[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.98,0:00:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are pleased, here with ATTAC,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.17,0:00:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to welcome Etienne Chouard
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.30,0:00:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a conference with an utopian title:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.84,0:00:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,European Union, if we had to do it again?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.28,0:00:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Etienne Chouard is a teacher
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.27,0:00:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Law and Economics in Marseille.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.33,0:00:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is also an independent researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.33,0:00:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he feed his thoughts with debates
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.43,0:00:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which took place in 2005
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.84,0:00:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the European Constitutional Treaty.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.48,0:00:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The possibility to say "no" to that treaty, to this constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.67,0:00:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made him study it thouroughly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.80,0:00:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then reveal all the wrongdoings of this constitution,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.85,0:00:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, he says, was done
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.90,0:00:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not for the people,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.88,0:00:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for those who wrote it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.64,0:01:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who governs us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.88,0:01:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tonight, he will present
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.62,0:01:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his vision of the European Union,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.88,0:01:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of democracy and what it means.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.34,0:01:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will also discuss
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.88,0:01:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the theme of money creation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.88,0:01:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Question the need for a constitutional treaty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.22,0:01:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And evoke
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.88,0:01:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new and original process:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.88,0:01:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is selected by lot
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.48,0:01:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to elect our representatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.40,0:01:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before giving the mic to Etienne,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.34,0:01:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to thank the City Hall
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.24,0:01:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for giving us this conference room.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.96,0:01:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thanks to Etienne
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.97,0:01:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is not paid to be here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.97,0:01:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This conference will last
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.72,0:01:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until around 10 PM.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.86,0:01:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we will have a first part,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.73,0:01:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until 7.30PM,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.23,0:01:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To talk about different points.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.83,0:01:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we will make a short break.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.33,0:01:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's possible to get food nearby.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.33,0:01:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll come back
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.10,0:02:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 8 to continue the debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.59,0:02:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Etienne will take the stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.89,0:02:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you hear me?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.50,0:02:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should lean closer to this thing...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.86,0:02:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you hear me?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.80,0:02:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good evening, everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.48,0:02:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a strong idea to get us out of this mess.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.14,0:02:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm here to talk about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.38,0:02:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I woke up 6 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.99,0:02:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the debate for the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.10,0:02:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,European anticonstitutional treaty
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.95,0:02:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was suggested in 2005.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.10,0:02:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say anticonstituational
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.67,0:02:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it serves, once well studied,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.27,0:02:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it serves to destroy our national constitutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.43,0:02:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, it works well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.13,0:02:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a system that works.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.13,0:02:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, since then,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.08,0:02:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since I woke up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.38,0:02:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remained awake,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.88,0:03:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm thinking about what might
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.80,0:03:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protect human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.11,0:03:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against abuses of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.82,0:03:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I read a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.24,0:03:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more I read, the more I want to read.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.38,0:03:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's becoming a reading frenzy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.26,0:03:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the same time, I am discovering.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.73,0:03:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something useful. I'm finding,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.10,0:03:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the history of men,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.35,0:03:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the history of human thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.32,0:03:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find that men
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.66,0:03:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have had problems with powers for a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.66,0:03:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find that men
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.44,0:03:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need (ruling) powers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.88,0:03:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we live in a society.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.84,0:03:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to delegate some powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.60,0:03:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the men to whom we give the power to,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.60,0:03:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have always been changing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.26,0:03:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They transform in a bad way.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.60,0:03:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I find by reading,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.61,0:03:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that since Aristotle and the Athenian era,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.60,0:03:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I'll talk a lot about Athens tonight
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.74,0:03:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in the second part -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.60,0:03:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find that...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.15,0:03:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men have developed means
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.79,0:03:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect themselves from power abuses.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.79,0:04:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very clever means.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.42,0:04:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often thwarted by those
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.63,0:04:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I call "power thiefs".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.63,0:04:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.47,0:04:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not set in stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.27,0:04:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.13,0:04:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are governed by people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.89,0:04:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abusing of their (ruling) powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.62,0:04:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the current situation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.20,0:04:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really allows for....
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.46,0:04:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a caricature today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.89,0:04:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who don't see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.19,0:04:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those in power abuse
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.42,0:04:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are completely blind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.80,0:04:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think everyone sees that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.60,0:04:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Room question : Who are you talking about?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.06,0:04:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people who are in power.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.36,0:04:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Members of the Parliament,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.03,0:04:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ministers, they all make decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.32,0:04:40.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without any means for,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.100,0:04:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people's discontent to materialize.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.96,0:04:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's clear enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.71,0:04:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main tool that humans created
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.94,0:05:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been used since Athens,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.94,0:05:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called the Constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.40,0:05:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the rule of law.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.05,0:05:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The law allowed for
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.03,0:05:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,societies to be pacified.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.86,0:05:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our representatives, \Nto whom we give the right
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.11,0:05:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write the law,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.58,0:05:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to whom we give the power \Nto write the law,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.53,0:05:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are, by definition,\Nbecause they can write the rules,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.55,0:05:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.45,0:05:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the constitution is used to...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.65,0:05:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to limit their power.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.76,0:05:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To weaken their power.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.84,0:05:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A constitution is used to protect
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.15,0:05:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who consent to obey the laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.17,0:05:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is used to protect them \Nfrom the abuses of those
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.40,0:05:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have the right\Nto write the rules and the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.25,0:05:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, this is an important \Nand clever text.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.84,0:05:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, when we talk about \Nthe constitution,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.68,0:05:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we talk about the law of the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.86,0:05:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a law which is above
