[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.67,0:00:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... lives or their experiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.75,0:00:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was as if they were there but they did not exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.20,0:00:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were the proverbial invisible people of the 17th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.96,0:00:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This island is the dunghill
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.41,0:00:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereon England does cast forth its rubbish.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.62,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rogues and whores and suchlike people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are those which are generally brought here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.62,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the most unsupportible captivity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grinding at the mills,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.92,0:00:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attending the furnaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.64,0:00:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or digging in the scorching island,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.46,0:00:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having nothing to feed on but potato roots.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.56,0:00:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bought and sold from one planter to another,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.42,0:00:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or attached as horses and beasts for the debts of their masters,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.42,0:00:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being whipped at the whipping post as rogues
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.46,0:00:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their master's pleasure."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.12,0:00:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Africans are accustomed to the climate,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.79,0:01:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these people were not.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.46,0:01:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why in bond servants didn't really last in Barbados,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.75,0:01:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they died off too quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.71,0:01:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, if you only, you only have use of the bonds for 5 or 6 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.88,0:01:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got everything you can out of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.50,0:01:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have a slave, you have him for life,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.79,0:01:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you're likely to pay more attention to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.25,0:01:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That doesn't mean the blacks didn't suffer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.83,0:01:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they suffered a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.75,0:01:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] St Nicholas Abbey is in the Scotland district,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.83,0:01:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the oldest plantation house on the island,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.79,0:01:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dating back to 1658.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.54,0:01:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until the 1940's it produced sugar and rum for export,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.79,0:01:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will do again.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.29,0:01:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Larry Warren, an architect of poor white descent himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.71,0:01:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bought St Nicholas to make it a going concern once more,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.38,0:01:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also as a living tribute to generations of both black and white Barbadians. [/narrator]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.88,0:02:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That mill is an embodiment of St Nicholas,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.71,0:02:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at one stage in Barbados there were 110 or more of those mills on the island,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.38,0:02:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the last remaining one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.67,0:02:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just by fate, it was preserved.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.98,0:02:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I always reflect on St Nicholas too, because, um,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.83,0:02:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you think about it,only 350 years of its history,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.55,0:02:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the cane fires, and potenial fires and problems and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.38,0:02:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it survived,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.05,0:02:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I believe it's actually, you know, kind of meant to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.04,0:02:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that mill, ehm, was really destined to be scrapped,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.88,0:02:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then Colonel Lay, who was the owner here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.58,0:02:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and someone with the Canadian government,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.71,0:02:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got together and they preserved it and brought it here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.08,0:02:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many respects, a lot of the people that do go to Barbados
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.33,0:02:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feel so comfortable there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.88,0:02:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just don't go beyond to know the history of Barbados.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.08,0:02:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, since owning St Nicholas,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.42,0:02:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've read books on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.04,0:03:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite amazed at you know, the period around the 1650's,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.96,0:03:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Oliver Cromwell and how he in fact transported all of these people here
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.54,0:03:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become slaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.92,0:03:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact were treated as bad or even worse, yknow?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.17,0:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Winston Gill, of Scottish descent,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has worked as ranger at St Nicholas Abbey for 30 years.[/narrator]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.12,0:03:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To most black people, they think they were the only ones that were in slavery,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.21,0:03:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to some person who understand and know history
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.54,0:03:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that all {\u1}_{\u0} were in slavery, the white and the black.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.58,0:03:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the white was the first slave in Barbados.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.29,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the end of the 17th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of the white people that were doing manual labour on the estates,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.79,0:03:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were driven off in preference of the black,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.62,0:03:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because their production was not as great as the black,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.62,0:03:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so then they went on some to another market,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.50,0:03:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some went on to other Caribbean islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.50,0:04:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the ones that stayed still continued to weather the storm on the island,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.92,0:04:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the white people were mainly centred around Bath and St John,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.79,0:04:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Churchill and {\u1}{\u1}{\u0}{\u0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.21,0:04:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Scottish that're left behind think that haggis and puddin' and souse.