[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.53,0:00:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've probably heard of electrons and protons,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.39,0:00:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the building block particles that make up atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.76,0:00:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are all kinds of other particles in the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.14,0:00:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have a pretty good idea of what they are and how they interact.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.10,0:00:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even our best theories struggle when it comes to big nasty questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.62,0:00:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, where does mass come from?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.12,0:00:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is dark matter made of?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.98,0:00:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There may be a theory that can answer these questions at a stroke.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.12,0:00:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's elegant, mathematically speaking, but is it true?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.99,0:00:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called "Super Symmetry".
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.06,0:00:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you wanted to explain why all stuff in the universe behaves the way it does,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.59,0:00:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could do a lot worse than the so-called "Standard Model".
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.82,0:00:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Developed in the 1960's and 70's,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.69,0:00:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it categorises all fundemental particles as either "leptons", like electrons,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.21,0:00:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"quarks", the building blocks of protons and neutrons,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.91,0:00:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "force carriers", like photons, which transmit electric and magnetic force.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.11,0:00:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Standard Model is a triumph of modern physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.42,0:01:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every particle the theory predicts has been observed in experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.57,0:01:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for one.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.37,0:01:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Higgs boson, a force carrrier thought to give other particles the property of mass,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.33,0:01:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has so far eluded direct detection.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.75,0:01:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's worse, experiments suggest that if the Higgs boson exists,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.09,0:01:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would likely be way lighter than the simple Standard Model predicts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.59,0:01:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all is not lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.41,0:01:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Physicists can get around this problem with a little mathematical tweaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.94,0:01:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of the Standard Model as an old school hi-fi stereo system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.61,0:01:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the variables in the theory are like the knobs on the amplifier.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.49,0:01:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To get the sound you want you can twiddle the various bass, mid and high levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.100,0:01:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tweaking by tiny amounts until it sounds just right.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.62,0:01:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's fine for listening to [Led] Zeppelin records, but instead of just 3 knobs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.72,0:01:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Standard Model has almost 20.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.08,0:01:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How would you know how to set them all?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.16,0:01:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With no real physical reason for turning one know one way, and another the other way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.01,0:01:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's all very arbitrary, and not how we'd like to think the universe actually works.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.38,0:01:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be nice if there were a more elegant solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.56,0:01:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it turns out the theory of Super Symmetry allows the mass of the Higgs boson
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.68,0:02:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be in the right range without fine tuning the math.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.06,0:02:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does so by introducing a whole new cast of particles to pair up with the ones
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.64,0:02:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we already know about.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.45,0:02:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These super partners are like bizarre world versions of the Standard Model particles only more massive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.40,0:02:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not only do they interact to solve the Higgs mass problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.66,0:02:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they also provide a plausible explanation for dark matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.31,0:02:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mysterious mass that makes up the bulk of the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.42,0:02:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is none of these super particles have been detected yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.72,0:02:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even by the Large Hadron Collider, which many thought would have found them by now.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.72,0:02:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This doesn't mean Super Symmetry isn't true, but it leaves the door open
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.06,0:02:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for all kinds of other theories, from messier versions of the Standard Model
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.92,0:02:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to more exotic theories envoking extra dimensions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.03,0:02:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far, with no Higgs boson and no super partners, the chance of having
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.64,0:02:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a simple theory to explain everything seems to be getting smaller.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.14,0:02:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that may be ok.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.64,0:02:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, there's nothing that says the physical world has to follow elegant mathematical rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.56,0:02:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As much as we might hate to admit it, it could be that even at its most fundamental levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.63,0:02:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reality is just messy.