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.09,0:06:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who make the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.28,0:06:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a superior law.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.70,0:06:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more than a law.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.19,0:06:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more than politics,\Nit's philosophical politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.01,0:06:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it concerns us all directly. \NAll of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.80,0:06:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It concerns us very directly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.80,0:06:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should learn what a constitution is,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.06,0:06:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a very early age.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.21,0:06:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should know our constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.27,0:06:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.74,0:06:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we should protect our constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.62,0:06:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As if it were the best protection
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.84,0:06:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against all sorts of dominations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.84,0:06:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which might attack us.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.17,0:06:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oddly enough though,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.13,0:06:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people don't care about \Nthe constitution at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.13,0:06:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They ignore it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.13,0:06:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've heard the word,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.09,0:06:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they don't know what it means,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.97,0:06:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it's for,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.53,0:06:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.43,0:06:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't know what's in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.41,0:06:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that it is...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.67,0:06:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll get back to that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.19,0:07:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think it's the cause of causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.38,0:07:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll see that I'm looking for,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.89,0:07:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my various subjects,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.91,0:07:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I think about
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.75,0:07:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while I'm on this kind of quest,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.52,0:07:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quest to resist against \Nabuse of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.95,0:07:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main method which ...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.49,0:07:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I am following is...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.49,0:07:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm looking for the cause of causes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.30,0:07:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Herodotus suggested.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.09,0:07:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm looking for the cause of causes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.75,0:07:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's true that it works well.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.55,0:07:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you want to solve a problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.89,0:07:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try to find (a solution) through...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.88,0:07:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is multifactorial.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.88,0:07:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every phenomena has several causes, but,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.37,0:07:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you manage to find \Nthe determining causes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.12,0:07:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by this I mean the causes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.67,0:07:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lead to other causes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.76,0:07:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The primordial causes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.76,0:07:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even better, if you find
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.65,0:07:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one cause particularly important,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.49,0:07:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by thinking about this one cause,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.61,0:07:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you solve many problems at once.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.72,0:07:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more intelligent
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.36,0:07:59.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than treating the consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.100,0:08:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But from what I see,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.25,0:08:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people who came \Nbefore my wake up call,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.07,0:08:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while I was still a passive citizen,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.08,0:08:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the old resistants,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.77,0:08:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who spent \Nmost of their lives resisting
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.34,0:08:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very often, they resisted
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.91,0:08:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focusing on the consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.38,0:08:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some resists
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.38,0:08:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against ecological disasters.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.36,0:08:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others against \Nthe lack of democracy at work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.36,0:08:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others against the corruption\Nof the government.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.36,0:08:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are associations, movements...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.36,0:08:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are against nuclear plants,\Nfor example.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.36,0:08:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Etc...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.36,0:08:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.59,0:08:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I'm like everyone else, \NI have my own pet subject -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.69,0:08:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.17,0:08:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all those social injustices,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.34,0:08:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have one common cause,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.48,0:08:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the abuse of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.38,0:08:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.10,0:08:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those who have the power,\Nto abuse of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.82,0:09:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to me that \Nthis is the common cause
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.18,0:09:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I try to understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.79,0:09:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What allows people who have power
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.81,0:09:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to abuse in this fashion
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.44,0:09:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wihtout us being able to react?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.58,0:09:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, the states create for the banks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.46,0:09:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundreds, thousands of billions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.49,0:09:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that banks can themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.08,0:09:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lend it to us with interests.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.08,0:09:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead of lending to small companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.12,0:09:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to citizen in needs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.73,0:09:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this money goes in the pockets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.62,0:09:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people super rich
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.48,0:09:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who already have too much money.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.53,0:09:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can't do a thing to resist!
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.51,0:09:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can we do to resist?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.05,0:09:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not exaggerating.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.42,0:09:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Concretely, what can we do to resist?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.47,0:09:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Someone in the room :\N'It's essential to sustain the banks...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.36,0:09:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they can allow for investments."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.37,0:09:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do not agree.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.69,0:10:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, when we will talk about money...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.18,0:10:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your objections are absolutely\Nprecious to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.18,0:10:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, I need objections \Nto improve myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.74,0:10:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And objections, controversies \NI'm experiencing since six years
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.98,0:10:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make me progress very fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.82,0:10:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I will definitely not remove \Nany of your objections
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.82,0:10:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the back of my hand
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.50,0:10:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wihtout making the effort to prove
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.65,0:10:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carefully and rationally
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.73,0:10:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the points I defend in opposition to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.62,0:10:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you say:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.12,0:10:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We absolutely need to save the banks,\Nto support the banks"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.99,0:10:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, but not unrequited.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.99,0:10:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, but not without obligations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.95,0:10:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes because if we give up on the banks,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.37,0:10:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the system falls and us with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.34,0:10:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes so in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.36,0:10:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Frederic Lordon, a friend, says
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.36,0:10:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, we need to support the banks.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.58,0:11:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Support our financial system.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.58,0:11:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But nothing, nothing obliges us
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.30,0:11:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or obliges those who govern us
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.55,0:11:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do it unrequitedly. Nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.63,0:11:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These people are in fraudulent bankruptcy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.34,0:11:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The banks today are \Nin fraudulent bankruptcy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.92,0:11:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means they should be in jail.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.98,0:11:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead we save them \Nwithout any compensations?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.18,0:11:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find it more than questionable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.33,0:11:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we will come back to it if you want
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.97,0:11:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it will be the time \Nto talk about money.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.30,0:11:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I have many topics.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.27,0:11:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can talk about money now but
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.24,0:11:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems to me\Nthat there is a logical order.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.65,0:11:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we can start by observing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.42,0:11:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way European Union works
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.57,0:11:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its malfunctions
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.93,0:11:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it is the topic of the evening.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.74,0:11:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we do with this European Union?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.02,0:11:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we had to do it again, would we?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.19,0:11:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, as we will study the European Union,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.73,0:11:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will talk about money.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.20,0:11:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will deepen the topic of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.36,0:11:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I will tell you about
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.80,0:11:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mecanisms of monetary creation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.76,0:11:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way today
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.83,0:11:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we create money
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.03,0:11:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is... crazy!
