[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.00,0:00:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.76,0:00:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BOY: 'One for sorrow
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.96,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Two for mirth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.44,0:00:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GIRL: 'Three for a wedding
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.28,0:00:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'And four for death
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.88,0:00:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BOY: 'Nine for hell.'
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.56,0:00:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GIRL: '666.'
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.88,0:00:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hidden within this cathedral\Nare clues to a mystery,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.52,0:00:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that could help answer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.40,0:00:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of humanity's most\Nenduring questions...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.48,0:00:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..why is the world the way it is?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.80,0:00:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 13th-century masons\Nwho constructed this place
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.16,0:00:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had glimpsed a deep truth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.40,0:00:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they built a message\Ninto its very walls
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.68,0:00:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the precise proportions\Nof this magnificent cathedral.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.08,0:01:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the medieval clergy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.24,0:01:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these divine numbers\Nwere created by God.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.32,0:01:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to me, they're evidence\Nof something else,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.80,0:01:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hidden code that underpins\Nthe world around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.44,0:01:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a code that has the power to unlock\Nthe laws that govern the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.72,0:01:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a mathematician,\NI'm fascinated by the numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.40,0:01:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and patterns we see all around us...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.44,0:02:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..numbers and patterns\Nthat connect everything
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from fish to circles
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.72,0:02:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from our ancient past
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.48,0:02:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the far future.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.16,0:02:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,INDISTINCT COMMENT
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.12,0:02:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together they make up the Code...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.20,0:02:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..an abstract world of numbers...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.64,0:02:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..that has given us\Nthe most detailed description\Nof our world we've ever had.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.36,0:03:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For centuries, people have seen\Nsignificant numbers everywhere...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.68,0:03:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..an obsession that's left\Nits mark in the stones\Nof this medieval cathedral.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.32,0:03:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 12th century,\Nreligious scholars here in Chartres
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.20,0:03:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became convinced these numbers\Nwere intrinsically linked\Nto the divine...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.12,0:03:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..an idea that dates back\Nto the dawn of Christianity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.96,0:03:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fourth-century Algerian cleric\NSt Augustine believed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.52,0:03:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seven was so special that it\Nrepresented the entire universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.92,0:03:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He described how seven\Nembraced all created things
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.56,0:03:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ten was beyond even the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.24,0:03:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was seven plus the three\Naspects of the Holy Trinity -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.92,0:03:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Father, Son and Holy Ghost.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12 was also hugely important, not\Nsimply because there are 12 tribes\Nof Israel or 12 disciples of Jesus,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.72,0:04:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because 12 is divisible by one,\Ntwo, three, four, six and 12 itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.24,0:04:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than any other number\Naround it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.48,0:04:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For St Augustine,\Nnumbers had to come from God
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.92,0:04:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they obey laws\Nthat no man can change.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.00,0:04:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around 800 years after St Augustine,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.08,0:04:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 12th-century Chartres School\Nalso recognised their significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.12,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's thought that, under\Ntheir influence, sacred numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were built into the structure\Nof this majestic building.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.40,0:05:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Numbers, they believed, held\Nthe key to the mystery of creation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.28,0:05:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've spent my entire working life\Nstudying numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.04,0:05:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for me they're more\Nthan just abstract entities.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.68,0:05:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They describe the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.92,0:05:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although I don't share their\Nreligious beliefs, I can't help
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.96,0:05:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feeling something in common with\Nthe people who built this place.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.40,0:05:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I share their awe and wonder\Nat the beauty of numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.76,0:05:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For them, those numbers brought them\Ncloser to God, but I think they're\Nimportant for another reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.36,0:05:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I believe they're the key\Nto making sense of our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.96,0:05:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Numbers have given us\Nan unparalleled ability\Nto understand our universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.44,0:05:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in places, this code\Nliterally emerges from the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.60,0:06:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rural Alabama,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.20,0:06:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spring 2011.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.28,0:06:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Warm, lush and peaceful.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.60,0:06:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this year,\Nthere's a plague coming.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.60,0:06:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While some locals are moving out,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.08,0:06:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr John Cooley has driven\Nthousands of miles to be here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.48,0:06:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's on the trail of one\Nof the area's strangest residents.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.40,0:06:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have been driving around\Nlooking for the emergences for\Nabout three and a half weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.44,0:07:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've driven 7,200 miles\Nsince Good Friday trying to figure\Nout where these things are.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.60,0:07:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes these insects\Nso remarkable is their\Nbizarre lifecycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.96,0:07:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For 12 whole years, they live hidden\Nunderground, in vast numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.16,0:07:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, in their 13th year...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.08,0:07:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at precisely the same time...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.60,0:07:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..they all burrow out\Nfrom the earth to breed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.76,0:07:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the full part of the emergence,\Nthere will be millions of insects\Nout per acre. They'll be everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.60,0:07:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really is insect mayhem.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.12,0:07:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the periodical cicada.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.04,0:08:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one is a male...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.32,0:08:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and you know that\Nbecause on the abdomen,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.12,0:08:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a pair\Nof organs called timbles,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.44,0:08:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're sound-producing organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.76,0:08:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a little membrane that's\Nvibrated, it makes a sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.68,0:08:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, yeah. I don't have to be\Nfrightened of these, do I?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.72,0:08:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, they're absolutely harmless.\NThey make wonderful pets. Really?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.44,0:08:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mm-hm. They're quite ticklish.\NIt's a harmless insect.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.24,0:08:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't bite, it doesn't sting,\Nnothing of that sort.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.72,0:08:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its only defence\Nis safety in numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.88,0:08:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By emerging in such vast numbers,\Neach individual cicada
