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This is a talk about Plover, 
the world's first Open Source steno software.

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The steno machine, in its current form, 
was invented somewhere around 1913.

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It's a phonetic-mnemonic chording system,

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which means basically that everything you write

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is tied to a lexicon of anywhere 
between 100,000 and 200,000 words --

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some of which are completely phonetic words,

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some of which are sort of arbitrarily 
determined by the stenographer.

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So each stenographer has their own 
individual dictionary,

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which can vary greatly in its content and form.

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Steno is still --

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even though it was originally invented in 1913 
and hasn't really been improved,

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except that it's now computer-compatible,

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ever since the 80's --

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steno is still the fastest text input method that there is.

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Speech-recognition doesn't touch it.

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Dvorak...

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Is kind of a joke, in comparison.

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Professional stenographers regularly write at speeds up to anywhere between 200 and 240 words per minute.

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That's considered the mark of a good stenographer.

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But the world record, as you can see,

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is 360 words per minute, at 97% accuracy.

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I can't do that.

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But maybe some of you will, someday.

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Who knows?

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Just because geeks like knowing 
the nuts and bolts of things,

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I figured I'd give you a brief intro of how it works, 
before I tell you why you care.

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The left hand handles the initial consonants 
of each syllable.

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The right hand handles the ending 
consonants of each syllable.

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And the thumbs handle the vowels.

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So, for example, if you wanted to write the word "gauge,"

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you do the chord that makes up G on the left hand,

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the chord that makes up the J sound -- because it's not orthographic; it's phonetic --

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on the right hand.

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And then the long A sound,

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which is a chord made up of several vowels with the thumbs.

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So together you get TKPW: G,

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AEU: A,

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and PBLG: J.

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Put it together, you get "gauge."

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It's pretty simple.

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And you can, like I said -- 
you have many of these strictly phonetic words

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that just are written exactly as they sound in English,

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and then you have many, many more words, phrases, combinations of words

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that are determined by the stenographer,

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out of their own head.

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So why do we need Open Source steno?

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Steno has been a locked-up industry since the beginning,

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but especially since the advent of computer-compatible steno machines.

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You know, there's a single company 
with a stranglehold on the market.

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There are a handful of other companies.

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And they all just charge egregious prices 
for bloated software

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that breaks all the time and has horrible DRM

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and is completely inaccessible to people

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who aren't professional stenographers.

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Yes?

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>> Do they only run on Windows, by any chance?

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Yes, indeed.

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Well, I think some people have got it running using, like, Windows Bootcamp or whatever, within Macs.

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But certainly there's no proprietary steno software 
that runs on Linux.

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I think some of it still runs on DOS, if that helps!

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I still know some working stenographers 
who run DOS software.

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But yeah.

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It's a hidebound system.

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It's locked in.

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It's expensive as hell.

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And that's why no one uses this incredible technology 
for anything except making a living,

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which is a real shame.

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So I discovered...

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Well, I wanted to do Open Source steno for a long time,

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because I was so frustrated with my software,

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and because we're a shrinking industry,

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and I want to bring more people into the field.

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And because it's cool, and I like geeking out about it.

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But when I realized that Microsoft 
was making a gaming keyboard

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that had full n-key rollover, and priced at $45,

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I realized that's basically a steno machine.

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You know?

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A really, really cheap, easily available steno machine.

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Yeah?

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>> What is n-key rollover?

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Oh, sorry.

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N-key rollover means that every keystroke is registered when pressed on the qwerty keyboard,

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even if it's several keystrokes at a time.

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So, you know, most keyboards, the typical keyboards --

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anywhere more than three or four keys pressed at a time,

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some of those aren't going to register.

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But the specialty gaming keyboards make sure that everything you press registers,

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which means that you can type steno chords 
of up to 22 keys at a time,

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and they're all captured and noted.

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So...

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Yeah.

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Steno software, $4,000.

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Plover, totally free.

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Plover, $45 keyboard.

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And now I have to convince you guys that you actually care.