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.32,0:11:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really not reasonable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.67,0:12:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not the only way to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.02,0:12:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are alternatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.74,0:12:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could create the money \Nin a different way.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.14,0:12:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With risks that we need to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.82,0:12:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which we will talk about.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.72,0:12:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But risks which should not lead us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.77,0:12:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give up reclaiming
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.53,0:12:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the process of monetary creation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.59,0:12:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I suggest that we will talk \Nabout it a little bit later.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.13,0:12:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To avoid talking about everything\Nat the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.08,0:12:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, everytime, which would be good
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.36,0:12:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that I could tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.22,0:12:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I am with my analysis. \NThe work I am doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.22,0:12:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.36,0:12:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if I haven't said everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.08,0:12:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if I say everything I have to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.18,0:12:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could talk about it days on end\Nwithout stopping
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.82,0:12:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I won't to tell you everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.72,0:12:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That I stop and let you talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.09,0:12:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a good part
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.80,0:12:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what I have to tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.24,0:12:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I express it in reaction \Nto your objections,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.95,0:12:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your fears, your suggestions.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.82,0:12:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also because, for me, it is precious.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.11,0:12:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I come looking for this as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.81,0:12:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means you will
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.29,0:12:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most certainly bring me
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.25,0:12:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of things
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.27,0:12:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through new objections, a new idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.38,0:13:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost at every conference
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.97,0:13:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I come out with a good, \Na really good idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.68,0:13:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which will help me. Which I cultivate.\NWhich I work on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.65,0:13:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Someone in the room : \N"Dialogue is essential...."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.83,0:13:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely! Dialogue is\Nabsolutely essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.15,0:13:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a sentence
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.35,0:13:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I discovered last week
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.07,0:13:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which says it differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.52,0:13:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which says "I need my enemies".
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.79,0:13:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really well said, I believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.29,0:13:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's true that I need my opponents.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.86,0:13:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need my opponents to move forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.24,0:13:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I also need my friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.96,0:13:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who disagree with me on certain topics.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.78,0:13:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And who contradict me on those.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.26,0:13:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love controversy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.29,0:13:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here, I think I never progress as much
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.15,0:13:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as during a contradictory debate
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.13,0:13:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we do not agree.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.75,0:13:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sometimes I realize that I was wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.54,0:13:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That I had a wrong angle, \Nand I correct it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.91,0:13:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes I manage to show
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.34,0:13:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's my opponent \Nthat had a wrong angle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.43,0:13:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here we discuss.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.73,0:13:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My goal is not be right.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.58,0:13:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am looking for... the greater good.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.98,0:13:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of the resistants too.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.91,0:14:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have our method, our tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.76,0:14:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that people who are looking \Nfor social justice,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.16,0:14:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of good faith, should be able \Nto get along.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.59,0:14:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they disagree on
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.32,0:14:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the means to reach
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.64,0:14:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social justice,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.85,0:14:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think they should be capable
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.70,0:14:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discuss it respectfully.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.90,0:14:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By trying to take the best
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.60,0:14:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the other's thinking process.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.27,0:14:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just need to give ourselves time.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.33,0:14:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually it is good
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.77,0:14:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have time tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.18,0:14:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these are real rich \Nand dense topics.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.73,0:14:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On which we have much to say.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.99,0:14:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's good to have time
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.51,0:14:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop them
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.47,0:14:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I handed out
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.37,0:14:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a first double-sided document .
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.22,0:14:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A simple sheet on which...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.17,0:14:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will see I have brought
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.18,0:14:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of documents.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.49,0:14:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I am a teacher.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.87,0:14:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, I am used to...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.92,0:14:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not saying everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.92,0:14:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the same time to see \Nthat people who listen to me
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.92,0:15:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not always so focused.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.35,0:15:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I am the same, we are all like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.95,0:15:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And can miss an important moment
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.95,0:15:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we lack, later,\Nfrom the whole reasoning.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.23,0:15:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good way to overcome\Nthese difficulties
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.35,0:15:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to communicate orally
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.94,0:15:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to have a written support, \Nwhich sets [the topics] well.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.80,0:15:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[A document] prepared in advance
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.12,0:15:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on which we are sure\Nwe haven't forgotten anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.49,0:15:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not going to read this document
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.32,0:15:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I invite you to read it calmly
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.30,0:15:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at your leisure, later.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.61,0:15:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They will surely be some things
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.50,0:15:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I would have forgotten\Nto tell you tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.20,0:15:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not important.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.53,0:15:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll find it in the document.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.79,0:15:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, there are things I'll have said
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.59,0:15:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I won't have pronounced well
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.41,0:15:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or on which I won't have insisted on enough
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.27,0:15:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you might not have understood...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.39,0:15:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And which you will understand\Nmaybe better by reading.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.04,0:15:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This first page
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.03,0:15:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a sort of summary
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.48,0:15:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what leads me to think \Nabout this topic.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.45,0:15:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About the solution
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.84,0:16:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the institutional solution \Nthat I plan or see
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.56,0:16:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this first page,\Nthere is this introduction
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.56,0:16:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I made earlier
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.47,0:16:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which explains men \Nhave always needed power.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.59,0:16:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have always confronted power abuses.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.26,0:16:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Invented in order to resist \Nthe idea of constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.75,0:16:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That a constitution is not used\Nto organise powers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.43,0:16:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is used to weaken them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.90,0:16:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is used to weaken them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.99,0:16:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, in a constitution,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.92,0:16:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we seek to weaken the power,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.17,0:16:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we don't seek to destroy it,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.95,0:16:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need the power...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.53,0:16:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we seek to weaken it
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.94,0:16:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they don't abuse of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.55,0:16:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that our servants don't become \Nour masters.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.96,0:16:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that we don't become\Nthe prey of tyrants.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.51,0:16:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that the constitution does its' job
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.39,0:16:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of power weakening
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.97,0:16:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while still having itself \Nenough power to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.14,0:16:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a whole serie of measurements,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.47,0:17:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rules, articles in the constitutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.86,0:17:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of principles which we would like\Nto see applied
