WEBVTT 00:00:00.443 --> 00:00:04.325 Hello. Welcome to internet history, technology and security. I'm Charles 00:00:04.325 --> 00:00:09.206 Severance. And I'll be your instructor for this course. So let's start right away. 00:00:09.206 --> 00:00:13.476 Like, who do I think should take this course? And the course the answer is you, 00:00:13.476 --> 00:00:17.690 You should take this course. Because everyone should take this course. The 00:00:17.690 --> 00:00:22.035 network that we touch and use is with us pretty much all the time. Obviously, if 00:00:22.035 --> 00:00:26.160 you're watching this lecture. You're watching it over the internet. How does 00:00:26.160 --> 00:00:30.285 all this stuff work? Who made it? You know this didn't just grow on trees. 00:00:30.285 --> 00:00:34.465 People built this, right? And we're gonna talk about a highly technical thing. 00:00:34.465 --> 00:00:38.975 Perhaps the most complex engineering task humanity's ever undertaken, maybe. But 00:00:38.975 --> 00:00:43.100 we're not gonna talk from a math perspective, and we're not gonna talk from 00:00:43.100 --> 00:00:47.610 a programming perspective. I mean, really, were not going to, we're not gonna push 00:00:47.610 --> 00:00:52.626 you on that stuff. We gonna talk about really cool technical things, we're gonna 00:00:52.626 --> 00:00:57.721 meet some really cool people, but it's not a technical course. It's a course about 00:00:57.721 --> 00:01:02.880 listening and understanding and thinking critically about the people who made the 00:01:02.880 --> 00:01:07.850 internet what it is. So it's, we are going to explain some things and ask you to 00:01:07.850 --> 00:01:12.666 reflect a bit. So. This is going to include a bunch of oral history. Oral 00:01:12.666 --> 00:01:17.748 history that I've gathered. And my co-host on my television show, Richard Wiggins 00:01:17.748 --> 00:01:22.524 gathered. Starting in the. In the 90's. Through the, present day I 00:01:22.524 --> 00:01:27.362 continue to gather this. And continue to keep asking people who've done amazing 00:01:27.362 --> 00:01:31.954 things on the internet. Like, what did it take? How did it work? What were you 00:01:31.954 --> 00:01:37.453 thinking? What was innovative. What, what went wrong? Real history's a bit messy. 00:01:37.453 --> 00:01:42.356 Real history is not. As simple as a 30 minute PBS special would like it to be 00:01:42.356 --> 00:01:47.019 sometimes. Those are actually sort of fun television. We are actually going to hear 00:01:47.019 --> 00:01:51.518 from people listen to them a little bit longer. We aren't going to try to collapse 00:01:51.518 --> 00:01:55.742 everything into two minute segments. We are gonna listen to these people . Then 00:01:55.742 --> 00:02:00.295 we're gonna ask some critical questions about what do we think about the way folks 00:02:00.295 --> 00:02:04.904 talk about these innovations. And then the second half of the class we'll really dig 00:02:04.904 --> 00:02:09.292 into to how the Internet works. Still avoiding any programming or any technology 00:02:09.292 --> 00:02:13.916 or anything complicated. We are just gonna sort of from a. A simple set of metaphors 00:02:13.916 --> 00:02:18.521 as we can possibly come up with understand the architecture of the internet and 00:02:18.693 --> 00:02:23.395 you'll be fine. You'll be surprised at just how much you understand. So, I always 00:02:23.395 --> 00:02:29.360 like to start the first lecture talking a little about me, so you get to know me. I 00:02:29.360 --> 00:02:33.992 am a professor at the University of Michigan School of Information. School of 00:02:33.992 --> 00:02:38.744 Information studies a lot of things. It studies social science like things. Data 00:02:38.744 --> 00:02:43.676 and information and technology so we like to say School of Information studies 00:02:43.676 --> 00:02:48.248 connecting people information and technology in more interesting ways. And I 00:02:48.248 --> 00:02:53.000 as a faculty member have written several books. And I am on the web and you can 00:02:53.000 --> 00:02:57.830 follow me on Twitter and I do a lot of traveling. Who knows maybe. Maybe during 00:02:57.830 --> 00:03:03.707 this class I'll end up in your country or in your town, and, and who knows, we can 00:03:03.707 --> 00:03:09.301 do something. So, if you want, feel free to stalk me on Twitter. I'm, I'm always on 00:03:09.301 --> 00:03:16.542 Twitter. So. A big feature of this class is. Videos, particularly the first half 00:03:16.542 --> 00:03:21.731 where we're talking about the history. And I was really fortunate in 1995. Really 00:03:21.731 --> 00:03:27.325 most people would say that the, the internet and web took off in the, outside 00:03:27.325 --> 00:03:32.920 the academic sector in like 1994. And in 1995, I had a television show. It was 00:03:32.920 --> 00:03:39.103 sponsored by, TCI CableVision, which is a cable company that no longer exists because 00:03:39.103 --> 00:03:44.918 it, because it got eaten by I think AT&T ultimately. But through 1995, from 1995 00:03:44.918 --> 00:03:51.438 through 1999 my, me and my co-host Richard Wiggans We would run around with cameras, 00:03:51.438 --> 00:03:57.148 and go to conferences and do whatever. Put cameras in people's faces, famous people 00:03:57.148 --> 00:04:02.788 who had done things. Now back in the mid 90's, the internet wasn't nearly as fancy 00:04:02.788 --> 00:04:08.499 and as important as it is now, so it was really easy to find these people and they 00:04:08.499 --> 00:04:13.930 were always happy to talk. So, we got in their own words, the kind of innovation. 