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We are two "MJC" (NT: an organism which promotes culture among young people) to welcome you tonight: the Saint-Just MJC, where you currently are

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and the Ménival MJC. We worked together on some debates because this is an important year

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politically speaking, as you know, and one of our calling

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is to work on this, especially with young people,

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and try to initiate them... So we organize citizen debates.

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So there is a first debate tonight. We wanted to shake things up.

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It is, I think, the purpose of MJC's, to compel people

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to think out of the box; a place that tries to bring new ideas,

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Our funders don't really like it but we don't care.

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I won't say more. Just know that we really enjoy debates here,

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more and more, and I have said to many: "you are glad to be here,

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but if you want to help prepare other debates,

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you are welcome. Have a good night !" - Thanks

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Hi ! Good evening to all of you.

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So I... You must know that... I'm currently on a pioneering work about the mess we are in

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and I feel like I have found, working with you,

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it is a collective work,

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some kind of antidote to olligarchy... and I would like to

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present it to you, but not too long

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in order to leave room for your objections, because this is then

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that we progress the most. The inconvenient

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is that when someone join the project without knowing anything about it

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there will be a lack of informations, 
but there's more and more stuff

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on the web, a lot of videos and texts

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to come again and rework it.

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Anyway, the topic is democracy...
true democracy

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It requires everyone to work.

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It is not enough to listen some guy only once

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with ideas... "well, well, interesting."

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The idea, to make things work well, 
is that we appropriate

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the subjects I will talk to you about tonight,
and to do so

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I think it requires work, that is to say

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read a little, and try by yourselves

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to explain to others, and when you're gonna
explain to others,

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they will have objections,

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and at first objections will unseat you;

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and then, you have to work, 
and you will become...

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I was gonna say invulnerable,
not exactly, but...

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You will see that the objections
- I will tell you which in a moment -

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I don't think it resist analysis

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But maybe tonight you will find
new objections

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and put me in trouble.

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So, maybe two words to present myself.
I am a teacher in Marseille, France.

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Six years ago, back in 2004-2005,
I was still an elector,

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a simple elector, asleep, passive,

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unworried. I voted. I saw 
it wasn't changing anything,

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but it didn't bother me, I was minding
my small business, like everybody.

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And in 2005, on the occasion of a debate
about a referendum,

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you have to remember this, the debate about
the european anti-constitution...

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Don't forget to say "anti-constitution",

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because they called it constitution

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but in fact european treaties are meant to destroy

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constitutions. They don't do what they were created for.
We're gonna talk about it later,

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I'm gonna elaborate a bit; there isn't enough 
time tonight

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to talk about european institutions; it is another matter...

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It would require an entire evening, 
so I will just raise it.

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Anyway, it is on this occasion that I woke up
in 2005

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I realized it was something very dangerous.

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"What is this thing ?!". And on the occasion of the debates,
something extraordinary happened to me.

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I wrote a text, put it online,

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a lot of people were doing it.

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The text started to circulate, more and more,

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and I ended up receiving hundred of mails per day,

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very moving, touching, 
enthusiastic mails,

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very happy mails, those who wrote it
were happy

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to have found, at last,
a clear way of saying

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what they couldn't formulate;

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really a lot of happy,
very enthusiastic mails,

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that gave me a lot of energy.

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And then hundreds a day, for two months
I received 12000 mails !

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A lot more than I could handle,

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but I spent entire nights to answer
to these people.

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And among them there were people who
didn't like me at all,

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who thought i was an impostor, a liar...

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Some said I was a "trotskist submarin",
some said

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"a far right submarin", 
well, a submarin, right.

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But these people were hurting me,
because I was just like everybody,

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I wasn't armed for that,

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it just happened. And I tell you about this

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because later, when we will talk about
intitutions

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you will see the athenians used 
what has allowed me to improve.

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What has made me change is the look 
of others upon me

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the benevolent look of others
that was saying:

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"Yes ! Keep up like that !"
Humans are sensitive to that

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- and me too obviously - and the suspicious, 
malicious look

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of others, it motivates too, it's like 
the carrot and the stick.

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"Why does he say I'm a liar, an impostor,

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why does he say I know nothing,
I will prove him wrong."

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And this is a motivation too.

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So with both motivations, I have started
to work like a madman,

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and six years later I still haven't stopped.
So I have started reading a lot.

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So about what intellectual mechanism, to what avail ?

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I started with with one finding and I'll try to pick up

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the logical thread that led to my conclusions

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to see if you end up on the same conclusions. So that you might be able to tell me:

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"Hang on, there's something here that's not making sense, that doesn't fit in correctly..."

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I'm counting on you to stop me if you feel that I'm saying something foolish or just wrong.

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Feel free to interrupt, by all means. It will be slightly more disorderly

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but it'll be more alive. If you need to stop me, it doesn't bother me.