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Oh, sorry.

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Just really briefly I'll tell you how Plover got rolling.

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Josh Lifton was working at a co-op in Brooklyn.

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He's a freelance Python programmer.

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I'm a freelance stenographer.

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We both rented office space, and I told him 
that I needed a tutor, a Python tutor.

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Because I originally wanted to write this on my own,

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having very little Python knowledge whatsoever.

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But I posted something in the elevator.

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We got in touch.

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And at first he started off giving me lessons,

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and then as he got more excited about the project,

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he started donating a lot of his time.

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I mean, I paid him as much as I could.

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I've put about $3,000 into Plover out of my own pocket.

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But he's also donated countless hours of programming time

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to get it where it is right now.

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And he's kind of as hooked on steno as I am now.

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So it's Open Source in the sense that all the code is online.

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But it's not really community-developed at this point.

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He's basically the only one who's contributed 
a significant amount of code.

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But we hope that that will change.

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Okay.

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Why do you care?

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You coders, with your katanas and your VR glasses in your virtual reality parlors.

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You know?

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What possible connection would you have with this sweet, smiling, middle-aged lady

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in the courtroom with the paper hanging 
out of her steno machine?

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You know, why...

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There's nothing cyberpunk about steno.

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I mean, it's barely even steampunk.

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It's basically...

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A lot of people consider it, you know...

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Clerical, obsolete office equipment, right?

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Sometimes I tell people, "I can write 240 words a minute!"

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And they're like, "I only think at, like, 80, tops."

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And I'm like, "Yeah, I don't think that's necessarily true."

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This is an abstract of a six-part series 
that I've written on the Plover blog.

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Six essays dealing with what steno is actually useful for.

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I won't go through all of them in detail, 
because some of them are probably

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more relevant to you than others.

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But just to give a quick rundown of each one.

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Now, you can see speed is basically at the bottom.

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I tried to list these in order of priority for programmers.

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Speed isn't the most important thing, you know?

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It's useful for bragging rights.

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For winning online typing games.

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You know, it can be very useful 
in some specific circumstances.

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But primarily what I think steno would be very useful for,

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for programmers, is the fluency 
that it lends to thought when composing text.

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Because you're thinking in discrete chunks.

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You're generally thinking in words.

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Or in, you know, commands with various syntax attached.

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But they're usually, in your mind, 
probably reflected syllabically.

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You're saying them to yourself in your head.

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You're not spelling out every letter as you think of them.

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When you're writing this stuff in qwerty,

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you have to translate every letter into a finger action.

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You know?

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Which then you have to duplicate correctly on the keyboard.

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Your fingers fall all over themselves,

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you have to slow down,

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the error correction has to happen 
once per letter instead of once per word.

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It's far too granular, you know?

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With steno, you're thinking in discrete words,

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and you're writing those words as you think them.

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And I have not used Plover for programming,

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because, like I said, I'm still a novice.

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But I...

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Do any of you know NaNoWriMo?

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The National Novel Writing Month, where you have to write 
a novel of 50,000 words in 30 days?

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I did that a couple of times.

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I did it once qwerty-style.

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And once steno-style.

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The qwerty was pure torture, because I was 
second-guessing myself at every word.

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The steno just, like, flew out of my fingers.

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It wasn't a good novel, 
but it was so easy to write, because it just...

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You know, by the time my thoughts came out of my mind, 
they were already on the screen.

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I didn't have to spend that buffer zone tip-tapping them out.

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And I'm a fast qwerty typist.

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I can type around 100 words per minute.

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But I think people who think

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that they don't think faster than that

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don't realize how much their fingers are slowing them down.

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Yes?

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>> Have you spoken to any coders, or do you know any coders that are actually using steno now?

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No, the most advance interest that I've gotten 
does seem to be from coders.

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I think probably because Plover is Linux-only at this point,

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and so it's mostly tech geeks who are able to use it.

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I don't think there's anyone

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actually using it for coding right now.