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.34,0:17:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I have detailed at the back\Nof this document.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.10,0:17:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the back of this document, \NI have made a list.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.10,0:17:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will not have the time\Nto work on it this evening
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.82,0:17:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe later
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.64,0:17:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will work on two, three, four points.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.74,0:17:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe points on which
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.36,0:17:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would like... maybe during the break,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.70,0:17:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could have a look at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.38,0:17:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there are points on \Nwhich you would like to address,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.37,0:17:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could deepen them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.66,0:17:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But why is he talking about this?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.47,0:17:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "Hey, he forgot to talk about that..."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.64,0:17:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this, in my thinking process, \Nis not closed at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.95,0:17:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am still thinking about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.18,0:17:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find ideas every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.58,0:17:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am totally open to criticism,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.30,0:17:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to evolution, to new ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.98,0:17:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not at all
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.74,0:17:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,describing a turn-key solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.74,0:17:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sort of new dogma or religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.78,0:17:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.00,0:17:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply, I beleive
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.26,0:18:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm educating myself to
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.04,0:18:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What is a constitution?"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.80,0:18:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How come we are not \Ntaking care of it?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.78,0:18:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it that we have not seized it, \Neveryone of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.08,0:18:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we who consent to obey to power,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.38,0:18:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why have we not seized this tool?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.70,0:18:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what should we know in this tool
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.80,0:18:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of neglecting it ?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.35,0:18:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while I am making it mine,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.57,0:18:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I am a teacher, I like to explain,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.46,0:18:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, I make the most of it !
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.92,0:18:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, I had the chance in 2005
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.36,0:18:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have this kind of unbelievable fame
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.46,0:18:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which came from Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.53,0:18:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of the game of the medias.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.23,0:18:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I make the most of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.62,0:18:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gives me the standing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.21,0:18:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I make the most of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.43,0:18:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am discovering something.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.80,0:18:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems that I am finding an idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.67,0:18:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a series of ideas, \Nwhich are at the same time original
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.19,0:18:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very old, \Nbecause they date of 2500 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.69,0:18:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but completely buried, \Nforgotten and brilliant.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.18,0:18:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really, athenians had found
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.87,0:18:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something marvellous
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.15,0:18:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect themselves from power thieves.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.15,0:18:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I turning around this idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.80,0:19:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Testing it with fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.02,0:19:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the fire of your critics \Nand objections.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.20,0:19:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To check if it holds [true].
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.41,0:19:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That it still makes sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.38,0:19:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a dogma at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.79,0:19:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an idea which is...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.02,0:19:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is becoming stronger.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.12,0:19:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will see that the idea\Nof real democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.84,0:19:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possible and protected, by selection through lots.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.26,0:19:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will see that it is seducing.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.94,0:19:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very promising.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.45,0:19:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sortition, I saw it coming.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.91,0:19:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will speak about it a little now,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.37,0:19:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot more at the end of the evening,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.16,0:19:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we will see democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.82,0:19:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.64,0:19:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How it worked in Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.30,0:19:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what should we reuse?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.85,0:19:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can we reuse?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.37,0:19:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will see this more in details.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.08,0:19:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But very quickly in fact, in 2005
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.87,0:20:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while studying the European institutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.53,0:20:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wondered
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.77,0:20:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But how could we write
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.89,0:20:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such bad institutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.57,0:20:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so unprotective for citizens?"
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.66,0:20:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, it will be\Nthe first part of the evening.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.50,0:20:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will work or I suggest we work
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.02,0:20:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the main grievances that I find.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.80,0:20:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a first stone in the debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.80,0:20:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't mean to summarize it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.52,0:20:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I consider \Nlike the most important
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.92,0:20:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hold against the European institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.92,0:20:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll see this in not too long.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.57,0:20:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But already, before looking at the detail,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.81,0:20:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you have participated\Nto the 2005 debate,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.81,0:20:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will remember that there was
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.82,0:20:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot to say about this constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.85,0:20:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as I was thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.40,0:20:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was wondering... still the same
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.55,0:20:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was looking for "the cause of causes".
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.54,0:20:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what led us to
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.42,0:21:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,texts so unprotective of men?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.42,0:21:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So pretentious?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.65,0:21:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Texts which pretend to protect us
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.96,0:21:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretend to establish...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.50,0:21:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what did they say?...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.56,0:21:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The highest standards of democracy"\Nthey said.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.89,0:21:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the same time organised,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.65,0:21:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the most minor detail,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.84,0:21:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the perfect politic powerlessness
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.10,0:21:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of every citizen
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.19,0:21:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who couldn't change a thing anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.95,0:21:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought : "How did we come to this?"
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.14,0:21:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, by answering this question
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.18,0:21:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I answered to all the questions of \Nthe same nature
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.73,0:21:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I could encounter \Nat a national level as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.35,0:21:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because what we encounter \Nat the European level,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.16,0:21:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this political powerlessness
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.80,0:21:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is organised\Nin the European institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:40.49,0:21:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We already encounter it \Nat a national level.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.34,0:21:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we encounter it...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.79,0:21:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in almost every country of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.76,0:21:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, is it a fatality?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.76,0:21:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or is there a common cause?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.41,0:21:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which leads us to understand why
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.52,0:21:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it always happen like this
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.03,0:22:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which would lead us to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.32,0:22:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what should we change for
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.89,0:22:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it not to always happen like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.61,0:22:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think I found it.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.17,0:22:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The European institutions\Nhave been written
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.54,0:22:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by ministers... and presidents.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.21,0:22:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we see this everywhere\Nin the European institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.10,0:22:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is ministers \Nwho wrote the institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.66,0:22:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the European institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.44,0:22:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,legislative power is vested in
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.44,0:22:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ministers, mainly.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.38,0:22:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our ministers at national level
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.50,0:22:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who take off their minister costumes
Dialogue: 0,0:22:33.05,0:22:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they leave France
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.92,0:22:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go to the European parliament
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.48,0:22:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go in the European institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.36,0:22:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there they put \Non their parliamentary costumes
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.64,0:22:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are ministers!
