutely nonsense,[br]it makes me really angry when people do that.

1:04:03.200,1:04:08.000
Well, back in, back in 1989,[br]actually communism would have been a compliment.

1:04:08.200,1:04:10.600
the word people were using at that time[br]was "crazy",

1:04:10.600,1:04:12.500
and I want them to use capitalism.

1:04:12.500,1:04:16.000
Communism is an ideology that forces people to share.

1:04:16.100,1:04:19.700
If you don't share, you get thrown in jail or killed.

1:04:19.900,1:04:26.000
In 1990, we got a visit from a director[br]of an institute in uh, the Moscow University,

1:04:26.100,1:04:30.000
and actually I saw him in Helsinki just 2 weeks ago,

1:04:31.200,1:04:33.000
but in an event, he came by,

1:04:33.200,1:04:37.000
and Richard Stallman had suggested[br]that he visit Cygnus,

1:04:37.000,1:04:41.000
because he was interested in and[br]understanding how the Free Software model...

1:04:41.000,1:04:46.100
might apply to stimulating entrepreneurial[br]innovation in Russia of all places,

1:04:46.300,1:04:50.300
and we had been kind of secretive[br]about our business plan,

1:04:50.500,1:04:53.200
because you know, we were not really[br]sure it's gonna work,

1:04:53.200,1:04:56.000
we didn't want to look too stupid if it failed.

1:04:56.000,1:04:58.300
But I was very very open with him.

1:04:58.300,1:05:02.200
The more I told him,[br]the more he started to shake his head like this,

1:05:02.400,1:05:06.000
and I finally said, you know, "What's wrong?"

1:05:06.000,1:05:11.000
And he said, "This sounds to much like communism[br]to be successful in Russia."

1:05:13.000,1:05:17.000
You got to go a Gulag and end up in a mass grave[br]with a bullet in the back of your head.

1:05:17.000,1:05:21.000
Open Source is not communism[br]because it does not force people.

1:05:23.000,1:05:26.000
Carl Marx did not invent helping your neighbor.

1:05:27.800,1:05:31.800
It's not communist to have a commons,

1:05:31.900,1:05:38.600
A commons existed long before communism as[br]a philosophy of government.

1:05:39.400,1:05:41.500
there are many commons in our lives,

1:05:41.500,1:05:43.600
For example, we drive on the highway,

1:05:43.600,1:05:47.000
something it is maintained for our common good.

1:05:47.000,1:05:51.000
Actually labeling our business model...

1:05:51.600,1:05:53.700
means that it misses the point a little bit.

1:05:53.700,1:05:54.800
whether it's communist, or whether it's capitalist,

1:05:54.800,1:05:58.400
the label doesn't matter, the real question is,

1:05:58.400,1:06:02.000
how much value can you deliver,[br]how scalable is the business,

1:06:02.000,1:06:05.300
what kind of problems,[br]what kind of of rate of innovation can you sustain.

1:06:05.300,1:06:09.000
and then, however you want to label that,[br]it's really up to you.

1:06:10.400,1:06:13.600
The Revolution goes Prime Time.

1:06:37.600,1:06:39.100
A lot of people described,

1:06:39.100,1:06:42.000
that August LinuxWorld as[br]"Linux's coming-out party",

1:06:42.000,1:06:46.000
Linus Torvalds was very funny about this,[br]he said, "What? Was Linux gay?"

1:06:48.000,1:06:51.000
But some people said[br]"Yeah, that was our debutante ball."

1:06:51.600,1:06:52.700
That was when the...

1:06:52.700,1:06:56.700
Linux Gods, and the hardware hackers[br]really got it together with the suits.

1:07:06.800,1:07:09.800
At 3pm on August 10th 1999,

1:07:09.800,1:07:13.400
Linus Torvalds delivered the keynote[br]address to the LinuxWorld.

1:07:13.400,1:07:17.900
The crowds of 6000 people began lining up at 12 noon.

1:07:37.500,1:07:40.000
Ladies and gentlemen,[br]please welcome Larry Augustin...

