[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.41,0:00:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is Marcos from Barcelona, but it could be anyone, anywhere else.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.80,0:00:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He will run across something that happens every day in offices and homes around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.91,0:01:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A piece of the printer has failed and the manufacturer recommends taking it to technical service.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.17,0:01:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My technician makes a preliminary diagnosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.71,0:01:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it costs 15 euros plus VAT.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.10,0:01:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surely will be difficult find the pieces to be able to repair it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.40,0:01:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Repairing it isn't really worth it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.78,0:01:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Repairing it will cost about 110 or 120 EUR.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.24,0:01:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are printers from 39 EUR.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.70,0:01:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would advise you to look for new printers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.25,0:01:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would buy a new one, without doubt.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.18,0:01:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It isn't coincidence that the three vendors suggest to buy a new printer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.84,0:01:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If he accepts, Marcos will be another victim of planned obsolescence,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.46,0:01:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the secret engine of our consumerist society.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.18,0:02:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our society is dominated by a growth economy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.32,0:02:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose logic is not to grow to meet the needs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.17,0:02:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather grow to grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.06,0:02:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this documentary we will disclose how planned obsolescence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.33,0:02:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has defined our lives since the 1920s.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.19,0:02:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When manufacturers began to shorten the lifetime of the products to boost sales.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.77,0:02:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they reduced the lifetime of products to 1000 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.27,0:02:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will discover that designers and engineers were forced to choose new values and goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.36,0:03:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will learn about a new generation of consumers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.43,0:03:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are going against the manufacturers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.21,0:03:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is an economy without planned obsolescence feasible?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.07,0:03:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and without its impact on the environment?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.100,0:03:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Buy, throw away, buy. The secret history of planned obsolescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.98,0:04:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Livermore light bulb has been operating without interruption since 1901.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.12,0:04:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the moment two webcams have expired and the light bulb is going for the third.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.18,0:04:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2001, when the bulb turned one hundred years old
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.55,0:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Livermore organized a big American-style birthday.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.90,0:05:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The formula for a long lasting filament is not the only mystery in the history of light bulbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.05,0:06:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One much greater secret is how and why this humble product became
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.04,0:06:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first victim of planned obsolescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.43,0:06:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Christmas of 1924 day was a special day.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.64,0:06:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Geneva several gentlemen in suits gathered together in a special room
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.74,0:06:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a secret plan.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.47,0:06:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They created the first worldwide cartel
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.34,0:06:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control the production of light bulbs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.86,0:06:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and distribute the world market shares among themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.96,0:06:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cartel was called Phoebus.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.65,0:06:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Phoebus included major light bulb manufacturers in Europe and the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.95,0:06:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even those from distant colonies in Asia and Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.21,0:06:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The objective was to exchange patents, to control the production
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.06,0:06:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, above all, control the consumer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.20,0:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wanted people to buy light bulbs on a regular basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If light bulbs lasted too much, it would be an economic disadvantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Initially the goal of manufacturers was a long lifetime for their light bulbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.35,0:07:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1881 Edison put up for sale its first light bulb, it lasted up to 1500 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.40,0:07:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1924, when the Phoebus cartel was founded,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.20,0:07:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2500 hours of useful lifetime were announced with pride
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.77,0:07:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and manufacturers highlighted the longevity of their light bulbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.19,0:07:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Phoebus cartel thought of limiting the lifetime of the light bulbs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.86,0:07:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 1000 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.74,0:08:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A committee was created in 1925, the "1000 hour life Committee"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.84,0:08:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to technically reduce the light bulbs lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.57,0:08:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 80 years after, Helmut Hรถge, a historian from Berlin,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.70,0:08:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finds evidence of the Committee activities
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.18,0:08:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hidden among internal documents of members of the cartel.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.85,0:08:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Companies like Phillips in the Netherlands
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.26,0:08:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Osram in Germany and Lamparas Zeta in Spain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.89,0:08:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a document from the cartel.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.48,0:08:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pressured by the cartel, manufacturers performed experiments
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.87,0:08:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create a more fragile light bulb
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.31,0:08:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that complied with the new 1000 hours standard.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.86,0:09:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Manufacturing was strictly controlled
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.98,0:09:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure that regulations were met.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.60,0:09:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the measurements was to mount different shelves
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.29,0:09:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with many lampholders,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.40,0:09:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they mounted different combinations with samples of each series.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.95,0:09:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Companies like Osram recorded meticulously
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.56,0:09:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the duration of these bulbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.54,0:09:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Phoebus, created a complicated bureaucracy to impose their rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.84,0:09:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Manufacturers were severely fined if they diverted from the established goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.22,0:09:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a table of fines of 1929