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.67,0:22:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put their parliamentary costumes \Nto write laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.87,0:22:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The European laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.65,0:22:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which are transposed in the French law,\Nor in national law.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.20,0:22:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the same in all the countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.13,0:22:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost mechanically, automatically.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.28,0:22:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they go back in their countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.68,0:23:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they put back \Ntheir ministers costumes.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.30,0:23:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can see that they wrote the rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.96,0:23:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will come back on the detail
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.07,0:23:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all the great risks\Nin the European institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.21,0:23:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can see
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.53,0:23:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is European ministers
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.62,0:23:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wrote the European institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.83,0:23:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the same way \Nthat the French institutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.56,0:23:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the constitution of 1958, we can see
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.45,0:23:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is De Gaulles [1st president of \Nthe 5th Republic] who wrote it.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.26,0:23:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am told: "it's Debré."
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.78,0:23:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes it is Debré, but Debré,\Nhe wrote it for De Gaulle.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.64,0:23:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lawyers, the great lawyers,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:35.55,0:23:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the great teachers of public law
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.20,0:23:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wrote apparently the institutions\Nof the fifth republic... [wrote it for De Gaule]
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.51,0:23:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can see everywhere
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.56,0:23:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the institutions of the fifth \Nare not made
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.96,0:23:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like those of the fourth or of \Nthe third [republic].
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.01,0:23:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were made for the president
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.11,0:23:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who built them for himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.20,0:23:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like this almost everywhere\Nin the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.50,0:23:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why in fact...
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.01,0:24:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men who hold power should not
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.46,0:24:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,write the rules that control power.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.78,0:24:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how I summarise it.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:07.64,0:24:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is with these words
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.08,0:24:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I summarise the "heart of the heart"
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.98,0:24:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing \NI have to tell you.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.30,0:24:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to me that this is \Nthe cause of causes
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.87,0:24:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our political powerlessness.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.98,0:24:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is that we have no constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.94,0:24:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The declaration of human rights
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.29,0:24:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which our revolutionary forefathers [wrote].
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.93,0:24:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to read\Nthe constitutional debates.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.04,0:24:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The debates that had those people
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.89,0:24:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the moment where they freed themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:24:33.64,0:24:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the former tyranny
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.20,0:24:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where they made a tool
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.78,0:24:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect themselves against tyranny.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.20,0:24:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thoughts, the discussions they had.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.07,0:24:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thoughts they had
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.24,0:24:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect durably
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.50,0:24:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against power abuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.75,0:24:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the french revolution!
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.94,0:24:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are absolutely \Nfascinating discussions.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.26,0:24:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they knew very well
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.62,0:24:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we had to weaken power.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.03,0:24:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Montesquieu thought about it before
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.89,0:25:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and revolutionnary knew \Nof course Montesquieu, Rousseau...
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.86,0:25:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They knew they had to divide powers
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.05,0:25:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the power not to abuse of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.58,0:25:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Montesquieu said : "We need
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.23,0:25:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power to stop power."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.53,0:25:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means that we needed ...
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.77,0:25:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Montesquieu imagined\Nonly three powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.23,0:25:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had seen:
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.74,0:25:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- those who made the laws: the parliament
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.41,0:25:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- those who execute the laws:\Nthe executives
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.16,0:25:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and those who settle conflicts
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.94,0:25:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who apply the rules: the judges.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.50,0:25:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, we need \Nthat those who write the laws
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.97,0:25:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the parliamentarians, \Ndo not put them in force.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.13,0:25:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That those who put laws in application,\Nthe executives
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.09,0:25:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You shouldn't say government\N[in this case]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.59,0:25:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if you say government, \Nyou get scammed.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.03,0:25:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise it will do everything, \Nit is going to write the laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.60,0:25:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If [the executives] are called government,\Nthen the government holds in itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.99,0:25:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word holds in itself, \Nthe confusion of the powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.68,0:25:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We shouldn't call them government.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.96,0:25:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We shouldn't accept "one" government.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.88,0:25:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Call it the executive.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.65,0:25:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you will see that the word leads you
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.50,0:25:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be more rigorous with
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.87,0:25:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the essential principle of \Npowers division.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.29,0:26:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An essential principle for us \Nto protect us from power abuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.02,0:26:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what Montesquieu said is that
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.69,0:26:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the executive executes without having \Nthe right to writing [laws].
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.60,0:26:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without writing...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.79,0:26:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because 1) if the one who writes the laws
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.51,0:26:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot execute them,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.96,0:26:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2) if the one that executes the laws
Dialogue: 0,0:26:15.46,0:26:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot write them,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.62,0:26:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you understand the idea?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.54,0:26:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a clever idea
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.05,0:26:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to divide powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.84,0:26:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very clever!