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.20,0:08:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,minimises its risk of being eaten.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.92,0:08:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there are so many of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.44,0:08:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their predators simply\Ncan't eat them fast enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.32,0:08:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you can certainly hear\Nthe cicadas.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.56,0:08:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, you can. There are probably\Nmillions of them up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.68,0:09:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Millions? Yeah, millions. What\Nyou probably don't realise is you're\Nonly hearing half the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.16,0:09:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only the males make\Nthese loud sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.00,0:09:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are just as many females\Nup there as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.64,0:09:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's extraordinary to think\Nthat if we came here next year,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.28,0:09:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wouldn't hear this sound at all?\NYou'll have to come back\Nin 13 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.96,0:09:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 2024 is when you'll hear the\Nforest singing like this again?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.20,0:09:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right. That's amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.48,0:09:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why have the cicadas evolved\Nwith this 13-year lifecycle\Nas opposed to any other number?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.84,0:09:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you have to remember\Nthat these cicadas require\Nlarge numbers to survive predators,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.12,0:09:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we think that these\Nlong lifecycles in some way help\Nthem maintain large populations.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.68,0:09:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John believes that,\Nby appearing every 13 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.72,0:09:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cicadas minimise their chances\Nof emerging at the same time
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.04,0:09:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as other cicadas\Nwith different lifecycles...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.88,0:10:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..because if they were\Nto interbreed, it could have\Ndisastrous consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.80,0:10:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The offspring would have\Nunusual lifecycles.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.52,0:10:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to emerge a little\Nbit here, a little bit there, some\Nthis year and some that year in small
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.00,0:10:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,numbers, and that's key because\Nif they emerge in small numbers,\Nthe predators eat them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.52,0:10:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cicadas' survival\Ndepends on avoiding other broods.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.84,0:10:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine you've got\Na brood of cicadas\Nthat appears every six years.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.80,0:11:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's suppose\Nthere's another brood
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.52,0:11:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which wants to try and avoid\Nthe red cicadas.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.88,0:11:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One way to do that would be\Nto appear less often in the\Nforest, and that actually works.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.76,0:11:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's suppose\Nthis brood appears every nine years.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.48,0:11:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if the green cicada appears\Nevery nine years,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.92,0:11:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it only coincides\Nwith the red cicada every 18 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.84,0:11:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, rather surprisingly, a smaller\Nnumber, seven, works even better.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.24,0:12:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming out every seven years\Ninstead of every nine
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.56,0:12:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means the cicadas appear together\Nmuch less often.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.24,0:12:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now they only\Ncoincide every 42 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.48,0:12:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just twice every century.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.60,0:12:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the real cicadas,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.92,0:12:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 13-year lifecycle has exactly\Nthe same effect as seven does here
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.96,0:12:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they both belong\Nto a special series of numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.76,0:12:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like 13, seven is a prime number.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.52,0:12:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike other numbers,\Nprimes can only be divided\Nby themselves and one,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.92,0:12:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's this property\Nthat means that numbers\Nthat are separated by primes
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.20,0:12:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are far less likely to coincide\Nwith multiples of other numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.60,0:12:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because 13 is a prime number,\Na 13-year lifecycle
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.16,0:12:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes the cicadas much less likely\Nto coincide with other groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.24,0:13:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up in Georgia, there is another\Nbrood of periodical cicada
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.20,0:13:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they, too,\Nhave a prime number lifecycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.04,0:13:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They come out every 17 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.84,0:13:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because 13 and 17\Nare both prime numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.08,0:13:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two broods only emerge together\Nonce every 221 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.92,0:13:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prime numbers are intimately\Nlinked to the cicadas' survival
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.76,0:13:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, intriguingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.60,0:13:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're one of the most\Nimportant elements of the Code,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.28,0:13:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the Code\Nis a mathematical world,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.92,0:13:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built from numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.16,0:13:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as atoms\Nare the indivisible units\Nthat make up every physical object,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.92,0:13:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so prime numbers are the indivisible\Nbuilding blocks of the Code.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.36,0:14:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prime numbers are indivisible,\Nwhich means they can't be made
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.28,0:14:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by multiplying\Nany other numbers together.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.28,0:14:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every non-prime number\Ncan be created by multiplying\Nprimes together.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.56,0:14:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's impossible to make\Nany numbers without them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.76,0:14:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if any primes are missing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.28,0:14:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will always be\Nsome numbers you can't create.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.04,0:14:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, the fact that the most\Nfundamental units of mathematics
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.52,0:14:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be found woven\Ninto the natural world
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.88,0:14:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not only compelling evidence\Nthat the Code exists,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.40,0:14:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also that numbers\Nunderpin everything...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.52,0:15:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..including our own biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.20,0:15:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an innately human\Ncharacteristic.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.28,0:15:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music is one of the things which\Ndefines who we are, and each culture\Nhas its own particular style.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.56,0:15:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These guys make it seem\Nso effortless, as if the notes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.40,0:15:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just thrown together,\Nbut that's simply an illusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.00,0:15:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MUSIC ENDS, APPLAUSE
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.40,0:16:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, just as numbers\Ngovern the cicadas' lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.44,0:16:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they determine how WE hear sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.52,0:16:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a C.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.24,0:16:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And using this oscilloscope,\NI can get a picture of that note.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.48,0:16:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I can actually\NSEE the sound wave.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.16,0:16:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the height of the wave\Ncorresponds to how loudly\NI'm playing the note,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.04,0:16:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if I play the note\Nvery quietly...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.76,0:16:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,play it very loudly...I suddenly\Nget a huge wave on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.56,0:16:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more important thing\Nis the distance between\Nthe peaks of the wave,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.40,0:16:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's determined by\Nthe pitch or frequency of the note.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.84,0:16:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'The higher the note...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.96,0:17:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'the shorter the distance\Nbetween the peaks.'
