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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.00,0:00:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.12,0:00:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've had any interested in physics at all you've heard about a thing called the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.90,0:00:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.99,0:00:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just what is it then why is it interesting?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.86,0:00:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1964 a physicist by the name of Peter Higgs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.06,0:00:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took some ideas that were floating around at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.97,0:00:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,added an insight or two of his own, and proposed that there was an energy field
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.90,0:00:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that permeated the entire universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.40,0:00:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This energy field is now called the "Higgs field."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.57,0:00:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason he proposed this field was that nobody understood why some
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.16,0:00:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subatomic particles had a great deal of mass
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.22,0:00:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while others had little and some had none at all!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.27,0:00:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The energy field that Higgs proposed would interact
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.27,0:00:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the sub-atomic particles and give them their mass. Very massive particles
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.50,0:00:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would interact a lot of the field while massless particles wouldn't interact at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.56,0:01:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To better understand the idea, we can use the analogy of water and swimmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.05,0:01:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our analogy the water serves the role
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.09,0:01:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Higgs field.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.39,0:01:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A barracuda, being supremely streamlined, interacts only slightly with
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.26,0:01:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the field and can move through it very easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.14,0:01:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The barracuda would then be similar to a low-mass particle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.80,0:01:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In contrast, my buddy Eddie, no stranger to doughnuts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.71,0:01:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can only move very slowly through the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.51,0:01:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our analogy, Eddie is a massive particle made massive by interacting a lot with
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.12,0:01:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.43,0:01:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lightest of the familiar subatomic particles is the electron, while in the subatomic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.76,0:01:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world the king of mass is the top quark.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.81,0:01:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It weighs about as much as an entire atom of gold,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.74,0:01:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about three hundred and fifty thousand times more than the electron!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.32,0:01:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to stress that we believe the top quark is not more massive because
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.52,0:01:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's bigger. It's not!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.13,0:01:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we believe that both the top quark and the electron are exactly the same size!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.49,0:01:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, they both have zero size!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.70,0:01:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top quark is more massive than the electron simply because it interacts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.25,0:02:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more with the Higgs field. Actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.38,0:02:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the Higgs field didn't exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.05,0:02:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neither of these particles would have any mass at all!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.88,0:02:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in the press
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.23,0:02:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't hear about the Higgs field but rather the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.84,0:02:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are these two things related?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.83,0:02:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Higgs boson is the smallest bit of the Higgs field.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.19,0:02:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To understand how that works we should again return to water.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.03,0:02:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone knows what water is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.14,0:02:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're immersed in it you know that water is everywhere. It's a continuous medium
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.79,0:02:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are no holes in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.95,0:02:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also know that water is made of molecules - specifically H20.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.85,0:02:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you hold these two ideas in your head with the realization that water consists
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.47,0:02:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of countless individual molecules you can now begin to appreciate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.82,0:02:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.79,0:02:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Higgs field that gives subatomic particles their mass is made of countless individual
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.14,0:02:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Higgs bosons, just like water is made of individual molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.71,0:02:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should keep in mind that the Higgs boson hasn't been discovered yet, and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.07,0:03:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I'm describing is simply the most popular idea as to why subatomic
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.79,0:03:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particles have the masses that they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.16,0:03:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I speak
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.44,0:03:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my colleagues and I are studying data taken at huge particle accelerators to see if
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.67,0:03:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this idea is true.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stay tuned!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music]