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.28,0:10:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing how much Swiss francs
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.69,0:10:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the members of the cartel had to pay
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.18,0:10:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if their bulbs lasted,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.60,0:10:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, more than 1500 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.29,0:10:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As planned obsolescence took effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.40,0:10:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lifetime started to fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.67,0:10:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In just 2 years shrank from 2500 to less than 1500 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.65,0:10:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1940s the cartel had already achieved its goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.69,0:10:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A standard light bulb lasted for 1000 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.85,0:11:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the following decades, dozens of new light bulbs were patented.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.20,0:11:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even one that lasted 100.000 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.07,0:11:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But none was commercialized.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.35,0:11:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Officially, Phoebus never existed,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.93,0:11:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though their trail was never completely hidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.18,0:11:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their strategy was to change the name from time to time.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.11,0:11:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were called "International Cartel of Electricity"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.67,0:11:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and later on they change it again.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.34,0:11:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The important thing is that this idea still exists as an institution.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.64,0:12:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Barcelona, Marcos has ignored the vendors advice to replace the printer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.70,0:12:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is determined to fix it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.72,0:12:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he has found someone on the internet who has discovered what happened to his printer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.84,0:12:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marcos has contacted the author of the video.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.96,0:13:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planned obsolescence started at the same time
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.56,0:13:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as mass production and the consumerist society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.88,0:13:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already in 1928 an influential advertisement magazine warned:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.28,0:13:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,".. an article which refuses to wear out is a tragedy of business."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.54,0:13:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, with mass production, prices fell down
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.96,0:13:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and products became more affordable.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.64,0:14:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People started buying for fun rather than by need.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.40,0:14:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The economy accelerated.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.56,0:14:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1929,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.07,0:14:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Wall Street Crash abruptly stopped the incipient consumerist society
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.92,0:14:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and led the United States to a deep economic recession.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.33,0:14:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people formed lines no longer to buy, but instead to ask for work and food.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.06,0:14:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From New York came a radical proposal to revive the economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.28,0:15:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bernald London, a prominent real estate investor,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.28,0:15:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggested getting out of the depression through mandatory planned obsolescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.90,0:15:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the first time that the concept appeared in writings.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.34,0:15:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,London proposed that all products had a limited lifetime
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.95,0:15:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an expiration date, after which these would be considered legally dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.54,0:15:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The consumers would return it to a Government Agency
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.15,0:15:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for its destruction.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.05,0:15:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bernald London believed that with mandatory planned obsolescence
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.23,0:15:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,factories would keep producing, the people would keep consuming
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.12,0:15:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there would be work for everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.38,0:16:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Giles Slade is already in New York to know more about the person that is behind this idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.26,0:16:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wonders if with planned obsolescence,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.68,0:16:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bernald London aimed to maximize benefits or, to help the unemployed.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.77,0:16:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dorothea Weitzner met Bernald London in the 1930s during a family outing.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.69,0:17:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact the idea of Bernald London passed unnoticed
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.48,0:17:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mandatory planned obsolescence was never put into practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.45,0:17:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty years later, in the 1950s, planned obsolescence resurfaced,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.88,0:17:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with a crucial twist, it wasn't to force the consumer but to seduce him.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.14,0:18:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Brooks Stevens' voice, the apostle of planned obsolescence
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.54,0:18:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the post-war america.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.04,0:18:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This elegant industrial designer, created from electrical appliances
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.73,0:18:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cars and trains, always taking in mind planned obsolescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.85,0:18:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In tune with the time, the designs of Brooks Stevens expressed speed and modernity.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.83,0:18:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even his house was unusual.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.77,0:19:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brooks Stevens traveled throughout the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.33,0:19:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promoting the planned obsolescence in talks and speeches.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.72,0:19:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His ideas settled and were widespread.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.76,0:20:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Design and marketing seduced the consumer
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.72,0:20:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to always want the latest model.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.60,0:20:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Freedom and happiness through unlimited consumption, the American way of life of the 1950s
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.17,0:20:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,settled the foundations of the current consumerist society.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.100,0:21:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, planned obsolescence is taught in design and engineering schools.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.27,0:21:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Boris Knuf gives lectures about product life cycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.44,0:21:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The modern euphemism of planned obsolescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.76,0:22:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Students are taught to design for a business world dominated by a single goal:
Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.19,0:22:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,frequent and repeated purchases.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.45,0:22:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planned obsolescence is in the root of the considerable economic growth