00:04:13.930 --> 00:04:18.507 So, the people on this slide... On one side here, we have Tim Berners-Lee. Tim 00:04:18.507 --> 00:04:23.135 Berners-Lee is the inventor of the world wide web and we'll meet him later in the 00:04:23.135 --> 00:04:27.764 history lecture. Right now, we're gonna take a look at a fellow named James Wells. 00:04:27.764 --> 00:04:32.508 He was one of the founders of the real audio. And just to kind of give you a 00:04:32.508 --> 00:04:37.714 sense of the kinds of things that led me. >> It really inspired me by some of the 00:04:37.714 --> 00:04:43.119 people doing some really kind of amazing thinking in this internet was just, first 00:04:43.119 --> 00:04:48.327 getting started, so here's, here's James Wells of RealAudio. >> We have sort 00:04:48.327 --> 00:04:53.205 of over 700 thousand people who have downloaded the player in a last six 00:04:53.205 --> 00:04:58.676 months at a rate of 250,000 per month, so if we just do the arithmetic you will imagine that over 00:04:58.676 --> 00:05:05.344 the next six months, there would be many millions of people listening and tens 00:05:05.344 --> 00:05:11.671 of thousands of people producing. It allows the idea of what we call narrow 00:05:11.671 --> 00:05:18.505 casting. That is to take information in a very inexpensive way and get it to very 00:05:18.505 --> 00:05:25.676 specific points of interest and targets. Another large user of, of, of RealAudio 00:05:25.676 --> 00:05:31.582 is education. >> Mm-hm. >> You know, distance learning. The ability to, to 00:05:31.582 --> 00:05:38.030 provide a learning environment. Over time, and over space. 00:05:38.030 --> 00:05:44.723 So that was James Wells of RealAudio. He's got big ideas. One of the things you saw in that video was a 00:05:44.723 --> 00:05:50.185 modem. You saw little blinking lights, well that's data moving back and forth. 00:05:50.185 --> 00:05:55.832 And, and you know, in 1993 94 95 we used 28 kilobit modems. You know, when you, 00:05:55.832 --> 00:06:03.380 when you have your fancy phone and it goes down to Edge. That is 128 kilobits and. 00:06:03.380 --> 00:06:10.190 And you think that's terrible. Well. Back in 1992-92 we were using 28. Kilobit, 00:06:10.190 --> 00:06:16.000 which is one-third, one-quarter of what Edge is today, and that was, was not much 00:06:16.000 --> 00:06:21.670 bandwidth at all but even in that, James Wells has this imagination that we could 00:06:21.670 --> 00:06:27.200 squeeze teaching down into little tiny audio and people can take audio classes 00:06:27.200 --> 00:06:32.715 all around the world. Now this actually inspired me and it really has become my 00:06:32.715 --> 00:06:37.595 research. So I started teaching, using technology much like what we're using 00:06:37.595 --> 00:06:42.800 right now, except far less sophisticated. I created this thing called Sync-O-Matic, 00:06:42.800 --> 00:06:48.006 and what it did in 1996 is that it sent both slides and audios. See that kind of 00:06:48.006 --> 00:06:53.146 scary looking picture of me, that scary looking picture of me sitting there. Ahh, 00:06:53.146 --> 00:06:58.340 that guy looks a little bit scary right there. That was my picture, we couldn't 00:06:58.340 --> 00:07:03.705 send video. We could only send audio because the connections were so slow back 00:07:03.705 --> 00:07:09.275 in 1996. But I sent slides. So I'd give my lectures, I'd record the audio, we'd flip 00:07:09.275 --> 00:07:15.052 the slides and there was no drawing on the screen or no fancy things at all. And, and 00:07:15.052 --> 00:07:20.623 then in 1999, I switched jobs, went from one university to another and I wrote the 00:07:20.623 --> 00:07:25.242 next thing. And, this was a thing I called Clip Board and it's actually very 00:07:25.242 --> 00:07:29.900 similar to what we're using today, other than the fact that what we're using today 00:07:29.900 --> 00:07:34.218 is much more sophisticated but you can actually draw on, slide, and you could 00:07:34.218 --> 00:07:38.876 flip the slide back and forth and you have a pointer and you can type text on the 00:07:38.876 --> 00:07:43.530 slider make a blank thing. I had this thing