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.24,0:17:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, look what happens\Nwhen I play a C...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.84,0:17:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and compare that with the same\Nnote, a C, but an octave higher.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.52,0:17:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something rather surprising emerges,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.04,0:17:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now you can see\Nthat the higher note has twice
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.76,0:17:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as many peaks as the lower note,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.72,0:17:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means the frequency of the\Nhigh C is twice that of the low C.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.48,0:17:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this happens whatever\Ntwo notes you choose.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.12,0:17:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Provided they're an octave apart,\Nthen their frequencies are going\Nto be in this one-to-two ratio.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.88,0:17:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two notes which are an octave\Napart just sound nice together,\Nand they're actually the most
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.48,0:17:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,harmonious combination of notes\Nthat you can have.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.56,0:18:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because one to two\Nis the simplest possible frequency\Nrelationship, and that's what
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.56,0:18:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,music is all about, because it's\Nthese simple whole-number ratios\Nthat sound so good to the ear.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.16,0:18:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A perfect fifth...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.72,0:18:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a frequency ratio\Nof three to two.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.44,0:18:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A perfect fourth...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.40,0:18:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is four to three.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.92,0:18:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a slightly more complex sound,\Na minor sixth...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.24,0:18:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..that's a frequency ratio\Nof five to eight.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.72,0:18:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every combination of notes used in\Nmusic is defined by simple ratios.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.36,0:18:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although we might not be aware of\Nit, these numerical rules underpin
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.96,0:18:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything from the simplest song\Nto the most elaborate symphony.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.36,0:18:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're so deeply ingrained\Nthat when they're broken,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.24,0:18:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we intuitively know\Nsomething is wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.80,0:19:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Professor Judy Edworthy\Nunderstands this more than most.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.04,0:19:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She spends her time subjecting\Npeople to some of most unpleasant\Nnoises imaginable.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.08,0:19:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, Judy.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.52,0:19:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, hello. Marcus.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.56,0:19:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Her research investigates\Nthe psychological effects of sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.40,0:19:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'And by using complex ratios\Ninstead of simple ones, the noises\Nshe creates are nothing like music.'
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.64,0:19:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see just by looking at it\Nit's not going to sound nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.60,0:19:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wave looks a mess.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.36,0:19:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wave is a mess.\NIt's very difficult to see a pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.92,0:19:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CONSTANT DRONE
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.20,0:19:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. It sounds really quite odd now.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.44,0:20:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't have any pitch. It sounds\Nharsh and I could make it louder\Nand that would make it harsher.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.24,0:20:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the various frequencies aren't\Nsimple multiples of one another,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.20,0:20:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no common pattern\Nfor the ear to respond to,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.00,0:20:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more complex you make\Nthe ratios, the more dissonant\Nand harsh the sound will get.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.04,0:20:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By monitoring her victims' reactions\Nto these appalling noises,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.40,0:20:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Professor Edworthy has found\Nthey have a very different effect
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.96,0:20:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our minds than music.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.44,0:20:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ALARM BEEPS
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.48,0:20:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HONKING
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.16,0:20:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,WHIRRING
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.20,0:20:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're so unpleasant...\NHAMMERING
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.88,0:20:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..they shock our brains into action.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.08,0:20:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, a siren.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.96,0:20:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HIGH-PITCHED SIREN BLARES
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.84,0:20:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's quite a harsh sound,\Nbut it's designed for a purpose -\Nto get you out of the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.48,0:20:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes you find these sounds\Nin the animal world as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.00,0:20:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this, for example, this is\Na chimpanzee and an orang-utan.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.96,0:21:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,INTERMITTENT SCREECHING
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.48,0:21:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, these animals are obviously\Nquite bothered by something.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.56,0:21:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't need to know\Nwhat that sound means to know\Nthat that animal's not happy
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.84,0:21:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also that the other animals in\Nthat environment and us, for example,\Nshould just get out of the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.68,0:21:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SHORT SCREECH
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.04,0:21:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's interesting\Nthat we really hear pattern,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.20,0:21:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when it isn't there,\Nit creates an effect in all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.56,0:21:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LOW-PITCHED SCREECH
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.20,0:21:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remarkably,\Nit's numerical patterns in the Code
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.28,0:21:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that dictate the combinations\Nof sounds we hear as music...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.08,0:21:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,RUSTLING
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.36,0:21:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and those we hear simply as noise.\NCHIRPING, SIREN
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.00,0:21:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BELL TOLLS
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.12,0:21:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And perhaps stranger still,\Nit's these same numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.84,0:22:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are built into the walls\Nof this medieval cathedral.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.44,0:22:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two notes\Nwhich are an octave apart are\Ngoing be in this one-to-two ratio.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.24,0:22:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The width of the nave here is twice\Nthe distance between
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.96,0:22:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of the columns that run up\Nits length - a ratio of two to one.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.36,0:22:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most harmonious\Ncombination of notes from a pair.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.68,0:22:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The altar divides the nave\Ninto a ratio of eight to five.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.28,0:22:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A minor sixth...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.56,0:22:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eight to five.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.96,0:22:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A perfect fifth...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.68,0:22:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three to two.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:51.92,0:22:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A perfect fourth is four to three.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.44,0:22:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Major third, five to four.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.72,0:23:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what music is all about.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.36,0:23:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,St Augustine believed\Nthese ratios were used by God\Nto construct the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.00,0:23:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that that was why\Nthey produced harmony in music.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.48,0:23:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By constructing their cathedral\Nusing the same ratios,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.24,0:23:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the clergy at Chartres\Nhoped to echo God's creation.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.28,0:23:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This entire place\Nis a symphony set in stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.44,0:23:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using the Code's numbers has created\Na building of awe-inspiring beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.76,0:23:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only truth there is...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.48,0:23:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seemingly significant numbers...