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But I know of a couple people teaching themselves steno,

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in order to use it to code eventually, so...

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>>I guess maybe the closest analogy 
I might be able to make is that if you're captioning

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a physics or statistics class, it's very punctuation-heavy.

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Right, yeah.

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Steno's great at punctuation.

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>> So is it something where you basically just end up creating your own macros around programming constructs?

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That is what steno is all about.

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We call them defining entries in our dictionary.

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But it's very easy to do, and very useful.

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So I've been doing Python the Hard Way 
through CodeLesson online,

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and this is one of our exercises we had to do.

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A Zork-style text adventure.

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So I took a chunk of the code that I wrote 
and totaled up the keystrokes.

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I actually did write it on a qwerty laptop.

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So I totaled up the keystrokes that it took me 
to write on the qwerty laptop.

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222.

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Then I counted as if I had done it in steno.

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I got 119, but that's only assuming that I defined spawn_creche, that variable,

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as a single-stroke entry.

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So every time you reference it after that,

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you can just write it in one stroke.

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And the same thing with infinite_library.

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If I'd thought that I was only gonna use those variables once or twice, I would have just written them out letter by letter.

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And so then it would have only been 102 keystrokes,

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rather than 119.

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So you can see there is a really 
drastic increase in efficiency.

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Both ergonomically, as I'll address later,

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but also in terms of the number of potential errors 
you'll make, how far ahead of yourself you are

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when you start discovering those errors,

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and have to backspace back to fix them.

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And in just...

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When you think print, it comes out as "print";

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it doesn't come out as P-R-I-N-T.

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It's hard to explain how much 
of a difference this makes until you use it.

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But I would advise everyone, if you're interested,

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to give it a try and to see how it works out.

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So the other thing...

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Let's see -- how much time do I have left?

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A fair amount.

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So I can go through a few of these.

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Mobile computing is, of course,

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every cyberpunk fan's dream.

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I was a science fiction nerd.

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I'm still a science fiction nerd.

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And I would desperately love to be able to walk around 
and write down all my thoughts silently,

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and, you know, have my glasses, and...

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Honestly, the biggest barrier here is that 
there is no commercially available

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heads-up display for mobile computing.

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But once there is, steno is definitely the way to go with that.

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Because can you imagine putting a qwerty keyboard, like,

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in a wearable-style keyboard that you're walking around with, with 112 letters or something?

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I mean, it's just ridiculous.

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You know, the great thing about steno 
is it's designed for the human hand.

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It's only got 22 keys, and they're in columns.

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And not staggered columns.

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They're in nice aligned columns.

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So the footprint is basically the size of your hand.

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Any surface you can write on 
that you can put your hands on, you can steno on.

246
00:12:27,072 --> 00:12:29,060
You know?

247
00:12:29,060 --> 00:12:34,077
So I think there's a huge potential in mobile computing, 
once that gets going.

248
00:12:34,077 --> 00:12:37,084
It's geeky, but in certain situations, very useful.

249
00:12:37,084 --> 00:12:40,023
And pretty cool.

250
00:12:40,023 --> 00:12:41,051
Accessibility.

251
00:12:41,051 --> 00:12:48,069
Now this -- I'll talk about what I do professionally 
very briefly in the last entry point.

252
00:12:48,069 --> 00:12:51,056
And that's transcribing for the Deaf and hard of hearing.

253
00:12:51,056 --> 00:12:54,060
But when I talk about accessibility here,

254
00:12:54,060 --> 00:12:57,027
I'm mainly talking about text-to-speech,

255
00:12:57,027 --> 00:12:59,031
as opposed to speech-to-text.

256
00:12:59,031 --> 00:13:02,037
There are a lot of people with speech disabilities.

257
00:13:02,037 --> 00:13:06,005
Roger Ebert, who had to have his jaw 
removed because of cancer.

258
00:13:06,005 --> 00:13:08,055
There's a kid in Ireland 
who was born without a lower jaw.