1:07:40.000,1:07:45.800
LinuxWorld Conference Chair and President and[br]CEO of VA Linux Systems.

1:07:54.000,1:07:57.000
These guys have to clap, I pay them.

1:07:57.000,1:08:01.300
Thank you all for being here,[br]looks like it's been a great show so far.

1:08:01.300,1:08:07.600
If you'll indulge me for a moment, I'm going to[br]try to avoid the glare of the lights.

1:08:07.800,1:08:11.000
I still think there's lots of people,[br]even though this is the 2nd show,

1:08:11.000,1:08:14.500
I still think there's lots of people[br]who don't quite get...

1:08:14.500,1:08:17.000
...what it is that's so exciting about Linux.

1:08:17.000,1:08:19.000
So there is a great show going[br]on next door,

1:08:19.000,1:08:21.700
there's huge exhibits and everything,

1:08:21.700,1:08:26.600
but it's the people out here[br]that are real contributors, not those companies.

1:08:26.600,1:08:29.500
The person on next I know you all know,

1:08:29.500,1:08:32.400
so I don't have to give anything in the way[br]as introduction.

1:08:32.400,1:08:36.000
Ladies and gentlemen, I give you, Linus Torvalds.

1:08:36.000,1:08:39.000
Linus

1:08:44.000,1:08:45.000
Thanks.

1:08:48.000,1:08:50.000
Calm down.

1:08:55.500,1:08:57.500
Calm down.

1:08:57.500,1:08:59.000
Say "oooo".

1:08:59.000,1:09:00.000
yes.

1:09:00.200,1:09:03.600
I don't want to just give one[br]of my normal talks,

1:09:03.600,1:09:05.100
because I find them boring,

1:09:05.100,1:09:09.100
probably by now most of you find them boring[br]too because you've heard them like 10 times.

1:09:10.000,1:09:12.700
But after the technical updates,[br]we will actually try...

1:09:12.700,1:09:17.200
...whether we can do a question and[br]answer session with 5,000 people,

1:09:17.300,1:09:20.000
or how many of you there are there.

1:09:21.000,1:09:23.200
and it may not actually work out,

1:09:23.200,1:09:26.900
because one of the 5,000 people is really loud.

1:09:26.900,1:09:28.000
The one thing I will do,

1:09:28.000,1:09:32.000
which I always do in all my talks is[br]the gratitude thing,

1:09:32.400,1:09:35.500
I want to kind of acknowledge the fact that...

1:09:35.500,1:09:38.000
...I'm obviously not been alone in doing Linux.

1:09:38.000,1:09:40.000
RHAT IPO: On August 11, 1999

1:09:40.000,1:09:43.700
Red Hat Software became[br]the first Linux company to go public.

1:09:43.700,1:09:45.700
Red Hat, up 228%

1:09:45.700,1:09:48.800
this the IPO the everybody was waiting for.

1:09:48.800,1:09:51.300
They of cause are behind[br]the Linux operating software.

1:09:58.000,1:10:02.000
Morgan J.T., I know

1:10:03.000,1:10:04.000
All I've gotten today,

1:10:04.000,1:10:07.400
are comments about[br]what the stock prices all morning,

1:10:07.400,1:10:10.900
you know it was 41, it was 42, it was 47,

1:10:10.900,1:10:13.800
it is 53, it is 51...

1:10:13.800,1:10:17.600
Every machine as far as I can tell[br]on the show floor

1:10:17.600,1:10:21.600
is pointed to their e-trade accounts or their[br]broker accounts, they know the Red Hat's price

1:10:22.400,1:10:24.900
I can't believe this.

1:10:24.900,1:10:26.700
I just heard 53.

1:10:26.700,1:10:27.700
Oh, boy.

1:10:27.700,1:10:29.700
Hang on, I didn't buy it.

1:10:29.700,1:10:31.100
You didn't buy?

1:10:31.100,1:10:33.300
No, no, I didn't buy.

1:10:33.300,1:10:35.000
I should've buy, but uh...