working and I was trying to, To give 00:07:43.530 --> 00:07:47.753 it to Apple. I built this on Apple hardware and I tried to give it to Apple 00:07:47.753 --> 00:07:52.145 in 1999. And they didn't take it. But, there's now. Things like ScreenFlow and 00:07:52.145 --> 00:07:56.593 Camtasia. And, whole bunch of other things that, That do this. And so. This, this 00:07:56.593 --> 00:08:00.591 moment where I'm sitting on this television set and I see this guy talking 00:08:00.591 --> 00:08:05.095 about the future of education is gonna be over the Internet it really triggered 00:08:05.095 --> 00:08:09.830 me, to sort of. Go through a whole series of things to change my research. Area from 00:08:09.830 --> 00:08:15.206 what was then high performance computing. So, I'm sitting, you know. Sitting on the 00:08:15.206 --> 00:08:20.371 TV set, and I see that education might be a good thing. I immediately go out and I 00:08:20.371 --> 00:08:25.600 invent this thing called Sync-O-Matic, and then I invented this thing called ClipBoard. 00:08:25.600 --> 00:08:30.487 Click. So ClipBoard, that was sorta 1999 and then I, I couldn't get anybody to buy 00:08:30.487 --> 00:08:35.437 into the idea of using this stuff. I mean now it's, obviously we're using it right 00:08:35.437 --> 00:08:40.386 now, but I kinda got frustrated, so I decided that what I would do then is work 00:08:40.386 --> 00:08:45.335 on a learning management system, Sakai. Some of you actually might have used Sakai 00:08:45.335 --> 00:08:50.345 as your learning management system. I was the chief architect of the Sakai project 00:08:50.345 --> 00:08:55.925 and instrumental, continued to work with the Sakai learning management system. And 00:08:55.925 --> 00:09:01.646 then when I found that Sakai only had reached two or three percent market share. Then I 00:09:01.646 --> 00:09:05.780 decided that I was gonna work on interoperability between learning 00:09:05.780 --> 00:09:10.839 management systems with the kind of secret notion that I would plug material just 00:09:10.839 --> 00:09:15.712 like my recorded lectures into these learning management systems. And so then I 00:09:15.712 --> 00:09:20.216 spent a few years, 2007 through 2010, eleven, twelve, with IMS, which is a 00:09:20.216 --> 00:09:25.089 standards organization that built standards. And so it's really kind of it's 00:09:25.089 --> 00:09:30.264 kind of ironic to be sitting here, in effect, fifteen years later and teaching you 00:09:30.264 --> 00:09:36.616 guys with this totally cool, and awesome technology. Called Coursera. Because it 00:09:36.616 --> 00:09:42.968 really was. It was the vision that I had and some [inaudible]. I couldn't be more 00:09:42.968 --> 00:09:50.424 excited. To be working with Coursera. And so I also have this alter ego Dr Chuck. 00:09:50.638 --> 00:09:55.993 Most of my students call me Dr Chuck, the reason I call, I came up with this 00:09:56.208 --> 00:10:01.705 nickname was, I got my PhD rather late in life, and I thought that it would be 00:10:01.920 --> 00:10:07.546 Hypocritical if I stopped making fun of people with PhDs just because I had one. 00:10:07.757 --> 00:10:13.173 And so I, I adopted the nickname, Dr. Chuck. For those of you who wanna go do 00:10:13.173 --> 00:10:19.011 some research, the, it wasn't Dr. Phil or, or, Dr. Drew. It was, actually, Dr. Ruth 00:10:19.011 --> 00:10:24.779 was the television doctor. So you can go, do some research on who Dr. Ruth is. And 00:10:24.779 --> 00:10:31.074 so I got some pictures here about what some of my hobbies are. I play hockey. I 00:10:31.074 --> 00:10:36.717 do a lot of travelling. Sakai does cause me to do a travel. I've been around 00:10:36.717 --> 00:10:41.917 the world. That, I think, picture there, is like. Three or four years of my travel. 00:10:41.917 --> 00:10:47.128 That's what those pushpins are. I ride motorcycles. Off-road motorcycles. On-road 00:10:47.128 --> 00:10:52.472 motorcycles. I got--you can go see video s of that. I do karaoke. All of my pictures 00:10:52.472 --> 00:10:57.750 of course are not of me doing karaoke, but me taking pictures of my friends when 00:10:57.750 --> 00:11:02.697 they're doing karaoke. I wrote a book. Several books. And I also wrote a book 00:11:02.697 --> 00:11:07.460 about my experiences in the Sekaya Project. And I'll close with.. A bit of 00:11:07.460 --> 00:11:12.383 humorous video that I made that you might have heard of called the "iPad Steering 00:11:12.383 --> 00:11:17.247 Wheel Mount." And if you haven't, go ahead and Google "iPad Steering Wheel Mount." 00:11:17.247 --> 00:11:22.282 And it's a, a short video that I'm, that I'm curious what you think. So. Next we'll 00:11:22.282 --> 00:11:26.506 talk a little bit more about the detail of how the course is going to work, and how 00:11:26.506 --> 00:11:30.120 grading's going to work and other things like that. So see you in a bit.