[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.06,0:00:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Maggie Gundersen] Hello Mr. Hirose and hello people of Kansai.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.23,0:00:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am Maggie Gundersen. I am the President and the founder of Fairewinds Associates
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.51,0:00:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the founding director of Fairewinds Energy Education non-profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.88,0:00:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am here today with Arnie Gundersen, my husband, and Chief Engineer for Fairewinds Associates.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.04,0:00:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are here today to talk to you about the triple meltdown at Fukushima-Daiichi.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.14,0:00:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hope to answer all your questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.93,0:00:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wish we could have joined you in person, but I thank you for watching this video
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.89,0:00:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and please send us any follow-up questions. We will be happy to answer them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.99,0:00:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's bring Arnie into this conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.68,0:01:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arnie, how dangerous is the situation now at Fukushima-Daiichi Unit 4,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.26,0:01:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly in Japan with its continuous danger of earthquakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.70,0:01:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seismic activity and chance for an additional tsunami.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.75,0:01:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Arnie Gundersen] Unit 4 has always been my biggest concern.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.93,0:01:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you watched our website on the very first week of the accident I was saying
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.78,0:01:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if Unit 4 were to catch fire, you would have to evacuate Tokyo.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.38,0:01:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a matter of fact the book that we wrote talks about that a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.46,0:01:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is really important and it remains the biggest concern that I have about the Fukushima site.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.96,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unit 4 has more fuel in it than any of the other units in the complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but more importantly it has the most recently used nuclear fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.17,0:02:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of that fuel is outside of the containment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.50,0:02:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that would make it dangerous enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.76,0:02:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except that also, of course, Unit 4 has had a series of explosions and is weakened structurally.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.06,0:02:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before it might have withstood a 7.5 earthquake.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.92,0:02:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that the structural damage to Unit 4 is so great that if there is a 7.5 earthquake, it will not withstand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.58,0:02:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is what would happen if Unit 4 were to crack and the water were to drain out of the nuclear fuel pool.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.92,0:02:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fuel is hot enough that it needs to be water-cooled. If air is all there is cooling the fuel, it will burn.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.02,0:03:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will burn the zircaloy cladding on the fuel, (and) will react with the oxygen to create a fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.66,0:03:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is a fire that once it starts, cannot be put out by water. Water would make it worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.28,0:03:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the nuclear fuel would have to burn completely before the fire would ever go out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.26,0:03:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the process, all that radiation would go up into the atmosphere and blow all over Japan and all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.61,0:03:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is as much cesium in the fuel pool at Unit 4 as there was
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.34,0:03:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all of the atomic bombs dropped in all of the tests in the 1940's, the 1950's, the 1960's, and into the 1970's.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.34,0:03:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the above ground testing has less cesium in it than is in the reactor pool at Fukushima 4 right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.54,0:04:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it is a grave situation. I don't believe that the Japanese Government is moving fast enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.89,0:04:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there is no earthquake, the plan to remove the fuel slowly is going to be adequate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.51,0:04:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we cannot wait on Mother Nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.34,0:04:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to quickly move that fuel out of that pool and onto the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.02,0:04:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key here is quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.52,0:04:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Japanese Government finally just this month came up with a plan
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.12,0:04:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build a building around the fuel pool building and begin removing the fuel in 2013 or 2014.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.66,0:04:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said that that is what they needed to do on the Fairewinds site in an interview with Chris Martenson a year ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.26,0:04:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These things have been evident, but TEPCO is not moving fast enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.59,0:04:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Japanese Government is not pushing TEPCO to move fast enough either.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.68,0:05:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the top priority of TEPCO and the top priority of the Japanese Government should be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.20,0:05:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to move the fuel out of that pool just as quickly as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.72,0:05:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the meantime, they need to strengthen that pool to make sure that it can withstand an earthquake.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.88,0:05:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, that pool is not in a containment. You can look down in a satellite and see the nuclear fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.27,0:05:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The roof is blown off. And that is what makes it dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.94,0:05:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In America, we had the Brookhaven National Laboratory do a study to examine what would happen in a fuel pool fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.11,0:05:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brookhaven National Labs determined that there would be 187,000 people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.34,0:05:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would develop cancer from a fuel pool fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.78,0:05:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a serious concern and I do not believe that Tokyo Electric,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.64,0:06:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I do not believe that the Japanese Government is taking it seriously enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.64,0:06:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the last year I have been working with Akio Matsumora and finally it appears