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.24,0:24:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By searching\Nfor divine meaning in numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.68,0:24:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12th-century scholars had stumbled\Nacross elements of the Code.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.56,0:24:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very difficult to see a pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.96,0:24:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mysterious numbers and patterns that\Nseem to be written into our biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.96,0:24:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its only defence\Nis safety in numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.88,0:24:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we've looked closer, we\Nhaven't simply found more numbers -
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.20,0:24:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've begun to uncover their\Nstrangest properties and started to\Nsee deep connections between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.72,0:24:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in the distant past,\Nin Neolithic times,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.76,0:24:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 4,000 years ago, an ancient\Npeople brought these stones here
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.16,0:24:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and arranged them like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.68,0:25:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Sunkenkirk stone circle in\NCumbria and it's one of around 1,000
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.48,0:25:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such structures that our ancient\Nancestors built across the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.84,0:25:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stretching back\Ninto the mists of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.40,0:25:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the circle has been\Nsteeped in mysticism.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.72,0:25:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But whether the people who built\Nthis structure knew it or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.76,0:25:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is deep significance\Nhidden inside this circle.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.80,0:25:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so I need to start\Nby measuring the diameter
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.08,0:25:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of my circle, so that's the\Ndistance from one edge to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.60,0:25:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need to go roughly\Nthrough the centre.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.64,0:25:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's 27 and 90.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.48,0:25:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, so now I'm going\Nto measure the circumference
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.68,0:26:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the circle. So off we go.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.12,0:26:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So around the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:05.52,0:26:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, I've never got so much exercise\Ndoing maths before!
Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.68,0:26:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the circumference.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.44,0:26:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've got 91 metres
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.88,0:26:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 70 centimetres.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:23.00,0:26:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to do\Na little calculation. I'm going\Nto divide the circumference
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.16,0:26:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the circle by the diameter.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.12,0:26:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 917 divided by 279.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.16,0:26:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's roughly three...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.44,0:26:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bit of, er, mental arithmetic, not\Na mathematician's strongest point.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.32,0:26:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, two lots of 279,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.04,0:26:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.60,0:26:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not far out\Nfrom what I was hoping for.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.40,0:26:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I do that,\NI get roughly 3.2 as the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.00,0:27:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My measurements\Nweren't very precise...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.92,0:27:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..but my answer is close\Nto a mysterious number\Nhidden within every circle.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:15.00,0:27:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example,\Nlet's take this circular plate here.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.84,0:27:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to measure its diameter.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.88,0:27:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,26.4 centimetres.\NNow its circumference.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.16,0:27:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a bit trickier.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.08,0:27:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,82.9 centimetres.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.64,0:27:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Divide the circumference\Nby the diameter, I get 3.14.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.64,0:27:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's take another circle.\NMeasure its diameter.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.56,0:27:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12.8 centimetres.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.36,0:27:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the circumference\Nis 40.2 centimetres.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.20,0:27:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Divide the circumference\Nby the diameter and I get 3.14.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:52.16,0:27:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, whatever circle I take,\Ndivide the circumference
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.24,0:28:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the diameter and you're going\Nto get a number which starts 3.14.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.08,0:28:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a number we call pi.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.44,0:28:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter where the circles are,\Nno matter how big or small...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.48,0:28:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..they will always contain pi.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:20.20,0:28:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's this universality of the\Nnumber pi which tells you you've\Nidentified a piece of true Code.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:26.68,0:28:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, if you get another number,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.72,0:28:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means\Nthat you haven't got a circle.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.84,0:28:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some sense,\Npi is the essence of circleness,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.00,0:28:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distilled into the language\Nof the Code.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.88,0:28:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because circles and curves\Ncrop up again and again in nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.44,0:28:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pi can be found all around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.28,0:28:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in the gentle curve\Nof a river...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:55.72,0:28:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..the sweep of a coast line...
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.44,0:29:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and the shifting patterns\Nof the desert sands.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.12,0:29:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pi seems written into the structures\Nand processes of our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.80,0:29:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, strangely,\Npi also appears in places
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.16,0:29:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seem to have nothing\Nto do with circles.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.40,0:29:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started fishing Brighton in 1972.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.56,0:29:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been a fisherman 40 years,\Ncatching Dover sole.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.40,0:29:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the main target species\Nfor the English Channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.52,0:29:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many fish\Ndo you think you get a day?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.52,0:29:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,300 some days, 150 other days,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.00,0:29:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'd say 200 would be average.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.04,0:29:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you've got me some\NDover sole today so I can have a\Nweigh of what you've caught today.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.08,0:29:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, you can play with them! OK!
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.36,0:30:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's remarkable is that, with just\Na small amount of information...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.60,0:30:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 180 grams.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.84,0:30:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and by weighing a few fish...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.88,0:30:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a whopper.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.12,0:30:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..I can use the Code
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.52,0:30:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell me things\Nabout not just today's catch...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.36,0:30:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,360 grams. 50 grams. 110 grams.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.00,0:30:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..but about all the Dover sole\NSam's ever fished...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.28,0:30:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whoa, jeez, come back!
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.04,0:30:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..I can even get an estimate\Nfor the largest sole
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.64,0:30:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Sam is likely\Nto have caught during his career.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.44,0:30:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.80,0:30:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First , I need to work out what\Nthe average weight of a fish is,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.32,0:30:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so 140 plus 190
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.56,0:30:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus 150...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.08,0:30:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now I need to work out\Nthe standard deviation,\Nso that's 140 minus square that...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.04,0:30:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bear with me, all right?\NAlmost there.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.56,0:31:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he said he fished for 40 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.80,0:31:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eight weeks during the year,\Nsix days out of the week
Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.00,0:31:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 200 sole each day,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.28,0:31:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that gives you\Na total of 384,000 fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.88,0:31:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using these numbers,\NI can calculate that the largest one
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.60,0:31:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of those 384,000 fish
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.80,0:31:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be about 1.3 kilograms,\Nwhich is roughly three pounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.00,0:31:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the largest Dover sole\Nthat you've caught in your career?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.40,0:31:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call them door mats,\Nthe large ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.16,0:31:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you maybe get\Nfour or five a season.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.48,0:31:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The largest, I'd say, was three\Nto three and a half pounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.24,0:31:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An average Dover Sole\Nis that sort of size
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.80,0:31:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.24,0:31:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wow, that's huge! Yeah!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.52,0:31:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a whopper. It's always nice\Nto catch big stuff, you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.40,0:32:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I think it is anyway.\NHE CHUCKLES
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.36,0:32:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using the Code,\Nit's possible to estimate the size
Dialogue: 0,0:32:08.52,0:32:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the biggest fish\NSam's ever caught,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.56,0:32:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite not weighing a single fish\Nanywhere near that size.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.12,0:32:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the reason this calculation is\Npossible is because the distribution\Nof the weights of fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.52,0:32:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact the distribution\Nof lots of things like the height\Nof people in the UK or IQ,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.84,0:32:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is given by this formula.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.72,0:32:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'This is the normal\Ndistribution equation,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.76,0:32:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'one of the most important bits\Nof mathematics
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.16,0:32:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'for understanding variation\Nin the natural world.'