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.60,0:22:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Western World has lived since the 1950s.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.44,0:22:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since then, growth has been the Holy Grail of our economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.19,0:22:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in a society of growth
Dialogue: 0,0:22:58.86,0:23:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose logic is not to grow to satisfy the needs
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.73,0:23:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but grow to grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.69,0:23:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Infinitely grow, with a production without limits
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.70,0:23:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to justify it, consumption should grow without limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.58,0:23:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Serge Latouche, a well-known critic of the Society of Growth,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.93,0:23:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writes often about its mechanisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.11,0:23:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are three key instruments:
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.20,0:23:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,advertising, planned obsolescence and the credit.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.24,0:23:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The critics of the Society of Growth alerts that it is unsustainable in the long term,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.76,0:23:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is based on a flagrant contradiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.58,0:24:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyone who believes that unlimited growth
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.68,0:24:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is compatible with a limited planet
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.20,0:24:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is either crazy
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.56,0:24:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is an economist.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.06,0:24:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that we are all economists.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.42,0:24:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could say that with the Society of Growth
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.92,0:24:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are inside a race car
Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.62,0:24:40.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, right now, clearly nobody is driving,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.18,0:24:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going full speed
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.96,0:24:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whose fate
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.56,0:24:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is either hitting a wall
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.53,0:24:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or falling into a precipice.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.02,0:25:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consulting instruction manuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.92,0:25:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marcos realizes that engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.63,0:25:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,determine the lifetime of many printers, during the design phase.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.94,0:25:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They achieve it by putting a chip inside the printer.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.29,0:25:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found the chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.19,0:25:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an EEPROM chip where
Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.08,0:25:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a count of prints is stored.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.35,0:25:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it reaches a determined number,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.55,0:25:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the printer hangs and stops printing.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.93,0:26:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do engineers think when they have to design a product that fails?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.89,0:26:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dilemma is reflected in a classic British film of 1951
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.04,0:26:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a young chemist invents a everlasting thread.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.39,0:26:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The chemist believes that he made a great progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:27.61,0:26:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not everyone likes the invention,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.95,0:26:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and soon he finds himself chased not only by the owners of the factory
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.77,0:26:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also by the workers who fear for their jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.32,0:26:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1940 the giant chemist Dupont presented a revolutionary synthetic fiber:
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.20,0:26:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nylon.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.98,0:27:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For women the durable socks were a major step forward
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.62,0:27:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the joy lasted a little.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.58,0:27:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dupont's chemists had reasons to be proud
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.91,0:27:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the men admired the resistance of nylon stockings.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.56,0:28:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dupont gave new instructions to Nicole Fox's father of and his colleagues.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.90,0:28:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same chemists that applied all their knowledge to create a durable nylon
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.36,0:28:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embraced the new trend and made it more fragile.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.35,0:28:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That everlasting thread disappeared from factories,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:38.05,0:28:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like in the film.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.70,0:28:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was the opinion of Dupont's chemists about deliberately reducing the lifetime of a product?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.83,0:30:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planned obsolescence affected not only engineers.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.69,0:30:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The frustration of consumers echoed in the classic play of Arthur Millers:
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.23,0:30:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Death of a salesman.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.12,0:30:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like Willy Loman, the consumers could only complain.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.68,0:30:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consumers didn't know that in the other side of the Iron Curtain,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.18,0:30:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the countries of the Eastern block
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.76,0:30:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was an entire economy without planned obsolescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.47,0:30:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Communist economy was not based on the free market, but it was planned by the State.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.36,0:30:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was inefficient and suffered from a chronic lack of resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.09,0:31:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that system, planned obsolescence did not have any sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.25,0:31:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the old East Germany, the most efficient communist economy,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.06,0:31:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the norms stipulated that fridges and washing machines should last for 25 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.05,0:31:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bought this fridge in East Germany in 1985,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.11,0:31:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is at least 24 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.72,0:31:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I never had to change the light bulb
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.56,0:31:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is also nearly 25 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.10,0:31:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1981 an East Berlin's factory began to produce a long lasting light bulb.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.35,0:31:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They presented it in an international fair, in search of western buyers.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.24,0:31:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the East Germany manufacturers
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.24,0:32:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,presented these long lasting light bulbs
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.16,0:32:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Hanover fair in 1981,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.84,0:32:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their colleagues in the West said: "You will be without jobs."
