[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-I would like to know your opinion or... what emerges from it...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.00,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... about this small reading; that's going to be very short.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then: "Freedom of expression is applicable not only to information or ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are favorably received or regarded as inoffensive or indifferent,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to those that offend, shock or disturb.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So... So goes with pluralism, tolerance and open-mindedness
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without which there is no democratic society."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.00,0:00:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the European Court of Human Rights who wrote that in 1976.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that inspire you?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Eh, I go back in time... further, because...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... I find this idea... in Athens, 2500 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Athenians cared about the isegoria, the right to speak for everyone, about every subject,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.00,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at any time, the right to public speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They cared about it more than about the isonomia, equality before the law and...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.00,0:01:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They cared about it because, in fact, it was as an hygienic measure,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a measure of protection, safeguarding democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because when we call on everyone...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... we... it makes the citizens sentinels.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every citizen can become a ... a guardian of democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a whistleblower of... drifts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And... the Athenians were well aware that... there were going to be... false alarms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dissident thoughts that would be... stupid or... hostile or ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... but it doesn't matter, it doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is better... As we don't know in advance what are the thoughts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be useful and those that will be harmful or... inappropriate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as no one can say in advance what are the dissident thoughts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are going to be useful or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well then they are given... we call on everyone, they are allowed all.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... many great thinkers have... defended this freedom of expression as ...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... a ... a base part of a free, pacified society.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So... So on the one hand, this freedom of expression,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it allows every citizen to become... a sentinel of democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is not everything; there is also the will of...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which... is in the background... which comes because a democracy ...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... bets that we can, we all together,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gathered in an assembly,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not by officials but all of us directly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So not all, because everyone doesn't come, but anyone who wants.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a democracy, necessarily direct...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.00,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... indirect democracy is an oxymoron; democracy is mechanically
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by definition, direct, direct democracy, this is a pleonasm.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a direct democracy, we ... we bet that we are able
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the right decisions for ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So of course, the oligarchs or representatives, ... elected officials...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... claim that we are incompetent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we will make bad decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the democrats know that... there is a risk of making bad decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be... embedded by rhetoricians, ... speakers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who ... who, speaking well, will misguide us, will deceive us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will take us into the wrong... decisions. We know that:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are rules to protect against demagogues.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we also know we can make mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there are procedures to change our mind, to...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... make other decisions later, once we realize we made a mistake,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we... there are procedures for that. And above all... before making a decision,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,democrats, real democrats, who... organize direct democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of Athens, not even that of Switzerland, eh, it's more...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... more generalized, more structurally...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... popular, a real democracy, than Switzerland, eh.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Switzerland is the best we have on Earth at the moment but...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... it's very very very flawed!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,True democracy, therefore, as we decide our laws,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,directly, without representatives - representatives do something else, they ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... but they don't make the laws - since we make our laws,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is important, before making a decision,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hear all viewpoints.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the views we loathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Above all,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the views we loathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are plenty of moralists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chinese philosophy, Japanese philosophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find... aphorisms, ... proverbs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all civilizations, almost, where... sages point out that ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:05:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... we'd better listen to people we don't want to hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be better, it is worthwhile to listen to people we don't want to hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that often... those who...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who speak ill of us, those who talk bad about us...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,.. are those whom we have the most to draw to progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that those who flatter us and speak well of us are those who...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... take us to the bad roads, bad habits.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.00,0:05:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, but then the democracy, by obliging us to listen publicly...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... to people we don't want to listen, to people we hate,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people we would put in jail...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I exaggerate, but just barely.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.00,0:05:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forcing us to it, it pacifies the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each individual doesn't want to hear such and such he hates,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the group is going to benefit from the fact that conflicts are staged
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.00,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- this is an important word, that - in democracy ...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The democracy stages the conflicts. It doesn't hide them, it doesn't overshadow them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't put them under the rug.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A democracy gives voice to all dissident thoughts,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to enlighten the decisions so that the decisions are...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... the least bad possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we don't seek perfection, we know we will make mistakes, it does not matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.00,0:06:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will be mistaken. We try to get it right,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.00,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then if we're wrong, well we will change.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the elected officials representatives shall not try to persuade us that they don't make mistakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make mistakes... as much as...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... as we will make mistakes when... the people will decide.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I just interrupt... couple of seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't you believe that today, there is a direction of..
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... there is a direction, first of all, which is made by the media?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.00,0:06:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Yes. But there, you think of manipulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.00,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A direction is not necessarily a manipulation. It is not necessarily a...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.00,0:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... trickery. A direction, it can be...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... a...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.00,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... a decoration set, a...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... an emphasis that is used to show something important.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not necessarily with an intention to lie.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the show in Athens, Greek tragedy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was an educational tool to highlight,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a caricatural - but at the same moment clear - way,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the values defended by democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.00,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And... this is very important, it was not at all...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that even today, the culture as...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... folk art that serves to...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... to show to children and young adults
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and even to adults - the ... values that the City acknowledges,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this art is very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the... the ideology of management,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our current ideology, there, the one of... merchants who can only count,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who only focus on that which is profitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only that which is profitable and... who destroy everything that is not profitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything which is outside from... market logic,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these people are crazy! They are hemiplegic, they have only ...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... half a brain, and yet... And when they destroy everything that is cultural
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is not profitable, it is madness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- What is called culture, according to you, today?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.00,0:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- So you must see the work of Frank Lepage, which is really exciting in this field.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.00,0:08:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Culture should be political,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it should be about the political education of young adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our grandparents, Franck... Franck explains that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Franck Lepage explains that... our grandparents, at the end of the war,...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... understood - the war had been a lesson -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.00,0:08:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one could be extremely cultured
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Nazi.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the... democracy is... to save a democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.00,0:08:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to preserve a free society, it was not enough to have a cultured elite,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that... you could get cultured little rascals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore, they deduced that it was necessary to educate children...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not... to literature, to art but to politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then possibly to art and literature but also...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.48,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... especially to politics, to the values of democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.00,0:09:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bit like the Greek tragedy did.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.59,0:09:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He explains that Malraux and his successors depoliticized the culture, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.68,0:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reduced - and it is a disaster - the culture in the art;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.00,0:09:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that... depoliticizing the City,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.00,0:09:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's political. This is very conservative
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to depoliticize.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very interesting. So today, culture is ... it was reduced in ...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... heavily in... intellectual tools that are not interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.00,0:09:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the... in terms of social justice and resistance to...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... the various projects of domination, the various ... various injustices.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is no fate, it is the popular universities...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.00,0:10:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are still many of artists who fight on the political front.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ... it's difficult, it is increasingly difficult for them today,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because ... merchants have colonized our imagination in taking the power,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because representative government empowers merchants,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.00,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including money merchants who are the richest.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As they have power, they also have the power to suffocate...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to suffocate... true culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:10:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culture worth the name, which would be a political culture.