259
00:13:08,055 --> 00:13:14,021
There are many people with various 
autistic spectrum conditions, you know,

260
00:13:14,021 --> 00:13:18,039
who don't speak verbally, but are very fluent in text.

261
00:13:18,039 --> 00:13:24,004
And, of course, people with hearing loss 
don't always use their voices to speak,

262
00:13:24,004 --> 00:13:28,054
but are perfectly able to converse at speed in text.

263
00:13:28,054 --> 00:13:32,005
Qwerty slows down their communication.

264
00:13:32,005 --> 00:13:33,075
It's very labor-intensive.

265
00:13:33,075 --> 00:13:37,010
It prevents, you know, easy back and forth conversations.

266
00:13:37,010 --> 00:13:41,073
Steno is the only technology that allows you to write 
as quickly as everyone else speaks,

267
00:13:41,073 --> 00:13:48,084
which means that if someone with a speech disability learns steno, they're able to basically converse with everyone

268
00:13:48,084 --> 00:13:50,071
as much as they want,

269
00:13:50,071 --> 00:13:54,003
on par with everyone else, speed-wise.

270
00:13:54,003 --> 00:13:57,088
And, conversely, the more geeks learn steno,

271
00:13:57,088 --> 00:14:01,082
the more Hearing geeks 
are able to converse with Deaf geeks.

272
00:14:01,082 --> 00:14:04,041
If they don't necessarily know Sign Language,

273
00:14:04,041 --> 00:14:07,078
they can all speak in the common language of English text.

274
00:14:07,078 --> 00:14:10,000
So there are a lot of potentials there.

275
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:12,041
Ergonomics.

276
00:14:12,041 --> 00:14:16,068
I think a big deal for a lot of people 
who work with text for a living.

277
00:14:16,068 --> 00:14:20,008
RSIs are no joke.

278
00:14:20,008 --> 00:14:27,065
And the individual finger motions of qwerty typing is very stressful on the muscles and tendons.

279
00:14:27,065 --> 00:14:31,055
Each finger basically has to depress each key.

280
00:14:31,055 --> 00:14:34,015
And you're constantly wiggling your fingers.

281
00:14:34,015 --> 00:14:35,064
There's not much call for rest.

282
00:14:35,064 --> 00:14:37,078
The motions that you use when writing steno...

283
00:14:37,078 --> 00:14:42,028
First of all, the force comes 
from the forearm rather than the fingers.

284
00:14:42,028 --> 00:14:45,072
Second of all, you're writing many fewer strokes per minute.

285
00:14:45,072 --> 00:14:52,087
You know, this rate of speed 
is around 200 words per minute.

286
00:14:52,087 --> 00:14:54,073
Moving your fingers like this.

287
00:14:54,073 --> 00:14:57,097
In qwerty, you have to go like that for just 100.

288
00:15:00,055 --> 00:15:02,097
It's also...

289
00:15:02,097 --> 00:15:08,037
Because of the small footprint, 
you're able to use different configurations.

290
00:15:08,037 --> 00:15:11,036
This is an ergonomic machine that I find very useful.

291
00:15:11,036 --> 00:15:16,033
I had developing RSIs several years ago,

292
00:15:16,033 --> 00:15:18,003
before I started steno.

293
00:15:18,003 --> 00:15:19,049
And since I got this machine,

294
00:15:19,049 --> 00:15:20,072
they've pretty much gone away,

295
00:15:20,072 --> 00:15:22,056
which is really good for what I do.

296
00:15:22,056 --> 00:15:25,001
I know a lot of programmers face that problem as well.

297
00:15:25,001 --> 00:15:26,033
>> Wait, you had what?

298
00:15:26,033 --> 00:15:29,009
Oh, I'm sorry -- repetitive stress injuries.

299
00:15:29,009 --> 00:15:30,034
Yes, sorry.

300
00:15:30,034 --> 00:15:31,060
RSIs.