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.88,0:06:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the world community is listening to Akio Matsumora's concerns about the pool.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.12,0:06:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to tackle this as a concerned world community,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.13,0:06:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and encourage the Japanese Government and encourage Tokyo Electric to solve it quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.61,0:06:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Maggie Gundersen] Arnie you mentioned cesium in your earlier discussion. Why is it important?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.59,0:06:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the health effect of cesium and are there any other radioactive isotopes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.22,0:06:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would have been released during the triple meltdown?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.81,0:06:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Arnie Gundersen] Cesium is one of many radioactive isotopes that are created in a nuclear reactor.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.74,0:06:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has got a 30 year half life which means that it hangs around for 300 years and biologically it mimics potassium.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.14,0:07:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might remember that if you have a muscle cramp, you eat a banana,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.75,0:07:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it goes to your muscles and relieves the cramp.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.36,0:07:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, cesium also goes to your muscles. It is called a muscle seeker.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.38,0:07:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it goes to your muscles, it can cause cancer, but it can also cause a variety of other illnesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.16,0:07:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Brookhaven study only looks at cancer. It does not look at all the other things that radioactive cesium can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.84,0:07:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In young children with rapidly developing muscles, especially their heart muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.43,0:07:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can create something called Chernobyl Heart which is damage to the heart muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.93,0:07:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which once it is damaged, never ever recovers for the life of the child.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.42,0:07:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So cesium is just one of many isotopes, but it is relatively easy to measure and also biologically causes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.89,0:07:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost the most damage of any of the other isotopes that are in that reactor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.100,0:08:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Maggie Gundersen] Arnie, you have said that you believe the explosion at Unit 3 was a prompt criticality.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.21,0:08:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a prompt criticality and why do you believe that?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.66,0:08:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Arnie Gundersen] I developed my concern about a prompt criticality because of the nature of the explosion in Unit 3.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.01,0:08:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unit 1, when it exploded, blew sideways and with relatively low energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.61,0:08:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can measure the rate at which it moves and it moves less than the speed of sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.96,0:08:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is called a deflagration. It does not do anywhere near as much damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.01,0:08:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I looked at the explosion on Unit 3, however, it was entirely different. You can see it, it is not hard to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.07,0:08:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is called a detonation. The speed at which Unit 3 exploded was faster than the speed of sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.88,0:09:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the important thing is not how Unit 3 exploded.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.16,0:09:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the most important thing is that it exploded with a detonation, not a deflagration.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.81,0:09:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nuclear industry is not paying attention to this now, but it should be,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.26,0:09:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a nuclear containment can handle the slow moving deflagration,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.13,0:09:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it cannot handle the fast moving detonation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.99,0:09:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the international community are absolutely ignoring the fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.59,0:09:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a detonation occurred in Unit 3.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.19,0:09:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well how did a detonation occur? That was the question I asked myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.83,0:09:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I checked with chemists and atmospheric pressure and hydrogen will not create a detonation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.46,0:10:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like on Unit 1 it will only create a deflagration. So I needed to figure out how a detonation could occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.54,0:10:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are a couple of other clues here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.13,0:10:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One clue is that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission way back in March of last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.50,0:10:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrote a report that is on our website, that talks about nuclear fuel being deposited on the site
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.22,0:10:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nuclear fuel being discovered as far away as two kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.66,0:10:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can nuclear fuel get blown out of a nuclear reactor?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.71,0:10:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fuel that is inside the reactor is also inside the containment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.81,0:10:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is no indication of a massive containment failure
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.92,0:10:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a massive reactor failure that could have thrown the nuclear fuel out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.08,0:10:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I had to come up with a reason that the nuclear fuel could have been released in pieces, not little fine atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.100,0:11:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in pieces which is what the Nuclear Regulatory Commission says was discovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.15,0:11:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way that could happen is if the explosion occurred in the nuclear fuel pool at Unit 3.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.98,0:11:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you look at the video of Unit 3, the very first frames show the explosion occurring on the side of the building