1:10:35.000,1:10:36.600
No no, that's great.

1:10:36.600,1:10:38.100
If it's... if it's....

1:10:38.100,1:10:39.400
You guys don't know?

1:10:39.400,1:10:40.500
Well, you know

1:10:40.500,1:10:42.800
Red Hat being successful as just being said

1:10:42.800,1:10:46.300
It legitimizes Linux[br]So it's much easier for us to go out

1:11:03.000,1:11:06.000
Rob Malda (CmdrTaco) ...[br]on the Red Hat IPO

1:11:06.000,1:11:08.000
It's kind of been a little bit divided.

1:11:08.000,1:11:09.000
You've got a lot of people

1:11:09.000,1:11:10.000
that are pretty hardcore and

1:11:10.000,1:11:11.300
And they are a kind of offended by that

1:11:11.300,1:11:14.400
you know, cause they worked really hard,[br]they are not really getting...

1:11:14.400,1:11:16.900
maybe they fair share out of that.

1:11:16.900,1:11:18.100
Some people do get ticked.

1:11:18.100,1:11:19.200
and you know the thing

1:11:19.200,1:11:21.400
that you see that on a lot of mailing lists[br]on the Slashdot you'll read, you know

1:11:21.400,1:11:27.200
This guy is really mad because he didn't[br]get chance to, he's didn't get a chance to do...

1:11:28.300,1:11:29.700
to get stock from Red Hat

1:11:29.700,1:11:34.700
He didn't get a chance to get...[br]to get a job from this other company, you know.

1:11:35.200,1:11:38.700
But the, the kind of the shocking secret[br]there is that,

1:11:38.700,1:11:41.800
Most the really hardcore guys,[br]you know, they don't care so much.

1:11:41.800,1:11:43.600
The guys that are kind of really down in trenches.

1:11:43.600,1:11:46.000
They're writing this code because[br]they need this code.

1:11:46.300,1:11:48.400
If we could invite Richard Stallman

1:11:48.400,1:11:51.800
who is the founder of[br]the Free Software Association

1:11:51.800,1:11:53.700
and Tim Ney, who's the managing director.

1:11:53.700,1:11:57.000
Here we go. Hahahahaha

1:11:57.000,1:11:59.200
Ah, here it is.

1:12:00.000,1:12:04.800
Now, Richard, I saw you playing your recorder[br]at, in Paris at that Linux conference

1:12:04.800,1:12:06.200
But I didn't have audio tracks.

1:12:06.200,1:12:08.400
So would you them to add audio to their, uh...

1:12:08.400,1:12:10.400
Video downstream next time

1:12:10.400,1:12:12.600
Uh..I don't have any control over that

1:12:12.600,1:12:16.600
unfortunately those things can[br]only be done with non-free software.

1:12:20.100,1:12:23.400
We give you the award, and before you say a word,

1:12:23.400,1:12:28.300
we'll have a Tim and yourself hold up[br]a little representation of the contribution

1:12:28.500,1:12:30.800
towards the Free Software Association.

1:12:30.800,1:12:34.800
So, very ironic things have happened,

1:12:35.200,1:12:38.000
but nothing to match this

1:12:38.000,1:12:41.600
Giving the Linus Tovarlds award[br]to the Free Software Foundation

1:12:41.600,1:12:45.600
is sort of like giving the[br]Han Solo award to the rebel fleet.

1:12:50.200,1:12:56.000
You see, some of you may not realize how far[br]that analogy goes.

1:12:57.800,1:13:01.300
But actually let me tell you[br]how this, how we got here.

1:13:01.300,1:13:02.800
see what happened this.

1:13:02.800,1:13:05.400
15 years ago, if you wanted to use a computer,

1:13:05.400,1:13:09.400
the only way you could do it[br]was to, was with proprietary software,

1:13:10.300,1:13:13.000
software that divides and subjugates the users.

1:13:13.000,1:13:14.900
And most people just...

1:13:14.900,1:13:16.200
A lot of people didn't like it.

1:13:16.200,1:13:17.700
But they saw there's no alternative.