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.38,0:32:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The engineers of East Germany said:
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.31,0:32:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No, the opposite,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.91,0:32:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will keep our jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.32,0:32:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we save resources and do not waste tungsten."
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.14,0:32:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people of the West rejected the light bulb.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.37,0:32:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1989 Berlin Wall fell,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.29,0:32:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the factory closed and the production of the long lasting light bulb stopped.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.25,0:32:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, it can only be seen in exhibitions and museums.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:52.17,0:32:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, unrestrained consumerism
Dialogue: 0,0:32:57.21,0:33:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exists both in the East and in the West.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.73,0:33:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a difference, in the internet age,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.07,0:33:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the consumers are willing to fight against planned obsolescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.49,0:34:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elizabeth Pritzker, a San Francisco lawyer, heard about the video
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.40,0:34:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decided to sue Apple on the matter of the iPod battery.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.35,0:34:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half a century after the case of the cartel, planned obsolescence
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.48,0:34:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came back to courts again.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.03,0:35:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of these iPods had problems with their batteries
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.30,0:35:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their owners were willing to go to court.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.74,0:35:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them was Andrew Westley.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.92,0:36:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In December 2003 Elizabeth Pritzker presented the lawsuit
Dialogue: 0,0:36:20.97,0:36:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to San Mateo County's Court.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:23.34,0:36:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A stone's throw away from Apple's headquarters.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.75,0:37:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After months of tension, the two parts reached an agreement.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.14,0:37:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apple created a replacement service and extended the warranty to 2 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.41,0:37:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prosecutors received a compensation.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.09,0:37:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planned obsolescence causes a constant flow of waste
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.69,0:38:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that end in Third World countries, like Ghana in Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.72,0:38:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An international treatment prohibits shipping electronic waste
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.16,0:38:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Third World countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:27.88,0:38:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But buyers use a simple trick:
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.87,0:38:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they declare them as second-hand products.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.97,0:38:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 80% of the electronic waste that arrives in Ghana
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.41,0:38:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can not be repaired and end up abandoned in landfills around the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.49,0:39:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, here there are no children playing after school.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.85,0:39:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, young people from poor families, come to look for scrap.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.21,0:39:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They burn the plastic cable cover to obtain the metal inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.34,0:39:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The smallest kids scavenge in the wreckage to find
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.07,0:39:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any piece of metal that the adults might have forgotten.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:28.81,0:41:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People from all over the world has begun to act against planned obsolescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.81,0:41:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mike Anane is fighting at the end of the chain,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:39.63,0:41:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he has begun collecting information.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:20.21,0:42:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mike thinks about turning this information into evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.07,0:42:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a lawsuit at court.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.80,0:42:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marcos is in internet again, looking into how to lengthen the lifetime of his printer.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.71,0:43:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A russian website seems to offer a free software
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.10,0:43:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for printers with a counter chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.04,0:43:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The developer has bothered to explain his personal motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.60,0:43:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marcos does not know what can happen, but decides to download the software anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.73,0:43:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From a small village in France, John Thackara fights against planned obsolescence
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.28,0:43:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping people around the world to share business and design ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.62,0:44:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them is Warlden Phillips, descendant of the dynasty of light bulbs manufacturers.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.83,0:44:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nearly a century after the light bulb cartel,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.81,0:45:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Warner Philips continues the family tradition, but with a different perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:02.15,0:45:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produces a led light bulb that lasts 25 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:35.94,0:45:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the carriers paid the real cost of transport,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:39.91,0:45:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to mention that the oil is a non-renewable resource
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.18,0:45:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for which there is no substitute,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:47.08,0:45:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say that the costs would be multiplied by 20 or 30.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.01,0:46:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also we can fight against planned obsolescence
Dialogue: 0,0:46:09.54,0:46:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rethinking the engineering and the production of the products.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.88,0:46:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A new concept: "Cradle to cradle".