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.48,0:32:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most remarkable thing about this\Nformula isn't so much what it does
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.36,0:32:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as this term here, pi.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.68,0:32:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems totally bizarre
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.84,0:32:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a bit of the Code\Nthat has something to do\Nwith the geometry of a circle
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.64,0:33:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can help you to calculate\Nthe weight of fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:02.12,0:33:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pi shouldn't have anything\Nto do with fish, yet there it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:15.32,0:33:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as the circle\Nappears everywhere in nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.80,0:33:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so pi crops up again and again\Nin the mathematical world.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.84,0:33:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an astonishing example of\Nthe interconnectedness of the Code.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.60,0:33:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A glimpse into a world where numbers\Ndon't just have strange connections,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:36.88,0:33:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have deeply puzzling\Nproperties of their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.96,0:33:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pi is what's known\Nas an irrational number.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.04,0:33:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Written as a decimal,\Nit has an infinite number of digits
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.12,0:33:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arranged in a sequence\Nthat never repeats.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.20,0:34:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's thought that any number\Nyou can possibly imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.72,0:34:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will appear in pi somewhere,\Nfrom my birthday
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.36,0:34:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the answer to life,\Nthe universe and everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.12,0:34:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they go on for ever,\Nwe can never know all the digits
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.24,0:34:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make up pi.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:18.88,0:34:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, luckily,\Nwe only need the first 39
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.60,0:34:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to calculate the circumference\Nof a circle the size\Nof the entire observable universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.04,0:34:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accurate to the radius\Nof a single hydrogen atom.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.44,0:34:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as strange as Pi is, it does\Nat least describe a physical object.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.68,0:34:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some numbers don't make\Nany sense in real world,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.20,0:34:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the fact we use them\Nall the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.40,0:34:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Numbers, like negative numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.92,0:35:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's impossible to trade anything,\Nstocks, shares, currency,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.32,0:35:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even fish, without negative numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.20,0:35:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of us are comfortable them.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:06.24,0:35:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though we may not like it,\Nwe understand what it means
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.24,0:35:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have a negative bank balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.52,0:35:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you start\Nto think about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.76,0:35:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's something deeply strange\Nabout negative numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.40,0:35:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cos they don't seem to correspond\Nto anything real at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.76,0:35:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The deeper we look into the Code,\Nthe more bizarre it becomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.64,0:35:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy to imagine one fish\Nor two fish, or no fish at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.16,0:35:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's much harder to imagine\Nwhat minus-one fish looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.52,0:35:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Negative numbers are so odd\Nthat if I have minus-one fish\Nand you give me a fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.44,0:35:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then all you can be certain of\Nis that I've got no fish at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.88,0:36:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Numbers, can exist regardless\Nof whether they make any sense\Nin the physical world.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.04,0:36:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think that's odd,\Nsome numbers are so strange
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.68,0:36:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't even seem\Nto make sense as numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.96,0:36:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is one of the most\Nbasic facts of mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.08,0:36:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A positive number multiplied\Nby another positive number\Nis a positive number.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.52,0:36:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example,\None times one is one.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.80,0:36:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A negative number multiplied\Nby another negative number
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.20,0:36:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also gives a positive number.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.20,0:36:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, minus-one\Ntimes minus-one is plus-one.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.40,0:36:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'It's not only a rule, it's a proven\Ntruth of multiplication.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.08,0:36:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Whenever the signs are the same,\Nthe product is always positive.'
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.12,0:36:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From this, it's obvious
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.16,0:37:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I take any number\Nand multiply it by itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.84,0:37:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the answer\Nis going to be positive.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.36,0:37:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, in the Code,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.68,0:37:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a special number\Nwhich breaks this rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.48,0:37:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I multiply it by itself,\Nit gives the answer minus-one.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.40,0:37:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's impossible to imagine what\Nthis number could be,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.16,0:37:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there simply is no number
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.12,0:37:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when multiplied by itself,\Ngives minus-one.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.96,0:37:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't a number I can calculate.\NI can't show you this number.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.24,0:37:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless, we've given\Nthis number a name.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.72,0:37:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called "i", and it's part\Nof a whole class of new numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.04,0:37:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called imaginary numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:38.24,0:37:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Calculating with imaginary numbers\Nis the mathematical equivalent
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.80,0:37:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of believing in fairies.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.08,0:37:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even these strangest elements\Nof the Code turn out to have
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.56,0:37:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some very practical applications.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.04,0:38:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ground's close, will you call\Nme, please, 1-1-9 next...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:04.36,0:38:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Runway 25, clear to land. Surface\Nis 1-3-0, less than five minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:09.44,0:38:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Especially on a day like this.'
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.56,0:38:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,8-5 Foxtrot, thank you, vacate next\Nright and park yourself 1-3 short.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:21.04,0:38:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'8-5 Foxtrot, 8-2-0, both making\Napproach down direct and right, 2-5.'