1:13:17.700,1:13:21.500
But some of us were determined[br]to make an alternative.

1:13:21.500,1:13:25.500
And we said we're gonna develop[br]a free operating system,

1:13:25.600,1:13:27.400
a free software operating system

1:13:27.400,1:13:33.100
that will give users the chance to have freedom[br]while they use their computers.

1:13:33.700,1:13:36.300
Now a lot of people said, "Well, it's a nice idea

1:13:36.300,1:13:38.600
but it's so hard, you'll never get it done,

1:13:38.600,1:13:42.500
so I don't wanna participate,[br]I don't believe you can ever get it done."

1:13:42.500,1:13:45.300
But luckily not everybody said that.

1:13:45.300,1:13:49.200
And clearly, we knew[br]we would eventually get the kernel done.

1:13:49.200,1:13:50.500
But as it happens.

1:13:50.500,1:13:53.600
somebody else did a better kernel before we did.

1:13:53.600,1:13:57.200
Now in the old days, we had an overall strategy

1:13:57.200,1:14:00.800
from calling people's attention[br]to the importance of freedom

1:14:00.800,1:14:04.800
To the freedom they can have, or not have,[br]when they use a computer.

1:14:05.500,1:14:07.600
Well what can we do about it?[br]As far as I can tell,

1:14:07.600,1:14:13.600
the only workable way of trying to[br]change this make that strategy work again

1:14:14.000,1:14:19.800
is to, spread the word that the operating system[br]you're using is actually the GNU system.

1:14:19.900,1:14:22.100
Somewhat modify of cause.

1:14:23.200,1:14:25.100
And when people know this,

1:14:25.100,1:14:28.600
they'll take a look at the reasons[br]we developed this system.

1:14:28.600,1:14:30.500
They'll think about these issues.

1:14:30.500,1:14:33.300
And some of them will decide they agree.

1:14:33.300,1:14:36.600
So I ask people,[br]please tell the people this is the GNU system.

1:14:36.600,1:14:40.600
It's the combination of the GNU and Linux[br]so we can call it GNU/Linux

1:14:46.600,1:14:49.900
[ So Larry, when you were at Stanford [br]8 or 9 years ago during your Ph.D

1:14:49.900,1:14:51.600
did you ever think in this position? ]

1:14:51.600,1:14:52.500
No

1:14:52.500,1:14:53.900
[ All kidding aside. ]

1:14:53.900,1:14:55.800
No I had no idea honestly

1:14:55.800,1:14:58.600
[ What did you think you would be[br]when you were finished up with your Ph.D? ]

1:14:58.600,1:15:00.000
You know that's a good question,

1:15:00.000,1:15:02.300
I really didn't have a good idea, I mean.

1:15:02.300,1:15:05.600
Here we are, on this huge show floor.

1:15:05.600,1:15:08.600
There are people just going crazy about Linux.

1:15:08.600,1:15:12.000
We had 6,200 people crammed into a room

1:15:12.000,1:15:15.300
to see the Linux, Linus speak last night.

1:15:15.300,1:15:16.900
Here we are, with, you know,

1:15:16.900,1:15:19.600
all of these huge venders all over the show.

1:15:19.600,1:15:22.700
I..It's, just, you have no idea that[br]this is gonna happen.

1:15:22.700,1:15:25.500
I mean this is just this little operating system[br]that were happy with.

1:15:25.500,1:15:27.500
that few people cared about, you know,

1:15:27.500,1:15:29.500
I thought I'd have a nice little[br]consulting business.

1:15:29.500,1:15:30.900
And here I am suddenly,

1:15:30.900,1:15:33.400
with all of this huge show going on.

1:15:33.400,1:15:34.400
It's just incredible.

1:15:34.400,1:15:37.600
I mean, a year ago, you could look and say,[br]you know, this is gonna be big

1:15:37.600,1:15:39.400
and everyone standing at the show going

1:15:39.400,1:15:41.800
"You know the show was big last year,

1:15:41.800,1:15:44.800
is it gonna, is it gonna be as big as this year?"