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.71,0:46:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Asserts that if the factories worked as the nature
Dialogue: 0,0:46:21.08,0:46:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obsolescence itself would be obsolete.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:25.13,0:46:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we talk about protecting the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.99,0:46:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we always think about: cut, resign, reduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.31,0:46:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in spring, a cherry tree
Dialogue: 0,0:46:36.96,0:46:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neither cut nor resigns.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:43.82,0:46:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The natural cycle produces in abundance,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:46.83,0:46:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the fallen flowers and dry leaves are not waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.80,0:46:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nutrients for other organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:56.32,0:47:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature don't produce waste, only nutrients.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:03.01,0:47:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Braungart believes that industry can imitate the virtuous cycle of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:08.48,0:47:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he proved it by re-designing the production process of a Swiss textile manufacturer.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:17.33,0:47:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you upholster a sofa with a textile like this
Dialogue: 0,0:47:21.42,0:47:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the clippings are so toxic
Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.07,0:47:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that should be removed alongside the toxic waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:31.88,0:47:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Braungart discovered that the factory used by inertia hundreds of
Dialogue: 0,0:47:38.56,0:47:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highly toxic dyes and chemical products.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:40.89,0:47:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To produce the new textiles, Braungart and his team reduced the list
Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.97,0:47:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to only 36 substances.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:48.05,0:47:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of them biodegradable.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:51.17,0:47:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We select ingredients that you could eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:55.00,0:47:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you'd like, you could add them to your muesli.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:59.28,0:48:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a society of wastefulness,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:01.13,0:48:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a short-life product creates a problem of waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:03.32,0:48:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a society produces nutrients,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:06.61,0:48:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,short-life products could turn into something new.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:11.40,0:48:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the more radical critics of planned obsolescence,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:14.83,0:48:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is not enough to reform processes,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:17.96,0:48:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they want to rethink our economy and our values.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.43,0:48:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a true revolution, a cultural revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.09,0:48:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is a change of paradigm and mentality.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.32,0:48:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This revolution is called: Degrowth.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.89,0:48:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Serge Latouche travels from talk to talk explaining
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.07,0:48:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to abandon the Society of Growth once and for all.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.34,0:48:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Degrowth is a provocative slogan
Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.97,0:48:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that tries to break up with the euphoric speech
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.64,0:48:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about viable, infinite and sustainable growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:55.88,0:49:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It attempts to demonstrate the need for a change of logic.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:03.28,0:49:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The essence of Degrowth
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.59,0:49:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be summarized in one word: reduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.93,0:49:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reducing our ecological footprint,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:12.71,0:49:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the over-production and the over-consumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:16.76,0:49:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To reduce the consumption and production,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:20.20,0:49:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can release time
Dialogue: 0,0:49:22.15,0:49:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop other types of wealth
Dialogue: 0,0:49:25.54,0:49:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have the advantage of not exhausting themselves with use,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.25,0:49:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like friendship or knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.02,0:50:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If happiness depends on the level of consumption,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.20,0:50:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should be absolutely happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:06.68,0:50:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we consume 26 times more than in Marx's time.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:11.65,0:50:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But polls show
Dialogue: 0,0:50:13.48,0:50:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people are not 20 times happier,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:16.11,0:50:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because happiness is always subjective.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.35,0:50:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Degrowth's critics fear that it will destroy the economy
Dialogue: 0,0:50:27.84,0:50:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take us back to the Stone Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:33.16,0:50:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Returning to a sustainable society,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:36.01,0:50:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose ecological footprint is not bigger than a planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:40.40,0:50:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not mean going back to the Stone Age, but back to the 1960s,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:43.86,0:50:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considering the parameters of a country as France,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:47.11,0:50:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, is not the Stone Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:52.61,0:50:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The society of Degrowth makes Gandhi's vision a reality:
Dialogue: 0,0:50:57.60,0:51:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The World is big enough
Dialogue: 0,0:51:00.64,0:51:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for everyone's needs
Dialogue: 0,0:51:02.85,0:51:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is too small
Dialogue: 0,0:51:05.15,0:51:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the greed of one man."
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.29,0:51:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marcos is installing the Russian freeware on his computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:42.03,0:51:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the new program he can put the printer chip counter to zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.66,0:51:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The printer is unlocked immediately.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:07.22,0:52:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The end?