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.68,0:11:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the side of the building that has the nuclear fuel pool.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.61,0:11:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It started on the nuclear fuel pool side and then worked it's way up into the massive cloud that you see.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.01,0:11:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what could have caused that? That is the question. Hydrogen would have been above the nuclear fuel,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.96,0:11:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would have been a gas above the nuclear fuel and if it had exploded, it would have pushed the nuclear fuel down.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.06,0:11:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is not what happened. Remember, we have fuel fragments found off-site.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.70,0:11:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something had to lift the nuclear fuel up.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.34,0:12:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only thing I could determine is that it was a criticality in the fuel pool that caused the fuel to lift up.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.34,0:12:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The division I ran built nuclear fuel racks for boiling water reactors exactly like Fukushima.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.86,0:12:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dense fuel racks that are now in every reactor everywhere are very close to becoming critical anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.33,0:12:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the accident situation where there was seismic event and explosions occurring,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.28,0:12:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is likely that they were very near to becoming critical.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.82,0:12:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what that means is that they were very near to becoming a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.48,0:12:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Way back in college 40 years ago, we watched a movie called the Borax Experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.84,0:12:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can find it on the web today.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.85,0:12:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The explosion at Borax was a prompt moderated criticality.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.12,0:13:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks almost exactly like the explosion in Fukushima unit 3.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.39,0:13:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an image I had from 40 years ago led me to conclude that the same thing happened in Unit 3.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.76,0:13:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That a criticality occurred in the fuel pool and it pushed some of the nuclear fuel up into pellets,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.66,0:13:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the pellets wound up scattered around the site.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.08,0:13:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the criticality is called prompt moderated criticality. It is not a bomb. A bomb is a prompt fast criticality.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.43,0:13:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This reaction occurs slower than a bomb, but faster than what occurs inside a nuclear reactor.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.49,0:13:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Borax experiments were designed to test just how violent that reaction could be.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.16,0:13:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think if you look at Borax and compare it to Fukushima Unit 3,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.52,0:14:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see that there are an awful lot of similarities.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.78,0:14:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again this is a theory, but it is the only theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.85,0:14:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that accounts for the explosion occurring on the side where the fuel pool is,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.34,0:14:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is the only theory that creates the uplift force that caused the fuel particles to be thrown about the site
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.02,0:14:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discovered as far as 2 kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.76,0:14:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well there is one more piece of evidence and that is that the roof over the fuel pool has been totally destroyed
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.20,0:14:40.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the roof over the nuclear reactor and the containment, collapsed downward.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.100,0:14:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talk about that in a video on the site as well and I think that is another important indication
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.19,0:14:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that whatever it was that caused the fuel to lift occurred on the fuel pool side of the building,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.51,0:14:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not in the middle where the nuclear reactor was.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.14,0:15:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The videos after the accident and after the explosion show containment leaks as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.06,0:15:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will see in the weeks afterward, steam coming from the center of the building.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.81,0:15:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I believe that the containment lid lifted on Unit 3,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.48,0:15:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and never went back down straight, so it has lifted and twisted sideways
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.16,0:15:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and radioactive gasses are lifting from that containment lid.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.03,0:15:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is not enough evidence to say that that is what caused the explosion that we saw during the accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.14,0:15:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The jury is still out and will be for 10 years until we get inside the Fukushima reactor to see what the damage is.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.14,0:15:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But right now, I think my theory accounts for the damage, the speed of the shock wave,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.99,0:16:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the fact that the contamination has been found as far away as 2 kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.86,0:16:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Maggie Gundersen] Arnie, let's talk about the Unit 4 spent fuel pool.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.33,0:16:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There have been a lot of questions about that and a lot of concerns right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.22,0:16:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was there a hydrogen explosion at the Unit 4 spent fuel pool and if there was,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.91,0:16:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is a hydrogen explosion and why would it have occurred there?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.46,0:16:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Arnie Gundersen] One of the biggest mysteries at Fukushima is how did Fukushima Unit 4 explode?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.81,0:16:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a couple of very, very grainy videos that clearly show it did explode.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.76,0:16:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a different type of explosion and perhaps a fire and an explosion that went on for a period of days.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.99,0:16:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So exactly how it did explode is one of the big questions about the Fukushima accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.94,0:16:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 3 competing theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.86,0:17:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tokyo Electric says that the radioactive gasses over in Unit 3 went through a pipe
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.91,0:17:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that connected Unit 4 and entered Unit 4 causing Unit 4 to explode.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.88,0:17:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Tokyo Electric's position is that the radioactive hydrogen that was created in Unit 3
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.48,0:17:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went through a pipe, entered Unit 4, and there it exploded.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.10,0:17:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is one piece of evidence that supports that.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.71,0:17:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is some contamination in some filters in Unit 4 that would indicate that gasses did come from Unit 3.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.88,0:17:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that is a possibility, but I do not think it is accurate because I believe