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So I started with... At the end of the debate on the treaty (NT: establishing a Constitution for Europe), we voted No

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on May 29th 2005, a date we should remember.

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It's an important moment where we succeded in saying "No" in France,

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when all the media, the newspapers, the TV show were pushing us to say "Yes",

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or we'd be xenophobic, racists and so on.

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We were... At least all the people who were saying "No" were ill treated by the media.

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And despite that, we succeded in saying "No" because we actually talked a lot about it between us

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and in the details (NT: of the treaty), there were real and solid reasons to say "No".

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And so we, French, say "No" and comes the summer. Shall we work on something else? What do we do?

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What people wrote to me drove me to carry on.

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To carry on, because we had said "No", we had opposed the treaty,

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and that it's easier to be an opposition than to actually build something.

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And so I started imagining... If it doesn't seem right,

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if that Constitution wasn't good, and I could well see that the Constitution of 1958,

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ours, of the 5th French Republic, was almost as bad.

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"As bad", I can say that, the french canadians use it...

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The Constitution of 1958 is almost as horrible

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than the European Constitution, just slightly less.

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So if these Constitutions are so wrong... I asked myself the following question:

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"Why was it written so badly?" And so my text

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that had been read by many, in my fifth argument, I came to this important conclusion:

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I beleive that if this European text was so bad

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it's because those writting it should never have written it.

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I think that if the European Institutions are so bad

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it's because the people who wrote them were ministers (NT: Secretaries of State)

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and that those ministers, we'll bring it up later on,

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when they are writing a Constitution,

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they are writing the rules that they should be fearing.

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Because the role of a Constitution is to weaken the influence of Power.

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It's to put fear in those who have Power. A Constitution is used to protect us

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against abuse of power. I have practiced law so that's what I learned in law school.

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Well...leanred... In truth, we don't exactly learn that in law.

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We learn that a Constitution serves the purpose of organising powers,

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to seperate powers, to protect. OK. We talk a bit about it,

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but we don't linger on the subject. We have many things to see

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in Constitutional Law and in my opinion, we don't talk about this enough.

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We should learn in kindergarten, then in primary school,

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bash it in us, then in middle school and in high school,

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and then our whole life, we should learn this essential point,

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which is probably one of the most important mechanisms

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of what I will tell you tonight:

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"What is, really, a Constitution? What is its' purpose?"

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A Constitution is a superior text. We are at the bottom,

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we are base level citizens, the atoms of the social body,

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and we need to be able to organise ourselves, to pacify us,

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to not fight amongst one another, we need

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written rules that let us solve disputes

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and that give us a reason not to fight. These rules are written

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by people that we place above us, a lawmaker for example,

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or the executive who will execute laws with the help of police, armed forces,

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judges. So these powers that are going to apply this law,

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so these common rules, who pacify us, the people who produce or

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who apply this law; we accept, we, at the bottom,

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we accept to have them above us, because it pacifies us.

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OK. Everyone gets it, I won't go further.

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The fact is, through law, we are less brutal.

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But the powers who will be... Alright, we are millions, but even if wh'n we're just thousands,

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or tens' of thousands, we cannot writ law ourselves.

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We're just too many. So we need to delegate to some people the job to write this law.

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So we need representatives to help us build,

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and to set in place the law to which we will submit.

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But these actors who are going to producte this law,

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they are at the same time very useful, but also very dangerous.

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If they respect the greater good (common interest), all is well.

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But if they don't respect the greater good,

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if they start to pursue personal gain, or the interest of a group,

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of a cast, of a social class, or a party of citizens,

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at that moment, all citizens are in danger of being abused by power.

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So this we know from start. Eve in Athens, at the time, they had a Constitution.

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The Constitution is a text that is above people,

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above these (political) actors, above parlement, above government,

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above judges but it must also be above media,

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of banks... All those who have power.

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Above that, we put a superior text called the Constitution,

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which isn't a dusty old text

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which we don't care about. It's a central text that we should know by heart,

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that we should defend. We should know

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all the mechanisms of the Constitution to know what it's this is used for, what that is used for,

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this part is a good one, that one doesn't look good but in truth

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it's to balance that other one. We should know the mechanism

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- which shouldn't be too complicated because it needs to be in the reach of

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all to grasp - we should know the mechanism

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of a Constitution because it is above people who are in power

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to protect us, to protect, us, of abuse of power.

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Do you get it ? It's really important.

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The Constitution shouldn't be a formality. Not at all, really.

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So, I had this in mind. I knew what a Constitution was for,

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and I had argued against for two, three months,

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against this European Constitution that wasn't doing its' job.

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It doesn't protect us and it doesn't protect us because it was written by people

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who have are interested in our impotency.

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So that was about the time that I started to tell myself:

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"Right, what do we put instead of this one ? What should be in an actual good Constitution ?"