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.42,0:04:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People tell you that slaves invented puddin' and souse, but it never true.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.83,0:04:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Puddin' and souse {\u1}{\u1}{\u0} Scottish {\u1}{\u0}{\u0}_.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.17,0:04:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... and what they call haggis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.71,0:04:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call it {\u1}_{\u0} here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.38,0:04:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Apart from the local haggis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.92,0:04:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the connections with Scotland can be seen in surprising places.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.21,0:04:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the very brickwork, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.12,0:04:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a plantation house like St Nicholas.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.38,0:04:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The poor seldom leave behind much evidence of their lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.67,0:04:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's blown away in hurricanes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.08,0:04:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and writen out by the rich and powerful.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.88,0:04:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fred Smith and his students are searching for clues
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.67,0:04:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the daily lives of those resilient forgotten people.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.62,0:04:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear that poor whites lived very similar lives to black slaves in the early days.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.46,0:04:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The difference was class, not race.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.92,0:05:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to dig deep in this beautiful place to find evidence of suffering. [/narrator]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.62,0:05:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The archeological work that we've been doing here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.33,0:05:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been focused on trying to get a general sense of plantation life here at St Nicholas Abbey.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.41,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There seems to be a preponderance of bowl forms,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,um, and greater emphasis on bowls than on flatware plates,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.50,0:05:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this probably reflects the emphasis on stewed foods,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.92,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the planter's house has a great deal more flatware,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated probably with roasts and other types of foods.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.79,0:05:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rum today is the 2nd most widely consumed alcoholic beverage in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.71,0:05:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the 17th century and the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.83,0:05:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was really a drink of enslaved peoples,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.21,0:05:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of poor whites, indentured servants, of sea men.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.08,0:05:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life was very challenging,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.42,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the disease environment in early Barbados
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which many people were dying from a variety of tropical diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.17,0:06:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, hurricanes, earthquakes, difficult place to live,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.33,0:06:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if you were poor, uh, or enslaved.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.21,0:06:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so rum really kind of helped meet the challenges of daily life in Barbados,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.25,0:06:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provided a temporary escape.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.42,0:06:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] One early settler wrote to his father:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.68,0:06:22.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"To send out 50 cases of good spirit,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.75,0:06:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make no question than that you will have great gains from them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.21,0:06:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are generally such drunkards on this island,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.40,0:06:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they will find coppers to buy their drinks,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.21,0:06:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although they go without themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.58,0:06:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have seen, upon the Sabbath day as I have been walking to church,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.75,0:06:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first one, presently another,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.50,0:06:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laying in the highway so drunk
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.79,0:06:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there be land crabs that have bit off some of their fingers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.12,0:06:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of their toes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.96,0:06:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have killed some before they have wakened."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.92,0:06:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They drank heavily,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.83,0:07:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact that was a common feature among these whites,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.38,0:07:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, they consume vast quantities of alcohol,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.88,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obviously that would have had some effect on overall health,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, many many years later.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.50,0:07:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Our expectation of the West Indies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.17,0:07:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that being white means being rich,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.88,0:07:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply isn't true.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.81,0:07:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The descendants of those first servants who were cheated out of their inheritance,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.96,0:07:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entered a century and a half of social and economic paralysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.79,0:07:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subsistence farming, menial labour, and domestic service were the best they could hope for. [/narrator]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.04,0:07:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was logical for the people of the time to conclude
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.25,0:07:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that over-consumption of rum
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.71,0:07:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to this laziness, and this inability to work hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.12,0:07:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the whole pejorative stereotype that developed associated with poor whites.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.42,0:07:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually there are medical reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.71,0:08:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that explain some of the dibilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.79,0:08:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A large percentage of the poor whites in Barbados who were too poor to have shoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.54,0:08:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so who worked bare feet in the fields etc,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.33,0:08:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picked up parasitic infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.46,0:08:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly hookworm infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.25,0:08:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody with masses of hookworms in their body