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.24,0:17:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the containment was so damaged on Unit 3, that there was no pressure to push those gasses into Unit 4.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.52,0:18:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't understand how the gasses, what the mode of force was to push those gasses into Unit 4.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.69,0:18:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the hydrogen explosion came from something in side Unit 4 itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.94,0:18:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two possibilities there.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.91,0:18:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is by Dr. Gen Saji and it is an excellent analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.79,0:18:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He believes that the hydrogen in the water in the pool,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.15,0:18:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was dissolved because of the radiation in the pool over months and months and months,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.45,0:18:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was enough to cause the building to explode.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.63,0:18:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the water got hot in the fuel pool, it liberated the hydrogen that was in the water
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.39,0:18:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that hydrogen was enough to cause the explosion.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.28,0:18:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second possibility, and this is my theory, early on in the accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.32,0:18:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is some video that is up on our site, that shows that the top of the fuel racks were exposed to air.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.98,0:19:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not suggesting that the entire fuel pool ran dry.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.81,0:19:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the top of the nuclear fuel I believe was exposed to air and I think the photos show that.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.12,0:19:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if the top of the fuel was exposed to air, it is possible that a reaction could have occurred at the top of the fuel
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.36,0:19:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would have created enough hydrogen to blow the building up.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.01,0:19:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Saji and I agree that the hydrogen came from the Unit 4 fuel pool. He believes it was dissolved in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.39,0:19:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe it came from the fuel. Only time will tell when we get in to analyze the reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.68,0:19:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is an important lesson here that the nuclear industry is not taking into account.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.68,0:19:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the fuel pool temperature.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.73,0:19:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fuel pool is a large pool and it can boil locally.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.06,0:20:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is something the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the international community is not looking at.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.64,0:20:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can get local boiling in a pool even though the bulk temperature of the pool may be at 80 degrees Celsius.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.85,0:20:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In portions of the pool, it can be boiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.70,0:20:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That supports Dr. Saji's comment that as it boiled it would liberate hydrogen,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.84,0:20:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though the bulk temperature never ever exceeded boiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.28,0:20:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My theory is that I do believe that the entire pool had drained to the point where there was boiling occurring.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.96,0:20:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the real issue here is that the nuclear industry is not looking at the fact that localized boiling can occur
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.53,0:20:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though the bulk temperature might be less than 100 degrees centigrade.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.08,0:20:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is an important distinction moving forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.67,0:20:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have about 23 of these Mark I reactors in the United States and there are another 10 or so around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.31,0:21:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that we need to design these pools so that the hydrogen generated by dissociation
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.12,0:21:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be accommodated without exploding the building.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.51,0:21:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one ever designed for that because no one ever anticipated it happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:18.43,0:21:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it did happen at Unit 4 and we need to prevent that in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.93,0:21:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just on these Mark I reactors but on the 400 reactors that all have fuel pools
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.20,0:21:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are all susceptible to that identical type of failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.48,0:21:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Maggie Gundersen] Arnie, I want to follow up with a few more questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.94,0:21:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In your discussion of Unit 4, you have talked about its hydrogen explosion.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.03,0:21:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there any chance of a prompt criticality or a hydrogen explosion now at Unit 4?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.43,0:21:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would anything cause it to release more fuel or more radioactivity?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.54,0:22:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Arnie Gundersen] The fuel in the fuel pool at Unit 4 has now been cooled for about a year after the accident
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.46,0:22:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it had been removed a couple of months before that. So the fuel is becoming cooler.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.73,0:22:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It still needs to be water-cooled for another 2 years, but it is much cooler than it was at the beginning of the accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.41,0:22:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the chances of hydrogen generation are much, much lower now than when the accident occurred.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.96,0:22:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I do not believe that we are going to see an explosion in the pool now, no matter what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.39,0:22:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My biggest concern is that if the pool loses water, then it is an entirely different story.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.02,0:22:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if there is a large seismic event that causes the building to topple, or the pool to crack and the water to drain out,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.96,0:23:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is not enough cooling in the air of that fuel, and it will start to burn.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.84,0:23:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the consequences of that are depending on which way the wind is blowing,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.44,0:23:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could mean the evacuation of Tokyo as a worst case. It could also mean cutting Japan in half