301
00:15:31,060 --> 00:15:33,095
Any typist has the potential to develop these,

302
00:15:33,095 --> 00:15:37,000
and they can be really career-killing conditions.

303
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:40,087
And it's also just so much less effort, you know?

304
00:15:40,087 --> 00:15:45,048
I can sit back and write for seven hours 
at 180 words per minute, and not break a sweat.

305
00:15:45,048 --> 00:15:49,040
You know, whenever I try to keep up with qwerty,

306
00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:55,058
and I'm typing 100 words a minute, 
by the end of it, I'm just... I'm wiped out.

307
00:15:55,058 --> 00:15:57,010
It's really exhausting.

308
00:15:57,010 --> 00:15:58,096
You wouldn't think, but it is.

309
00:15:58,096 --> 00:16:01,003
Pure speed I already addressed.

310
00:16:01,003 --> 00:16:02,072
It's just bragging rights, basically.

311
00:16:02,072 --> 00:16:04,032
And then professional stenography,

312
00:16:04,032 --> 00:16:08,093
which is honestly the main reason why I'm putting my own money and effort into developing this.

313
00:16:08,093 --> 00:16:12,040
I'm reaching out to you guys, because you're all geeks,

314
00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:14,097
and you probably won't become professional stenographers.

315
00:16:14,097 --> 00:16:21,061
But you might become the ones to give steno cachet.

316
00:16:21,061 --> 00:16:23,075
You know, you might start using it.

317
00:16:23,075 --> 00:16:25,020
Make other people aware of it.

318
00:16:25,020 --> 00:16:32,041
People will start playing the video games 
that you guys use to burn off stress.

319
00:16:32,041 --> 00:16:38,034
Or to develop the steno skills 
that you will then later use for coding purposes.

320
00:16:38,034 --> 00:16:42,080
And some people will realize 
that they actually really love doing this.

321
00:16:42,080 --> 00:16:43,079
I love it.

322
00:16:43,079 --> 00:16:44,098
My job --

323
00:16:44,098 --> 00:16:47,024
I make about six figures a year.

324
00:16:47,024 --> 00:16:48,062
I'm my own boss.

325
00:16:48,062 --> 00:16:55,052
I sit in college classes and transcribe lectures 
all day in so many different subjects.

326
00:16:55,052 --> 00:17:00,014
You know, from pharmacy to medical school, 
tax law, art school, you name it.

327
00:17:00,014 --> 00:17:01,041
It's paradise.

328
00:17:01,041 --> 00:17:05,078
And I get to, like, help people get an education.

329
00:17:05,078 --> 00:17:10,057
There are so few of us in this city that I've been killing myself

330
00:17:10,057 --> 00:17:13,075
trying to find coverage for the demand this semester.

331
00:17:13,075 --> 00:17:19,029
And if I don't get more people into our profession, 
it's going to wither up and die.

332
00:17:19,029 --> 00:17:23,083
And a lot of people who need what I do 
won't be able to get what they need.

333
00:17:23,083 --> 00:17:28,008
So I'm hoping that by bringing steno first to the subculture,

334
00:17:28,008 --> 00:17:29,077
and eventually to the mainstream,

335
00:17:29,077 --> 00:17:32,019
I'll build a group of amateurs,

336
00:17:32,019 --> 00:17:35,028
some of whom will be interested enough

337
00:17:35,028 --> 00:17:36,021
and committed enough

338
00:17:36,021 --> 00:17:38,096
to want to develop their skills and make it into a profession.

339
00:17:38,096 --> 00:17:41,065
So if you know anyone who might be 
interested in doing what I do,

340
00:17:41,065 --> 00:17:43,072
contact me after the lecture,

341
00:17:43,072 --> 00:17:47,075
because I would definitely love to speak to them.

342
00:17:49,053 --> 00:17:52,087
Okay, so here's my master plan for making this happen.

343
00:17:52,087 --> 00:17:54,054
Plover currently exists.

344
00:17:54,054 --> 00:17:56,070
It's pretty good.