1:15:44.900,1:15:46.100
The you remind them

1:15:46.100,1:15:48.300
"You know, last year was only 6 month ago."

1:15:48.400,1:15:50.300
And then they go "Oh, , Linux time".

1:16:17.000,1:16:19.200
So leading up to the IPO, uh...

1:16:19.200,1:16:25.200
we had arrived actually in San Diego[br]on Tuesday night

1:16:25.500,1:16:29.500
We spent Wednesday morning meeting investors[br]in San Diago.

1:16:29.900,1:16:31.300
We flew up to San Francisco

1:16:31.300,1:16:35.200
spent Wednesday afternoon meeting[br]investment firms in San Francisco

1:16:35.200,1:16:36.100
VA Linux Selected[br]December 9, 1999, as the day[br]for its stock to begin trading.

1:16:36.100,1:16:39.500
then on the Thursday morning of the IPO is

1:16:39.500,1:16:42.000
when our stock would be traded publically.

1:16:42.000,1:16:45.800
So it was nice we had ended[br]the tour in San Francisco

1:16:45.800,1:16:49.700
because we could go to the credits suite's[br]trading desk the next morning

1:16:49.700,1:16:51.600
to watch the public offering.

1:16:51.600,1:16:55.600
And in San Francisco being close[br]enough to the company, and to our families,

1:16:55.600,1:16:59.600
we could invite people up to[br]actually join us in the first trade.

1:16:59.600,1:17:02.700
So I invited my wife and we invited Linus and Tove,

1:17:02.700,1:17:06.200
and a number of other friends and people[br]who worked in the company in to join us.

1:17:06.200,1:17:07.700
Whenever we invite Linus and Tove,

1:17:07.700,1:17:10.800
they have uh, two young children,

1:17:10.800,1:17:12.800
and I have a daughter, Andrea.

1:17:12.800,1:17:14.300
And we always bring the kids along

1:17:14.300,1:17:16.300
so we went in to the credit suite's trading floor

1:17:16.300,1:17:18.700
with all these traders and there are these 3 year old kids

1:17:18.700,1:17:21.000
running around and chasing each other[br]around the show floor,

1:17:21.000,1:17:22.000
around the trading floor.

1:17:22.000,1:17:27.200
So Linus and I walked in and[br]we walked up in to the trading floor

1:17:27.300,1:17:28.600
and everyone was very excited.

1:17:28.600,1:17:31.800
And we kept asking them, well[br]"Hows it going? Are things going ok?".

1:17:31.800,1:17:34.600
And they said, "Oh, it's.. uh, we're really excited,

1:17:34.600,1:17:35.800
I think things are going well.

1:17:35.800,1:17:39.400
We don't wanna, We don't wanna say,[br]We don't wanna jinx anything."

1:17:39.400,1:17:43.400
We walked in and it was a big screen TV showing CNBC.

1:17:44.000,1:17:48.000
And it was amazing to us,[br]but the theme for the day was Linux.

1:17:48.100,1:17:50.500
Now we have an IPO that's gonna go today.

1:17:50.500,1:17:52.700
And when I mean go, it is going to go.

1:17:52.700,1:17:54.700
The estimates I'm hearing are staggering.

1:17:54.700,1:17:58.200
But watch VA Linux Systems. It goes at 12:40 today.

1:17:58.200,1:17:59.900
The symbol is L-N-U-X.

1:17:59.900,1:18:03.500
A provider of large scale computer[br]servers and workstations,

1:18:03.500,1:18:05.700
specially designed for the Linux operating system.

1:18:05.700,1:18:11.800
The original range on this IPO was[br]11 to 13 dollars, then 21 to 23, then 28 to 30.

1:18:12.000,1:18:15.300
Priced at 30, and the estimates I'm hearing[br]I don't wanna repeat

1:18:15.300,1:18:16.600
because I don't have a confirmation.

1:18:16.600,1:18:21.500
But if they're true, they will blow you're mind[br]when this stock takes off at 12:40.