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.04,0:38:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where's this one coming from?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:27.52,0:38:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is from Barcelona.\NIt's an Easyjet flight, EZZ6402.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.68,0:38:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't know how many people are\Non board, but it seats about 190.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.44,0:38:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here he is.\NHe's getting pretty close now.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.88,0:38:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just less than two miles\Ntill he lands.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.12,0:38:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What information is the radar\Ngiving you about the aeroplanes?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.76,0:38:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first and most important thing\Nis the position of the aircraft.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.24,0:38:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The yellow slash there\Nis where the aircraft is.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.52,0:38:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got the blue trail,\Nthe history of where\Nthe aircraft's been.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.60,0:38:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From that you get two things -\Nyou get its rough heading,\Nwhere he's going, and its speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:59.24,0:39:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The longer the trail,\Nthe faster the aircraft's going.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.84,0:39:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Radar works by sending out\Na pulse of radio waves
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.04,0:39:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and analysing the small fraction\Nof the signal that's reflected back.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.04,0:39:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Complex computation is then needed\Nto distinguish moving objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.00,0:39:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like planes,\Nfrom the stationary background.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.80,0:39:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,RADIO COMMUNICATION
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.88,0:39:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the heart of that analysis lies\N"i", the number that cannot exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.80,0:39:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imaginary numbers are useful\Nfor working out the complex way
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.56,0:39:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,radio waves interact\Nwith each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.92,0:39:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to be the right language\Nto describe their behaviour.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.60,0:39:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you could do these calculations\Nwith ordinary numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.80,0:39:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're so cumbersome,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:53.60,0:39:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the time you've done\Nthe calculation the plane's\Nmoved to somewhere else.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:57.48,0:40:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Attitude 6,000\Non a squawk of 7-7-1-5.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.00,0:40:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using imaginary numbers\Nmakes the calculation simpler
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.04,0:40:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can track the planes\Nin real time.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.68,0:40:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact without them,\Nradar would be next to useless\Nfor Air Traffic Control.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:16.64,0:40:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of amazing that this\Nabstract idea lands planes.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.68,0:40:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a bit surprising, you're talking\Nabout imaginary numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:40:23.52,0:40:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this isn't imaginary,\Nthis is real. This is very real.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.12,0:40:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm surprised at the fact\Nthat something so abstract
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.00,0:40:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being used\Nin such a concrete way.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.56,0:40:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As strange as it may seem,\Nthe code provides us
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.72,0:40:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an astonishingly successful\Ndescription of our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.68,0:41:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its most ethereal numbers\Nhave starkly real applications.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:04.36,0:41:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its patterns\Ncan explain one of the most\Nprofound processes in nature -
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.40,0:41:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how living things grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:16.72,0:41:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture of something\NI've been fascinated by
Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.84,0:41:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever since I became a mathematician.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:22.00,0:41:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an X-ray of a marine animal\Ncalled a nautilus.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.48,0:41:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this spiral here is one\Nof the iconic images of mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.16,0:41:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, while I've seen pictures\Nlike this hundreds of times,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:34.40,0:41:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've never actually seen\Nthe animal for real.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.52,0:41:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'At Brooklyn College,\Nbiologist Jennifer Basil keeps\Nfive of these aquatic denizens,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.24,0:41:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'for her research\Ninto the evolution of intelligence.'
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.28,0:41:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We keep the animals\Nin these tall tanks because\Nthey're naturally active at night
Dialogue: 0,0:41:56.12,0:41:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they like darkness,\Nthey live in deep water.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.36,0:42:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also like to go up\Nand down in the water column,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.68,0:42:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that kind of makes them happy. OK!
Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.84,0:42:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We give them the five-star\Ntreatment here. Right...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.44,0:42:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Number Five. Ah, wow. Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.40,0:42:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gosh, big eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:12.76,0:42:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have huge eyes, great for seeing\Nin low light conditions. Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.68,0:42:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, here's that beautiful shell.\NYeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:20.00,0:42:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the striping pattern helps them\Nhide where they live.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:40.00,0:42:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've never seen the animal before\Ninside the shell, what is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.68,0:42:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're related to octopuses,\Nsquids and cuttlefish.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.52,0:42:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a little bit like\Nan octopus with a shell
Dialogue: 0,0:42:50.48,0:42:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's amazing about them\Nis that their lineage
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.24,0:42:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is hundreds of millions of years old\Nand they haven't changed very much
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.12,0:43:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all that time.\NWe call them a living fossil.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:00.52,0:43:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a great opportunity to look\Nat an ancient brain and behaviour
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.20,0:43:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're a wonderful way to study\Nthe evolution of intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.80,0:43:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So are these guys intelligent, then?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.32,0:43:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are smarter than others,\Nlike that's Number Four,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.76,0:43:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he outperforms everybody\Nin all the memory tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.40,0:43:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's quite active all the time,\Nhe's quite engaging.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.56,0:43:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you put your in the water\Nhe comes up to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.88,0:43:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas Number Three,\Nwho happens to be a teenager,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.16,0:43:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is I'd guess you'd say more shy\Nand you put him in a new place
Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.32,0:43:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he sort of just attaches\Nto the wall and sits there.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:34.44,0:43:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm interested in the shell\Nas a mathematician,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:37.48,0:43:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what does the nautilus\Nuse the shell for?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.08,0:43:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the most obvious use\Nis protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.60,0:43:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also use it for buoyancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:45.84,0:43:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They only live in the front chamber
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.88,0:43:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the other chambers\Nare filled with gas
Dialogue: 0,0:43:50.24,0:43:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with some fluid.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.52,0:43:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By regulating that, they can\Ngently and passively move up and down
Dialogue: 0,0:43:56.56,0:43:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the water like a submarine.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.60,0:44:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The really cool thing they can do
Dialogue: 0,0:44:00.92,0:44:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is they can actually survive\Non the oxygen in the chambers,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:04.32,0:44:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there's a period where\Nthe oxygen goes down in the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.60,0:44:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one of the reasons why\Nthey've lived for millions of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:12.84,0:44:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a really great adaptation.\NThe shell is really amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.12,0:44:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But perhaps even more remarkably,\Nthe rules this ancient creature