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.58,0:23:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the northern part is separated from the southern part by a band of contamination.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.24,0:23:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a very serious accident waiting to happen and we just all have to pray
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.65,0:23:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an earthquake does not happen before that fuel is removed.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.13,0:23:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Maggie Gundersen] Arnie, compared to the accident at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.48,0:23:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how dangerous are the radioactive releases from the four reactors at Fukushima-Daiichi?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.75,0:23:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Arnie Gundersen] Three Mile Island was a level 5 accident and Chernobyl and Fukushima are level 7 accidents.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.82,0:24:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means roughly that Three Mile Island was a 100 times less
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.19,0:24:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the accident at Chernobyl and the accident at Fukushima.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.21,0:24:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People did die as a result of the accident at Three Mile Island.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.98,0:24:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nuclear Regulatory Commission says no, no one died, on their web page.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.09,0:24:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the evidence is clear that there was an increase in cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.01,0:24:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I refer you to Dr. Steve Wing's report that is also on our site that talks about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.58,0:24:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in addition some reports coming out of the University of Pittsburgh indicate just now,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.08,0:24:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are beginning to see leukemia as a result.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.58,0:24:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while Three Mile Island was much less than either Chernobyl or Fukushima,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.99,0:24:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people did die as a result of the radiation released.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.40,0:24:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At Fukushima-Daiichi the evidence tells us that at least three times more radiation
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.08,0:25:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of noble gasses were released from Units 1, 2 and 3 than from Chernobyl.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.76,0:25:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have seen radioactive gas clouds, noble gas clouds to the northwest,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.82,0:25:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are much worse than we ever anticipated to have been released.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.88,0:25:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we know that the noble gasses were larger than Chernobyl.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.81,0:25:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now iodine, which is another gas that is released,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.95,0:25:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also cesium and other gasses, seem to be roughly on the same level as the releases from Chernobyl.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.23,0:25:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 2 issues here. As terrible as it is, it would have been much worse but for 2 things.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.71,0:25:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is that most of the time the wind was blowing out to sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.11,0:25:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course Chernobyl was surrounded by land,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.05,0:25:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so whatever way the plume meandered after Chernobyl, it contaminated the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:54.37,0:26:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we compare Fukushima to Chernobyl, the total releases from Fukushima
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.34,0:26:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are likely higher than they were at Chernobyl,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.73,0:26:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because most of it blew out to sea, that is a good thing for the Japanese people.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.71,0:26:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second important thing that happened that was lucky,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.43,0:26:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we can call it luck in such a severe accident, was that it happened on a Friday and not on a weekend.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.64,0:26:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were a thousand people at the Daini site and at the Daiichi site,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.86,0:26:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was a weekday, who could respond to the accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:31.08,0:26:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it had happened on a weekend, there would have been a small crew of people there,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.60,0:26:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the accidents at both sites would have been much much worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.12,0:26:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that has an implication worldwide, because on weekends and in the evenings,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:48.38,0:26:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have very small crews at these nuclear reactors.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.17,0:26:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And should there be a major accident, there is no way to respond quickly enough
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.42,0:27:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the small crew of people that are working on the shifts,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.32,0:27:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than the main shift in the middle of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.70,0:27:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The international community needs to look at that,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.74,0:27:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is not a matter of "well, we can get people there in a half a day."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.78,0:27:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is too late. The staff on site has to be larger at the beginning of the accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.86,0:27:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mitigate the potential for a serious accident. But yet it all boils down to money.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.67,0:27:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The utilities that run these power plants really do not want a large staff because they have to pay for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.81,0:27:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, it was the large staff at Daiichi and the large staff at Daini that likely saved the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.13,0:27:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the important take-away here is that the releases from Fukushima are as serious if not more so than Chernobyl.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.56,0:28:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that they would have been much worse if the accident had happened on a weekend.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.36,0:28:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Maggie Gundersen] Arnie, thank you. How significant is the danger of hot particles and why?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.06,0:28:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Arnie Gundersen] I am really concerned about the hot particles that were released after the Fukushima accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.04,0:28:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now a hot particle is more than just a single atom.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.84,0:28:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An atom of cesium decays once and it is over, it is no longer radioactive.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.53,0:28:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A hot particle though, contains thousands or hundreds of thousands of atoms of cesium or other radioactive material