345
00:17:56,070 --> 00:17:58,032
It's Linux-only.

346
00:17:58,032 --> 00:18:00,066
It's intended to be a keyboard emulator.

347
00:18:00,066 --> 00:18:04,028
You know, as opposed to all of the existing proprietary software out there,

348
00:18:04,028 --> 00:18:08,097
which are all, like, these giant word processors that are focused on providing printed transcripts,

349
00:18:08,097 --> 00:18:11,059
and have very rudimentary control over the OS.

350
00:18:11,059 --> 00:18:14,021
Plover is designed to have complete control over the OS.

351
00:18:14,021 --> 00:18:17,025
So you can use it for anything 
you can use your qwerty keyboard to do.

352
00:18:17,025 --> 00:18:23,023
It still needs just-in-time 
dictionary entries to be really, really useful.

353
00:18:23,023 --> 00:18:26,043
But other than that, it's pretty much working quite well.

354
00:18:26,043 --> 00:18:28,060
A couple of little bugs.

355
00:18:28,060 --> 00:18:33,066
But very few people -- as, you know, you asked me -- 
who actually uses Plover?

356
00:18:33,066 --> 00:18:36,008
Not that many people use Plover on a regular basis.

357
00:18:36,008 --> 00:18:41,022
I use it for transcribing on the train, because I don't like carrying my big steno machine --

358
00:18:41,022 --> 00:18:43,054
you know, taking it out on the train and transcribing stuff.

359
00:18:43,054 --> 00:18:46,062
So I can just use this little keyboard, which is much easier.

360
00:18:46,062 --> 00:18:47,089
So I use it occasionally.

361
00:18:47,090 --> 00:18:50,018
It's also my backup machine in case this one breaks,

362
00:18:50,018 --> 00:18:52,063
which it has.

363
00:18:52,063 --> 00:18:57,058
And I know of a couple people who started out learning steno from Plover

364
00:18:57,058 --> 00:18:59,081
and then eventually got hooked and wound up buying

365
00:18:59,081 --> 00:19:01,094
proprietary software and proprietary hardware,

366
00:19:01,094 --> 00:19:05,021
because they decided to become professional stenographers.

367
00:19:05,021 --> 00:19:06,014
Which is cool.

368
00:19:06,014 --> 00:19:08,041
I like being a gateway drug to professional stenography.

369
00:19:08,041 --> 00:19:13,038
But I would much rather get people actually using Plover,

370
00:19:13,038 --> 00:19:15,074
make it useful enough that they can actually use it,

371
00:19:15,074 --> 00:19:20,099
rather than having to downgrade to these $4000 systems.

372
00:19:20,099 --> 00:19:22,077
How did that happen?

373
00:19:22,077 --> 00:19:23,056
Okay.

374
00:19:23,056 --> 00:19:26,056
Hover Plover is my way that I think I can get people into it.

375
00:19:26,056 --> 00:19:28,078
It's going to be a suite of little minigames.

376
00:19:28,078 --> 00:19:31,071
How many of you guys have played typing games?

377
00:19:31,071 --> 00:19:33,027
Yeah, exactly.

378
00:19:33,027 --> 00:19:34,022
And they're fun, right?

379
00:19:34,022 --> 00:19:38,074
They're actually even more fun with steno, because they're slightly more complex.

380
00:19:38,074 --> 00:19:40,093
You're not just doing the little home row tippy-tappy.

381
00:19:40,093 --> 00:19:42,086
You know, it's...

382
00:19:42,086 --> 00:19:45,082
You have to bring in these dictionary entry incorporations,

383
00:19:45,082 --> 00:19:48,069
defining your arbitrary mnemonic briefs.

384
00:19:48,069 --> 00:19:52,063
And, you know, you're stroking out whole words.

385
00:19:52,063 --> 00:19:56,060
So you can do something like a Guitar Hero-style thing,

386
00:19:56,060 --> 00:19:59,093
but you're actually writing all of the lyrics 
to the songs you're listening to.