Dialogue: 0,0:44:22.56,0:44:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uses to construct its home
Dialogue: 0,0:44:24.24,0:44:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are written in the language\Nof the Code.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.28,0:44:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HORNS BLARE
Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.12,0:44:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nautilus shell is one\Nof the most beautiful and intricate\Nstructures in nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.52,0:44:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see the chambers.\NThis is the one where it lives
Dialogue: 0,0:44:45.76,0:44:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are the ones\Nit uses for buoyancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:48.20,0:44:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, at first sight, this looks\Nlike a really complex shape,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:51.64,0:44:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if I measure the dimensions\Nof these chambers
Dialogue: 0,0:44:54.24,0:44:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a clear pattern begins to emerge.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:10.80,0:45:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there doesn't seem to be any\Nconnection between these numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:15.00,0:45:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but look what happens\Nwhen I take each number
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.84,0:45:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and divide it\Nby the previous measurement.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:20.68,0:45:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I take 3.32 and divide by 3.07,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.36,0:45:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I get 1.08.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.40,0:45:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Divide 3.59 by 3.32
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.92,0:45:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I get 1.08.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:35.12,0:45:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take 3.88 and divide by 3.59\Nand I get, again, 1.08.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:40.96,0:45:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So every time I do this calculation,\NI get the same number.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:45.12,0:45:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So although it's not clear\Nby looking at the shell,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:47.92,0:45:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this tells us that the nautilus\Nis growing at a constant rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.56,0:45:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everytime the nautilus builds a new\Nroom, the dimensions of that room
Dialogue: 0,0:45:56.24,0:46:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are 1.08 times the dimensions\Nof the previous one.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.08,0:46:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's just by following\Nthis simple mathematical rule
Dialogue: 0,0:46:03.16,0:46:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the nautilus builds\Nthis elegant spiral.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:09.64,0:46:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because many living things\Ngrow in a similar way,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.08,0:46:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these spirals are everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.60,0:46:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rules nature uses to create\Nits patterns are found in the Code.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.32,0:46:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Behind the world we inhabit,\Nthere's a strange\Nand wonderful mathematical realm.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:56.36,0:47:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're actually related\Nto octopus, squids and cuttlefish.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.20,0:47:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're quite ticklish.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:05.68,0:47:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The numbers and connections\Nat its heart describe the processes\Nwe see all around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:11.36,0:47:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bear with me, all right?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:17.48,0:47:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Code doesn't just contain\Nthe rules that govern our planet -
Dialogue: 0,0:47:22.16,0:47:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its numbers also describe the laws\Nthat control the entire universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:40.52,0:47:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For centuries, we've gazed out\Ninto the night's sky
Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.80,0:47:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tried to make sense\Nof the patterns we see in the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:08.28,0:48:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To take a closer look, I've come\Nto Switzerland's Sphinx Observatory,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.32,0:48:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perched precariously\Non the Jungfrau mountain.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:31.24,0:48:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At nearly 3,600 metres, it's one\Nof the highest peaks in the Alps.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:43.20,0:48:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after the sun\Nhas sunk below the horizon...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:49.08,0:48:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..it's a great place\Nto gaze at the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.68,0:49:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's a really clear night,\Nso you can see loads of stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.52,0:49:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's Sirius over here,\Nthe brightest star in the night sky
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.92,0:49:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right here a really recognisable\Nconstellation, which is Orion.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:14.00,0:49:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have people always picked out Orion
Dialogue: 0,0:49:16.12,0:49:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a significant pattern\Nin the night sky?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:18.56,0:49:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems like different cultures\Nall picked out that group
Dialogue: 0,0:49:22.36,0:49:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as being a significant one.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:23.88,0:49:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all have\Ndifferent legends about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:26.28,0:49:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Egyptians associated it\Nwith Osiris, their god of death\Nand rebirth
Dialogue: 0,0:49:29.72,0:49:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other cultures group them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.56,0:49:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A native American tribe\Ncalled the three stars of the belt,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.36,0:49:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the three footprints of the flee god.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:38.00,0:49:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One group of the Aborigines\Nin Australia called it the canoe.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:47.60,0:49:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we don't need legends to\Nexplain the patterns in the stars
Dialogue: 0,0:49:52.32,0:49:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we know\Ntheir precise positions in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:00.20,0:50:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we don't just know\Nwhere they are now,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.44,0:50:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know where they were yesterday\Nand where they'll be
Dialogue: 0,0:50:06.68,0:50:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions of years into the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:10.72,0:50:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Sun and all the stars in our\Ngalaxy, including the stars in Orion,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:15.44,0:50:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all moving in orbits\Naround the centre of the galaxy,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:18.68,0:50:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but like a swarm of bees,\Nalthough they're all moving\Nin roughly the same direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.16,0:50:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they all follow their own paths\Nand that means that\Ntheir positions will change,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:27.36,0:50:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as thousands of years tick by.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:29.64,0:50:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we're two-and-a-half\Nmillion years in the future
Dialogue: 0,0:50:33.20,0:50:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the constellation of Orion\Nhas completely gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:38.88,0:50:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, thousands of years ago\Nour ancestors would have seen\Ndifferent patterns in the sky
Dialogue: 0,0:50:44.44,0:50:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our descendants,\Nmillions of years in the future,\Nwill also see different patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:58.20,0:51:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason we can predict how the\Nstars will move into the far future
Dialogue: 0,0:51:03.16,0:51:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because we've uncovered the rules\Nthat govern their behaviour.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:08.08,0:51:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've found these rules\Nnot in the heavens, but in numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.44,0:51:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only through the Code\Nthat we can understand\Nthe laws that govern the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:49.16,0:51:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laws that describe everything\Nfrom the motion of the planets
Dialogue: 0,0:51:52.68,0:51:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the flight of projectile.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:56.56,0:51:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you watch the fireball\Nfly through the air
Dialogue: 0,0:51:59.64,0:52:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it appears in the first\Npart of its flight,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:02.24,0:52:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's just left the trebuchet,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.16,0:52:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's accelerating upwards\Nand then it begins to slow down,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:08.32,0:52:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it stops just above me
Dialogue: 0,0:52:10.44,0:52:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, finally, accelerates\Nback down towards the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:19.12,0:52:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you analyse the flight\Nusing numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.00,0:52:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it reveals something\Nrather surprising.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.44,0:52:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you plot a graph\Nof the projectile's vertical speed
Dialogue: 0,0:52:30.56,0:52:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against time...