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.58,0:08:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wouldn't be able to respond well to situations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.79,0:08:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would stumble, slouch, would move very slowly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.62,0:08:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be seen sort of, like, the village idiot stereotype.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.53,0:08:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enslaved Africans who didn't drink as much as the poor whites,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.90,0:08:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had family networks,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.71,0:08:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had large communities of people that could work together,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.67,0:08:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sort of community networks that would help ease the challenges of everyday life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.42,0:08:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas poor whites tended to live sort of on the outskirts of communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.38,0:08:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very little opportunities for upward mobility,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.50,0:08:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result, sort of lost themselves in drinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.82,0:09:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part of the issue was that the whites remained by themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.92,0:09:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you had a situation where there was quite a bit of inter-marrying.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where you would have had quite a lot of families marrying each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.29,0:09:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First or second cousins marrying each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.79,0:09:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just {\u1}{\u1}{\u0}_{\u0} for a white female to marry a black guy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.54,0:09:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they married predominantly white men.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.75,0:09:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, the whole issue of incest.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.67,0:09:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it's not a nice thing to speak about,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.54,0:09:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that obviously happened in those type of communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.04,0:09:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If one looks very quickly at the demographic patterns and racial patterns in Barbados over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.50,0:09:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Barbados started as a white majority colony,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.58,0:09:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but by the 1660's it had become a black majority
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.29,0:09:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where about 60% of the population was black, and 40% was white.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.64,0:10:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what they did with this large poor white population on the island
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.93,0:10:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was they used it as a buffer group between themselves and the black slave population.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.13,0:10:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And during the period of slavery
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.38,0:10:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the poor white population was critical to the status and success
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.17,0:10:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you like peace of mind of the planter class.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.25,0:10:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1640's you might have had maybe, ehm, 4 or 5 thousand black slaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.88,0:10:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but by 1660 you had about 60,000 slaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.83,0:10:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the population moved down to about 10,000 whites and 60,000 blacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.92,0:10:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they need to have some form of militia,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.79,0:10:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or military for internal security,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.88,0:10:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the laws were made that for every 30 acres of land,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.96,0:10:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you had to have one able-bodied white man serving in the militia.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.92,0:10:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you were in that that rut of a poor white,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.33,0:10:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you had no education,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.82,0:10:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may become an overseer,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.83,0:11:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ehm, you were not ever a land owner.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.63,0:11:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The women of the militia tenants also earned some money because of course
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.13,0:11:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each plantation had the contractual or economic responsibility to supply clothes, etc
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.17,0:11:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the slave population,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.47,0:11:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so many of these white women were employed as seamstresses etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.29,0:11:22.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The poor make use of everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.79,0:11:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Fred Smith finds out in the militia families croft. [/narrator]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.54,0:11:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps the most interesting finds were these tiny pieces pf ceramic,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.46,0:11:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been whittled down into, uh, what are gaming pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.88,0:11:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were probably used for chess or for backgammon.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.71,0:11:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've also found a large number of buttons,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.17,0:11:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which suggest that perhaps somebody at some time at this house
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.82,0:11:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have been a seamstress or a tailor.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.79,0:11:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see even better the coral rubble construction techniques that were used,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.54,0:11:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, building these houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.17,0:11:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were just coral rubble that were picked up from the ground and surrounding bedrock,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.67,0:12:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, pieced together using a lime plaster mortar
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.08,0:12:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would sort of bake the limestone
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.71,0:12:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get it into a powder form, add water,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.71,0:12:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that would be the basis for sort of concrete in those days.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.08,0:12:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's very strong construction technique, as you can see.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.12,0:12:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] So it's weathered well. [/narrator]
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.75,0:12:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah it has certainly lasted.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.00,0:12:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Ironically, things got worse for the poor whites after emancipation in 1834.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.00,0:12:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apprenticed and experienced black slaves were able to transfer their skills to the free market.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.83,0:12:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Redlegs didn't have those skills,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.46,0:12:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and anyway, they didn't want to do work thay associated with black slavery,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.50,0:12:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identifying instead with the rich planters who wanted nothing to do with them. [/narrator]
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.58,0:12:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During slavery, the slaves were not supposed to do anything that's skilled.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.58,0:12:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, eh, there were skilled carpenters, who did all sorts of skilled work.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.04,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they weren't supposed to.