387
00:19:59,093 --> 00:20:01,010
You know, in one stroke.

388
00:20:01,010 --> 00:20:01,098
It's really fun.

389
00:20:01,098 --> 00:20:03,087
It's actually a hypnotic kind of thing.

390
00:20:03,087 --> 00:20:06,054
Once you get into the groove, 
and you're writing everything you hear,

391
00:20:06,054 --> 00:20:09,007
and it's coming out through your fingers 
and onto the screen.

392
00:20:09,007 --> 00:20:10,069
It's a very pleasant sensation.

393
00:20:10,069 --> 00:20:14,061
So I've got a couple of ideas for the minigames

394
00:20:14,061 --> 00:20:19,044
that we can use as part of the tutorial to teach people steno in the most painless way possible.

395
00:20:19,044 --> 00:20:21,000
Because right now...

396
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:22,001
Oh, man.

397
00:20:22,001 --> 00:20:23,057
I went to court reporting school.

398
00:20:23,057 --> 00:20:26,076
Because there is no school to teach you how to provide realtime for the deaf.

399
00:20:26,076 --> 00:20:30,057
There's only court reporting.

400
00:20:30,057 --> 00:20:34,043
And then you have to sort of teach yourself 
the realtime side of the business.

401
00:20:34,043 --> 00:20:37,045
And it's sitting in a room for three hours,

402
00:20:37,045 --> 00:20:41,039
while someone reads you jury charges, basically.

403
00:20:41,039 --> 00:20:43,033
Like, legal material, you know.

404
00:20:43,033 --> 00:20:45,001
And they start out at 60 words a minute.

405
00:20:45,001 --> 00:20:47,058
And then once you pass that test, 
you go to 80 words a minute.

406
00:20:47,058 --> 00:20:50,087
And it's tedious and it's grueling.

407
00:20:50,087 --> 00:20:53,059
And it costs, like, 300 bucks a month.

408
00:20:53,059 --> 00:20:56,065
And there's an 85% dropout rate in steno schools.

409
00:20:56,065 --> 00:20:58,060
It's kind of a scam.

410
00:20:58,060 --> 00:21:00,010
They're all for-profit schools.

411
00:21:00,010 --> 00:21:02,010
It's a bad scene.

412
00:21:02,010 --> 00:21:06,059
I think getting people 
to actually use this while having a good time

413
00:21:06,059 --> 00:21:10,049
and getting, like, competitive about showing up 
on the high score tables

414
00:21:10,049 --> 00:21:14,062
is the way to really get a solid user base of steno users.

415
00:21:14,062 --> 00:21:17,045
So I'm just going to give you a couple screenshots.

416
00:21:17,045 --> 00:21:18,073
Like, mockups, obviously.

417
00:21:18,073 --> 00:21:20,072
Hover Plover does not yet exist,

418
00:21:20,072 --> 00:21:25,004
because, sadly, I'm kind of tapped out on funding for Plover.

419
00:21:25,004 --> 00:21:28,067
I'm looking for alternate sources.

420
00:21:28,067 --> 00:21:31,049
And Hover Plover hasn't really...

421
00:21:31,049 --> 00:21:36,056
I commissioned a couple of screenshots to see what the minigames might look like,

422
00:21:36,056 --> 00:21:40,034
but until I get some development money,

423
00:21:40,034 --> 00:21:43,071
Hover Plover will not exist yet.

424
00:21:43,071 --> 00:21:48,062
But here's what I'm hoping it'll look like when it does exist.

425
00:21:48,062 --> 00:21:51,026
So that's the Plovercraft, right?

426
00:21:51,026 --> 00:21:54,098
And your Plovercraft is busted.

427
00:21:54,098 --> 00:21:56,030
It can only go up.

428
00:21:56,030 --> 00:21:58,058
You know, and it can't navigate around obstacles.

429
00:21:58,058 --> 00:21:59,044
So you're...

430
00:21:59,044 --> 00:22:01,010
It's a 2D side-scrolling platformer.