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So I wrote a text, that was a starting point of a whole serie,

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I wrote a text that was called "The great principles of a good Constitution".

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So I worked on it for the whole summer, a few months,

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and I published it. But that's when I noticed I didn't have the interaction anymore

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with all those people I had during those 2-3 months.

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I discovered during those first 2-3 months of interaction, of referendum debate,

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that we never move forward as well as during a contradicting debate.

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When we are between us... Tonight, there's a good chance that

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we'll agree. So we probably won't progress as much as

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if we had amongst us people who don't agree at all!

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Even people we really don't like at all.

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So it's less pleasant. Here, it'll be pleasant if we all agree,

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but we must understand that we'll progress less.

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I'd even go as far as to say that we'll enclose ourselves in misleading directions without realising

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that it is a wrong direction, because we didn't have the conflincting arguments.

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That is putting in the correct light all the ins

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and outs of a subject, which is precisely

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what a real democracy tries to set up. We'll talk about it later on.

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So I missed having that interaction so, in january 2006, I create my website.

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It's really my work tool... I don't write books,

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but I have enormously written with you, I have quite a lot

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on that website. So it has become interactive in 2006

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with a forum to have discussion, argument by argument, of this text:

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"The great principles of a good Democracy".

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So I put: "The blank ballot must be respected."

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So "The blank ballot must be respected," it's a starting point for a discussion with you.

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I say "you" in the generical sens, with the others.

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And so it's a starting point of the conversation and there was

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hundreds of pages on the blank ballot, very detailled

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explaining why we need the blank ballot,

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and how we would make it work if we were the ones writing the Constitution,

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what would we write for articles? So we had about 20 items,

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20 points that were grand principles that were in my document.

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But after that, it was "open" because you could, you still can,

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create new discussions, new threads of comments on the institutions.

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So, for example, in 2006, quite rapidly

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came André-Jacques Holbecq who became a friend

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and who created a thread on the forum: "In the Constitution,

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we should take back the power over money." (NT: creation of money)

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It became one of the main threads. There must around 200 discussion threads on the forum.

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It's quite a large object but you must take it thread by thread and...

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Alright, it's a lot of work to keep us busy, but it's exciting.

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On every thread, we talk about the things that concern you.

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We talk about our concerns. We talk about things that interest us a lot more than soccer

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or rugby. I mean...

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... that are much more able to change our life,

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in a comfortable and mutual respectful sens, by taking pleasure in taking care of common affairs

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rather than imposed subjects that hear about in the medias.

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So it's large, but it's interesting.

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On this forum, we have conversation themes

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where we discuss directly the aspects of the Constitution.

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And in a second part, we have a "Wiki".

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It's another technology, the Wiki, you can all write on it,

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and it's a part reserved to the Constitution. The difference is that here we have articles.

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It's a place where we can really write the Constitution.

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We write those articles. So first, we debate on the forum,

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point by point, and when we're sure: "There, we've done it,

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we understood what we want in a citizen initiated referendum,

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we understood what we want on judges' responsability,

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we understood what we want on seperation of power,

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we understood what we want on journalists: what are we going to do for journalists

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what do we plan in the Constitution concerning journalists."

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On the forum, we set down what we wanted and then on the Wiki

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we write the articles. So there's a common base,

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there is a shared Constitution on the Wiki that is the result

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of almost all that we've said. It's a synthesis.

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And then, there are parts where you can create your own page.

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When you create an account on the Wiki, you can write your own page.

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At start with just a couple articles, but these articles

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that seem the most important for you and then it grows

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as you add your elements. When you signal to me that it's has become something

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where you are in need for confrontation

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with the opinion of others to progress, I add a link to your page

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on the left hand menu. You'll see in the menu on the left

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that there are some Constitutions of guys who have put a lot of effort

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to think on projects that are sincerly interesting.

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The forum and the Wiki are interactive objects. Start to think on it.

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And then there is a third part which is a blog.

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This is a technology you probably already know about

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since there are many on Internet. This blog is dedicated to everything that is related to the subject

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but isn't really in the Constitution directly but that is linked. For example: Economy.

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There are many important things, many important subjects on economy,

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in philosophy, in sociology, in history. So points that aren't specificly institutional,

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but still very interesting to understand reality,

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powers in place and abuse of power. Concerning power and abuse of power,

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I talk about it on the blog, for example. So, the history of power, the history of abuse of power,

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of resistance against abuse of power and all that goes inside the blog. So to be short!

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Actually...I keep saying that I'll be brief but I'm just incapable of keeping it short...

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I need to go quicker. I have built this tool that let's us, together,

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think correctly about what should go in the Constitution,

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what are the weaknesses of the current Constitutions.

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It's not all about saying:

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"The Constitution is bad, we want a good one". Here, we're writing it !