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.27,0:26:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It allows, for a constitutional structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.98,0:26:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the superior law structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.67,0:26:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the right of law,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.08,0:26:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above those who will make the law,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.20,0:26:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it allows for our protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.20,0:26:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because nobody has\Nall the powers for himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:43.30,0:26:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Montesquieu continued
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.43,0:26:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying that judges must be independant
Dialogue: 0,0:26:48.95,0:26:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the two other powers
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.67,0:26:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to apply the laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.38,0:26:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, for the law to be applied
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.38,0:26:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had to be that the one \Nwho writes the laws
Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.38,0:27:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agrees with the one who executes the laws
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.31,0:27:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and agrees with the one who applies them: the judge.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:05.35,0:27:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would be well sheltered
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.83,0:27:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against power abuse if we do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.93,0:27:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the revolutionnaries said
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.77,0:27:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the declaration of human rights
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.17,0:27:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that: "A nation \Nwhich does not divide powers
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.46,0:27:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't have a constitution."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:24.82,0:27:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the article 16.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.26,0:27:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A nation which doesn't divide powers
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.24,0:27:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not have a constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.50,0:27:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cannot be clearer!
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.20,0:27:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that if we pretend \Nto having one, it's false.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.65,0:27:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's true... I believe it is true!
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.09,0:27:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will even say better for today.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.25,0:27:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the twenty first century \Nwe can push a little further,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.27,0:27:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can think further,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.95,0:27:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say : "A constitution \Nwhich does not protect us well
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.64,0:27:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- either because of the undivided powers
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.60,0:27:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or because of something else -
Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.37,0:27:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a constitution \Nwhich does not protect us well
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.91,0:28:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against power abuses
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.71,0:28:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not a constitution!
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.38,0:28:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because its job, its reason of existance
Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.09,0:28:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because a constitution is used \Nonly for that!
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.27,0:28:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To protect us all,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.14,0:28:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rich, the poor, the young, \Nthe old, everyone
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.17,0:28:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect us against power abuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.03,0:28:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the definition itself
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.98,0:28:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the essence of a constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.79,0:28:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to protect us from power abuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.92,0:28:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it doesn't do its job
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.36,0:28:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is not a constitution!
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.26,0:28:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or it's a bad constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.18,0:28:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From this point of view, \Nthe fifth [republic] is really bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:35.18,0:28:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a bad constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.95,0:28:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the European constitution is bad too!
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.47,0:28:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can talk about it in details.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.45,0:28:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am starting from the end
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.00,0:28:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by telling you the conclusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.46,0:28:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not well but we can have a look...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.06,0:28:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Article by article, almost.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.95,0:28:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it is in fact the meaning \Nof the document
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.72,0:28:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the back of the first document\Nthat I am talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.73,0:29:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consists in saying : \N"let's see where we stand...
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.50,0:29:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do we expect from a constitution?"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.61,0:29:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By which mechanical ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.37,0:29:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which legal ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.83,0:29:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A constitution protects me?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.78,0:29:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Protects me", I am not talking \Nabout me obviously
Dialogue: 0,0:29:09.99,0:29:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I talk in a general way, as "me citizen"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.04,0:29:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By which means a constitution protects me?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.22,0:29:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The parliament ... "Is above others"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.22,0:29:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The voting system secures a majority"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.72,0:29:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The voting system gives\Na place to the minority"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.06,0:29:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Some seats are reserved...."
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.38,0:29:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you will see, in there, that
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.78,0:29:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some things are a little unorthodox
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.48,0:29:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, when I say "Some seats
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.94,0:29:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of every organs are reserved
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.90,0:29:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sorted citizens,"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.94,0:29:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single line could deserve\Nto be studied.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.42,0:29:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I start digging into this,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.69,0:29:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is going to be too long and\Nit mustn't be.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.94,0:29:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I wanted, I did a table there
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.20,0:29:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with, to the right, some boxes to tick
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.61,0:29:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I examinate \Nmy constitution : I tick
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.36,0:29:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do I have it? Or not?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.32,0:29:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I tick yes/no, yes/no, yes/no
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.65,0:30:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the fifth, I have very few "yes"
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.65,0:30:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very very few, there is almost only "no"
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.75,0:30:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for European institutions,\NI only have "no"
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.20,0:30:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virtually only "no"....
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.100,0:30:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no respect for blank vote...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.12,0:30:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no referendum of \Npopular initiative
Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.44,0:30:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no power division
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.44,0:30:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no... etc, etc...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.22,0:30:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Judges are not independant.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.43,0:30:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single one of these points...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.30,0:30:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want, when we talk about democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.65,0:30:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we talk about democracy...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.68,0:30:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we talk about constitution...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.63,0:30:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do not just say words.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.54,0:30:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not enough to say:
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.87,0:30:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,," European institutions are \Nthe highest standard of democracy".
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.87,0:30:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I go check inside\Nthe European institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.45,0:30:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see tangibly
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.82,0:30:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the apparatus
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.46,0:30:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allows to say "it is a democracy".
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.36,0:30:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, for me, democracy,\NI don't know for you...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.48,0:30:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a debate but for me\Nit is "demos kratos."
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.96,0:30:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The power of the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.26,0:30:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the people should have the power.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.22,0:30:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People should exercise the power.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.25,0:30:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democracy : people exercise power.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.28,0:31:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at least, there is none
Dialogue: 0,0:31:02.28,0:31:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on earth, there is none
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.50,0:31:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very few, maybe... Switzerland
Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.21,0:31:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And still, not even, in Switzerland \Nthere are parlementaries
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.07,0:31:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is no country\Nin the world for now
Dialogue: 0,0:31:11.47,0:31:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the people writes himself \Ndirectly his laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.95,0:31:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In most of [political] regimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.64,0:31:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we will see it later,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.38,0:31:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most regimes
Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.56,0:31:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not democracies.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.96,0:31:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are representative governments
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.79,0:31:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you will see, as we talk about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.26,0:31:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will explain the history
Dialogue: 0,0:31:31.88,0:31:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is very important
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.68,0:31:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand the regimes we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.89,0:31:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story of our regimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.46,0:31:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did the people who instituted\Nour regimes want?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.58,0:31:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't want to make a democracy, \Nnot at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.79,0:31:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They knew very well what was a democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.37,0:31:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't want it at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.75,0:31:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it is normal that we are not\Nin democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:47.36,0:31:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not wished for at all \Nfrom the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.52,0:31:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sieyès, a great thinker of \Nfrench revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.59,0:31:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrote one day:\N" What is the third estate?"