1:18:21.500,1:18:23.900
I turned to Linus and I said "Gee, did you ever think,

1:18:23.900,1:18:29.100
you know, you'd walk in here some day and[br]Linux would be THE theme on CNBC?".

1:18:29.700,1:18:32.400
and Linus said in his joking way said "Oh Absolutely!".

1:18:32.800,1:18:36.300
So we walk in and they show us[br]the buy and sell orders coming in..

1:18:36.300,1:18:38.300
and it's incredible.

1:18:38.300,1:18:41.900
We're seeing numbers like[br]320 dollars, 340 dollars a share.

1:18:42.500,1:18:44.400
And I'm just in complete shock.

1:18:44.400,1:18:49.700
You know, this is over 10 times[br]where we priced the offering. It was incredible.

1:18:50.000,1:18:54.000
And I remember Linus just kind of,[br]sort of patting me on the back and saying,

1:18:54.000,1:18:58.000
you know "Relax..." and it was[br]pretty exciting to see that.

1:18:58.000,1:19:00.900
We were, it was just amazing. We were stunned.

1:19:01.300,1:19:04.300
We were lucky that we were able to[br]get back to the offices,

1:19:04.300,1:19:08.100
we'd been in San Francisco[br]so we could come back to VA's offices

1:19:08.100,1:19:10.600
to, to see everyone in the office for the IPO.

1:19:10.600,1:19:15.500
When we got back, we had uh,[br]everyone was obviously very excited.

1:19:16.100,1:19:18.800
The IPO had done just tremendously well.

1:19:18.800,1:19:22.400
We had a little party that we put together.

1:19:22.400,1:19:24.100
It was interesting, while we were celebrating

1:19:24.100,1:19:26.600
there were plenty of people that were still trying to work.

1:19:26.600,1:19:30.400
I recall cries of "Be quiet!",[br]"We're on the phone!", "We're Working!",

1:19:30.400,1:19:34.100
Uh, as we uh, as we went in to the offices.

1:19:34.100,1:19:37.900
One of the things I did was[br]I gave the road show presentation

1:19:37.900,1:19:39.700
for the employees back at the office,

1:19:39.700,1:19:42.800
so they could have an idea of[br]what we'd been telling investors,

1:19:42.800,1:19:46.400
and understand exactly what we'd uh,[br]put together for them.

1:19:46.400,1:19:55.100
But again the story of the day is VA Linux,[br]now up 766% to 235 dollars to 265.

1:19:55.300,1:19:57.700
Sue, the best performing IPO ever.

1:19:57.700,1:20:03.200
Here it goes, Sycamore Networks was uh,[br]priced at 38 dollars, surged to $270.

1:20:03.500,1:20:05.800
This has just beat it. And by the way..

1:20:05.800,1:20:09.800
[ How do you feel about potentially billions[br]of dollars of wealth being created

1:20:10.000,1:20:14.000
from your creation,[br]that you're not directly cashing out? ]

1:20:14.600,1:20:18.000
So, if I hadn't made Linux available, I mean,

1:20:18.000,1:20:21.300
I wouldn't have gotten any money that way either.

1:20:21.300,1:20:24.200
So I mean, It's a win-win situation.

1:20:24.200,1:20:31.000
Uh, just the fact that there are[br]a lot of commercial companies

1:20:31.100,1:20:37.000
means that there are a lot of Linux people[br]who used to work on Linux kind of on the side.

1:20:37.500,1:20:40.200
And now they get paid for[br]doing what they wanted to do.

1:20:40.200,1:20:44.800
And that helps me in the sense that[br]I wanted them to work on Linux anyway.

1:21:06.400,1:21:11.700
The whole GNU project is really one big hack.

1:21:12.200,1:21:16.200
It's one big act of subversive playful cleverness,

1:21:16.200,1:21:22.300
to change society for the better, because[br]I'm only interested in changing it for the better,

1:21:22.400,1:21:26.600
but in a clever way.

1:21:26.800,1:21:30.800
Hi, we're the GNU/Stallmans, and this is[br]"The Free Software Song"