Dialogue: 0,0:52:33.76,0:52:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..you then you get a graph\Nwhich looks like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:41.08,0:52:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To start with,\Nthe projectile is moving upwards
Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.16,0:52:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's vertical speed is positive,\Nbut decreasing.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.20,0:52:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it reaches the top of its arc,\Nthe vertical speed becomes negative
Dialogue: 0,0:52:53.04,0:52:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the fireball turns round\Nand falls back to Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:01.80,0:53:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the graph is going like\Nthis, it means that the projectile,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:05.92,0:53:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the moment it leaves the\Ntrebuchet, is actually slowing down.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:10.36,0:53:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at no point during the flight\Nis it ever accelerating upwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:21.08,0:53:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Throughout its flight, the fireball\Nis accelerating downwards
Dialogue: 0,0:53:26.16,0:53:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards the Earth\Nat a constant rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:30.84,0:53:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something you would never realise\Nsimply by watching it
Dialogue: 0,0:53:34.04,0:53:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fly through the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:39.12,0:53:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a profound truth
Dialogue: 0,0:53:41.40,0:53:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about one of the fundamental\Nforces of nature...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:46.40,0:53:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:49.32,0:53:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drop, throw, fire or launch\Nanything you like -
Dialogue: 0,0:53:52.60,0:53:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a rock, a bullet,\Na ball or even a pot plant
Dialogue: 0,0:53:55.76,0:53:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will accelerate towards\Nthe ground at a constant rate
Dialogue: 0,0:53:58.88,0:54:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 9.8 metres per second,\Nper second.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:02.60,0:54:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a fundamental law\Nof gravity on our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:06.20,0:54:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's only revealed\Nby changing the flight path\Nof the object into numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:16.76,0:54:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Appreciating this simple fact\Nabout how gravity works on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:54:21.00,0:54:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the first step towards\Nunderstanding gravity everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.68,0:54:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the foundation stone\Nof Newton's Law\Nof Universal Gravitation.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:46.40,0:54:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A mathematical theory that can\Ndescribe the orbits of the planets,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:51.28,0:54:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predict the passage of the stars\Ninto the distant future...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:59.00,0:55:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and has even enabled human kind\Nto step foot on the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:08.92,0:55:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The laws that command the heavens\Nare written in the Code.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:26.00,0:55:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'We call them the door mats,\Nthe large ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:29.84,0:55:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Two-and-a-half million years\Nin the future...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:32.56,0:55:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'This isn't imaginery, this is real!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:39.52,0:55:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'You don't need to know\Nwhat that means to know\Nthat animal's not happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:44.12,0:55:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Whatever circle I take,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:45.92,0:55:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'you're going to get\Na number which starts 3.14.'
Dialogue: 0,0:55:53.04,0:55:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an incredible thought\Nthat the only way we can\Nreally make sense of our world
Dialogue: 0,0:55:57.68,0:56:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by using\Nthe abstract world of numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:00.96,0:56:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet those numbers have allowed\Nus to take our first tentative\Nsteps off our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:05.40,0:56:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've also given us the technology\Nto transform our surroundings.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:12.32,0:56:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'A hidden Code\Nunderpins the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:18.32,0:56:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'A Code that has the power\Nto unlock the rules that\Ncover the universe.'
Dialogue: 0,0:56:25.52,0:56:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This place was constructed\Nto satisfy a spiritual need.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:30.00,0:56:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we couldn't have built it\Nwithout the power of the Code.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:34.24,0:56:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, it's an exquisite\Nexample of the beauty\Nand potency of mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:51.12,0:56:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the patterns and numbers\Nall around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.88,0:56:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've deciphered a hidden code.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:11.00,0:57:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've revealed a strange\Nand intriguing numerical world,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:15.24,0:57:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,totally unlike our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:18.72,0:57:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet it's a Code that also describes\Nour world with astonishing accuracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:30.80,0:57:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And has given us\Nunprecedented power to describe...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:37.60,0:57:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..control...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:41.64,0:57:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and predict our surroundings.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:56.92,0:58:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that the Code\Nprovides such a successful\Ndescription of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:58:01.28,0:58:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is for many one of the greatest\Nmysteries of science.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:05.24,0:58:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the only explanation\Nthat makes sense for me
Dialogue: 0,0:58:08.60,0:58:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that by discovering\Nthese connections,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:11.36,0:58:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have in fact uncovered\Nsome deep truth about the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:15.00,0:58:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That perhaps, the Code\Nis THE truth of the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:58:18.24,0:58:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's numbers that dictate\Nthe way the world must be.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:29.52,0:58:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go to...
Dialogue: 0,0:58:34.28,0:58:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..to find clues to help you solve\Nthe Code's treasure hunt.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:37.36,0:58:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plus, get a free set of mathematical\Npuzzles and a treasure hunt clue
Dialogue: 0,0:58:41.00,0:58:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you follow the links\Nto The Open University
Dialogue: 0,0:58:43.52,0:58:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or call 0845 366 8026.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:00.88,0:59:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd
Dialogue: 0,0:59:03.92,0:59:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,E-mail subtitling@bbc.co.uk
Dialogue: 0,0:59:07.00,0:59:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Download Movie Subtitles Searcher from www.OpenSubtitles.org