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.15,0:32:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the notables \Nwho followed all the french revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:32:02.33,0:32:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until Thermidor...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.55,0:32:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was someone who didn't want....\Nit is written black on white!
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.55,0:32:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There is no way that..."
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.95,0:32:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one of the documents\Nthat I'll hand out
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.77,0:32:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is the full quote
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.35,0:32:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There is no way that France \Nshall become a democracy"
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.63,0:32:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not going to be it, \Nwe are not making a democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.49,0:32:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People is not able\Nto write himself the laws
Dialogue: 0,0:32:22.00,0:32:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People will designate his representatives
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.44,0:32:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will write the laws \Nin its stead and that's all!
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.69,0:32:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is not a democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.74,0:32:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is something else, it's an artistocracy
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.25,0:32:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the government by the best.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.00,0:32:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we manage to put \Nthe best of the best in power
Dialogue: 0,0:32:37.55,0:32:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an aristocracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.56,0:32:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, if they are not the best of\Nthe best, it is going to be an oligarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.50,0:32:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in any way, it is not a democracy!
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.11,0:32:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is really our topic of later on.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:44.61,0:32:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I close this parenthesis
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.50,0:32:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stay in the scheme of the first part \Nof european union
Dialogue: 0,0:32:57.30,0:33:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, to finish this introduction
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.92,0:33:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reflexion on the european institutions\Nin 2005
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.92,0:33:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led me immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.66,0:33:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to [write] the first document.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.33,0:33:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one that toured France and\Nalso a little around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.13,0:33:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote my conclusion:
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.77,0:33:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If such bad institutions have been written,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.59,0:33:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is because those who wrote them
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.33,0:33:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shouldn't have done so.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.09,0:33:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It should not have been them\Nwriting the constitutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.03,0:33:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It should not have been them\Nwriting the institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.45,0:33:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were judges and jury.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.24,0:33:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were in a situation of conflict\Nof interests.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.06,0:33:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were writing the rules for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.48,0:33:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there, I am on the "cause of causes".
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.56,0:33:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am on the first cause of causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:40.93,0:33:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you let, if we let, \Nthe constitutions be written
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.66,0:33:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by exactly those who should fear them;
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.20,0:33:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we let the constitution be written
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.21,0:33:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by those who should fear constitution;
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.15,0:33:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is easy to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.70,0:34:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these people will not, write rules \Nwhich will hinder them
Dialogue: 0,0:34:00.74,0:34:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,burden them, keep them under control,\Nthreaten them
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.82,0:34:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put them at risk
Dialogue: 0,0:34:04.93,0:34:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make them "accountable for"
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.80,0:34:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make them responsible of their acts.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.52,0:34:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These people... But I am not angry at them
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.86,0:34:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't say they are horrible people.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.31,0:34:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is something important.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:15.91,0:34:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under the law, a judge has to give justice.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.51,0:34:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, when in a court case,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:24.52,0:34:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is from the same family of the victim
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.32,0:34:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of the detained or the accused,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.32,0:34:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is recused / disqualified.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.97,0:34:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this isn't an issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.18,0:34:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how it is
Dialogue: 0,0:34:37.19,0:34:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all the countries of \Nthe world obviously.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.22,0:34:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everyone understands
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.85,0:34:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are not saying \Nthis judge is dishonest.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.15,0:34:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not at all! \NWhen we disqualify a judge
Dialogue: 0,0:34:45.95,0:34:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he is from the same family
Dialogue: 0,0:34:47.74,0:34:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the victim or the accused,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.27,0:34:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is not because he is dishonest.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.34,0:34:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is because, he cannot, in this very situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.70,0:34:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he cannot be honest.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.02,0:34:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we don't say this guy there\Nis dishonest, not at all!
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.78,0:35:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the judge is disqualified
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.66,0:35:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he is not upset about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.76,0:35:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.50,0:35:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is in a situation of \Nconflict of interests
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.81,0:35:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he cannot judge!
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.09,0:35:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, parliamentaries, ministers, judges,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.05,0:35:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the ones who have a power;
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.18,0:35:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instituted,\Nestablished in the institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.41,0:35:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even those who haven't got it yet
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.48,0:35:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this power, but want this power;
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.93,0:35:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all those who are in political parties;
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.91,0:35:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all those who are in political parties;
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.50,0:35:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are candidates to this power;
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.55,0:35:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they look ahead
Dialogue: 0,0:35:34.19,0:35:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they know they will, one day, be in power
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.44,0:35:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those people are in a situation...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.06,0:35:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm absolutly not saying that \Nthey are dishonest
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.59,0:35:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please listen carefully so that \Nthere is no misunderstanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.42,0:35:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it was for the judge,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.73,0:35:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't say these people are dishonest,\Nnot at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:47.88,0:35:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say these people...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.13,0:35:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need them, we need people \Nwho will exercise power
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.56,0:35:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they shouldn't write\Nthe constitution!
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.25,0:35:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not to them to write the rule\Nthey should fear
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.79,0:36:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which will stop them \Nfrom abusing of the power
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.53,0:36:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transform themselves \Nfrom servants to masters
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.72,0:36:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They cannot write the rule
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.24,0:36:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which will stop them from becoming\Nour absolute tyrannical masters.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.24,0:36:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It needs to be other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.41,0:36:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others than people from parties
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.32,0:36:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who have the power
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.88,0:36:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who want it...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.07,0:36:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How will you do to designate them?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:23.58,0:36:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will talk about it later.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.97,0:36:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I can give you
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.36,0:36:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a feeling of it
Dialogue: 0,0:36:27.40,0:36:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you have the idea in mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.11,0:36:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is important that you see \Nwhere I am going.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.64,0:36:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The golden thread.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.16,0:36:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My train of thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.72,0:36:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I try to find \Nan honest constituant process
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.75,0:36:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disinterested, \Nwithout conflict of interests.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.45,0:36:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for now, today
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.81,0:36:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am thinking about sorting\Nthe constituant assembly.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.65,0:36:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe you'll find
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.82,0:36:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a better idea, I'm all for it!