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.14,0:28:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they, of course, decay for many, many years and decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.28,0:28:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if a hot particle is lodged inside you, either in your lung or in your liver or in your gastrointestinal tract,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.33,0:28:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can cause a constant bombardment of radiation over a long period of time
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.70,0:29:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a very small localized part of your tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.06,0:29:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is exactly the conditions that can cause a cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.51,0:29:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have seen in Mr Kaltofen's analysis to the American Public Health Association:
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.59,0:29:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he shows what an air filter looked like in a car in Fukushima and what an air filter looked like in a car in Tokyo.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.40,0:29:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those air filters are no different than our lung, our lung acts as an air filter,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.10,0:29:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that causes that radiation to get trapped in our lungs or in our livers or elsewhere in our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.48,0:29:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will constantly, over decades, cause cellular damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.66,0:29:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is particularly a concern in young children because they have a longer life,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.38,0:29:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because their cells are rapidly developing.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.10,0:30:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it is important that we monitor the children at Fukushima and throughout Japan over the next 3 or 4 decades
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.88,0:30:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure that they do not develop cancers as a result of the hot particles that were released from Fukushima-Daiichi.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.63,0:30:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Maggie Gundersen] So Arnie, in closing, what do you want people to remember
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.17,0:30:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from your review of the accident at Fukushima-Daiichi?
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.71,0:30:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Arnie Gundersen] About a month before the accident, we were walking and we were talking about an accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.30,0:30:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where it might occur. And I said I did not know where it would occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.11,0:30:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I thought it would occur in a boiling water reactor of the Fukushima design,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.23,0:30:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said a Mark I reactor. In fact, that turned out to be true.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.26,0:30:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think the bigger lesson from Fukushima is that this is a technology that can destroy a nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.100,0:30:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After Fukushima I was reading Mikolai Gorbachov's memoirs,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.39,0:31:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he says it was the Chernobyl accident, not Perestroika, that destroyed the Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.95,0:31:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had that information for 30 years but yet we really did not realize that it could happen elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.24,0:31:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we know that the accident at Chernobyl was a cause in the factor of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.28,0:31:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know that the cost alone from the Fukushima-Daiichi accident
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.14,0:31:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will easily go to a half a trillion US dollars over the next 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.63,0:31:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is enough to bring Japan to its knees.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.36,0:31:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan is at a tipping point.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.96,0:31:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have an opportunity here to change the way we use energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:47.86,0:31:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or Japan can go back and turn on all its nuclear reactors again,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.52,0:31:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and continue business as usual and of course risk another accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.18,0:32:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have a choice, you have the opportunity to change the way you use energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.25,0:32:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to change the way you distribute energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.91,0:32:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can create smart grids that share power from the north to the south,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.66,0:32:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from the east to the west, where the frequencies are different.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.17,0:32:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can distribute our generation, instead of having massive power plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.02,0:32:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in locations like Fukushima-Daiichi and Fukushima-Danai.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.88,0:32:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can distribute those power plants throughout Japan, throughout the world, with windmills, with solar power,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:37.30,0:32:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with conservation and with distributed small sources of generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.51,0:32:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are all one way of doing it compared to the other which we are presently using, which is central station power.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.75,0:32:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We needed central station power in the 20th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.23,0:33:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now with computers, we do not need central station power anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.21,0:33:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do it another way. And Japan can lead the way if it chooses to.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.52,0:33:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it leads the way, it will have an export commodity that the rest of the world will want desperately.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:12.26,0:33:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have an opportunity here to change your country.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:15.82,0:33:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you also have a business opportunity here to sell to the rest of the world a product that we all desperately need.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.26,0:33:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Fukushima-Daiichi accident is the worst industrial accident in history: it is a half a trillion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.30,0:33:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also can be an opportunity for Japan to change the way it does business
Dialogue: 0,0:33:40.93,0:33:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to create the economy for the 21st century and beyond, with distributed generation and smart grids.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.18,0:33:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope you choose that choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.62,0:33:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan is at a tipping point and it is your choice to make.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.100,0:34:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.