Dialogue: 0,0:36:48.54,0:36:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not looking into sortition, \Njust because it is sortition.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.69,0:36:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't care
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.61,0:36:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I get a better idea, I'll take that one.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.34,0:36:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am looking for [the good idea], and it seems\Nto me that we should all be looking for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.56,0:37:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.24,0:37:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Noone cares for the moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.43,0:37:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the folly, the cause of causes
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.23,0:37:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is our carelessness, our ignorance,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.34,0:37:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the fact that we don't care\Nat all about constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.89,0:37:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and constituant process we care even less
Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.38,0:37:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Tunis, in Tunisia today, they are voting
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.22,0:37:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a constituant assembly
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.89,0:37:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to smile, I'll play the devils' advocate.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.88,0:37:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I'm wrong, I'll be the fool.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.75,0:37:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can predicte that
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.15,0:37:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the constituant \Nwhich will be elected today
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.43,0:37:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will not establish a democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.50,0:37:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the same reasons which forbid
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.30,0:37:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,real democracies to become reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.08,0:37:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everywhere in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.80,0:37:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you let men in power write themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.97,0:37:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rules of their own power:
Dialogue: 0,0:37:44.74,0:37:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will not write \Nthe power to the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:47.43,0:37:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can't be upset at them.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.75,0:37:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's normal... They won't commit hara-kiri
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.75,0:37:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wont... They look ahead
Dialogue: 0,0:37:55.88,0:37:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have a vision of the greater good.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.22,0:38:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very well, they are very virtuous.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.40,0:38:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when they are writing the rules:
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.51,0:38:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Should we tally and put into force\Nblank votes?"
Dialogue: 0,0:38:07.51,0:38:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The possibility to kick us out
Dialogue: 0,0:38:09.68,0:38:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during an election, \Nfor the people to say "no".
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.64,0:38:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want As, Bs nor Cs
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.04,0:38:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want them all to go home.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.10,0:38:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Should we respect the \Nuse of the blank vote?"
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.38,0:38:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh well... no it's not worth\Nthe trouble, the blank vote..."
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.20,0:38:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will say parliamentaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:18.52,0:38:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They will say: "No, it's not worth it..."
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.96,0:38:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, the blank vote... \Nthe blank vote, no...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:23.01,0:38:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no there surely is something more important\Nto do in the constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.80,0:38:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will focus on something else!
Dialogue: 0,0:38:27.69,0:38:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who wrote the rule stating
Dialogue: 0,0:38:29.23,0:38:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a blank vote is equal to "not voted"?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.63,0:38:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not simple citizens \Nwho wrote that. It's impossible!
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.68,0:38:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not simple citizens \Nwho said "Blank votes..."
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.91,0:38:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know what is the blank vote?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.20,0:38:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,White vote is a vote of protest.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.00,0:38:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A vote which says :\N"Wait a minute, those there....
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.98,0:38:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are all villains!"
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.19,0:38:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are all people\Nwho are bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.50,0:38:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are all people\NI have already seen lying to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:46.73,0:38:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who already reneged\Non their promises.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.92,0:38:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or people who, for this or this reason,\Nno matter..
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.51,0:38:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want noone of them!
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.91,0:38:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want them all to go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.21,0:38:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to put others instead.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.38,0:38:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the meaning of a blank vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.63,0:38:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The blank vote is a vote of protest.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:57.67,0:38:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blank vote is an affirmative vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:59.42,0:39:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not a vote of carelessness.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:01.32,0:39:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blank vote is not a mistake at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.16,0:39:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blank vote is not an abstention.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.95,0:39:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blank vote is a very engaged vote!
Dialogue: 0,0:39:09.32,0:39:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which says "I am not happy at all \Nwith the candidates you are suggesting"
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.45,0:39:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want others!
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.85,0:39:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or if you ask me stupid questions
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.02,0:39:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a vote which says \N" Please ask me other questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:18.90,0:39:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one is stupid!"
Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.52,0:39:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A blank vote is truely very important,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.15,0:39:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I won't open this parenthesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.26,0:39:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was going to talk to you about ostracism
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.86,0:39:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was a way for athenians
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.09,0:39:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say "I don't want this one!"
Dialogue: 0,0:39:32.42,0:39:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A way of saying... It looks a little\Nlike the white vote
Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.94,0:39:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a way, an institution,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.21,0:39:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allowed for people to say
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.25,0:39:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only what I want, \Nbut also what I don't want.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:41.78,0:39:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will talk later maybe about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:43.53,0:39:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, what does,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.13,0:39:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what leads a constituant
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.93,0:39:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone who wrote a constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.78,0:39:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what leads him not to respect a blank vote
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.27,0:39:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mix it with null votes?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.43,0:40:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, this is just one of the 50 points\Nwhich build a constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.43,0:40:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The respect of the blank vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.67,0:40:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A parliamentary, a minister will mix\Na white vote with the nulls.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:09.03,0:40:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He will mix it with the "not voted".
Dialogue: 0,0:40:11.76,0:40:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He will do it because \Nit is in his interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.76,0:40:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there is a personnal interest
Dialogue: 0,0:40:18.25,0:40:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to avoid people from \Nbeing able to kick him out
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.39,0:40:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when an election comes around.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.97,0:40:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there isn't...\NI am not even upset at him.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.05,0:40:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understand me, he shouldn't be\Nthe one writing the constition.