431
00:22:01,010 --> 00:22:04,016
So you have to navigate 
around all these obstacles by pressing the word,

432
00:22:04,016 --> 00:22:08,020
by typing the word, 
so it'll like zoom you up above the obstacle.

433
00:22:08,020 --> 00:22:10,051
And then you'll start dropping back down again,

434
00:22:10,051 --> 00:22:13,020
to try to get to the repair shop to fix your Plovercraft.

435
00:22:13,020 --> 00:22:18,044
So the word "compression" in steno is spelled K-P-R-E-G-S.

436
00:22:18,044 --> 00:22:23,054
The GS is the "shun" ending and the KP is sort of "k'puh."

437
00:22:23,054 --> 00:22:25,017
It's semi-phonetic.

438
00:22:25,017 --> 00:22:28,006
There's lots of little shortcut tricks, you know?

439
00:22:28,006 --> 00:22:30,013
So you type that, and your Plovercraft zooms up.

440
00:22:30,013 --> 00:22:33,008
And, you know, you have to navigate around the stray cats

441
00:22:33,008 --> 00:22:35,049
and water towers and whatever else.

442
00:22:35,049 --> 00:22:37,089
I think it'll be awesome.

443
00:22:37,089 --> 00:22:41,039
The other mini game that I've got an idea for...

444
00:22:41,039 --> 00:22:42,052
(laughter)

445
00:22:42,052 --> 00:22:45,057
Yeah, so this is a...

446
00:22:45,057 --> 00:22:48,078
This is a top-down space shooter, basically.

447
00:22:48,078 --> 00:22:51,045
So you've got your little simple one-stroke words,

448
00:22:51,045 --> 00:22:54,011
like "snails" and "antidisestablishmentarianism."

449
00:22:54,011 --> 00:22:55,089
Easy peasy, right?

450
00:22:55,089 --> 00:22:59,046
Then you've got your slightly more challenging two-stroke words like "guardian".

451
00:22:59,046 --> 00:23:01,015
Slightly more challenging.

452
00:23:01,015 --> 00:23:03,000
"Bemusement"; three-stroke.

453
00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:05,007
And then you got something like this.

454
00:23:05,007 --> 00:23:08,065
This giant scary laser ship, which is an undefined.

455
00:23:08,065 --> 00:23:11,036
So it's a word that doesn't appear in your dictionary.

456
00:23:11,036 --> 00:23:12,070
And you gotta figure out quickly

457
00:23:12,070 --> 00:23:14,070
what you want to define it as, define it,

458
00:23:14,070 --> 00:23:20,028
and then it goes down to these little, 
you know, depending on how many strokes it is,

459
00:23:20,028 --> 00:23:21,035
it'll go down to that stroke.

460
00:23:21,035 --> 00:23:23,060
So "frangipani" -- probably a three-stroke word.

461
00:23:23,060 --> 00:23:24,092
Not too scary.

462
00:23:24,092 --> 00:23:28,021
As long as you can define it in time, you have no problem.

463
00:23:28,021 --> 00:23:29,089
And you've gotten 107 defines already,

464
00:23:29,089 --> 00:23:33,071
so you're gonna be fine.

465
00:23:33,071 --> 00:23:35,064
That is basically...

466
00:23:35,064 --> 00:23:36,070
Sorry, that cut off.

467
00:23:36,070 --> 00:23:38,057
That's basically my talk.

468
00:23:38,057 --> 00:23:40,036
I'm very happy to answer any questions

469
00:23:40,036 --> 00:23:41,072
that you guys might have.

470
00:23:41,072 --> 00:23:45,050
But if you're interested, 
or know someone else who might be interested,

471
00:23:45,050 --> 00:23:47,083
I really --

472
00:23:47,083 --> 00:23:50,076
I need some kind of a buttkick to get this going again.

473
00:23:50,076 --> 00:23:54,013
It's been on hiatus for about six months, 
ever since I ran out of money,

474
00:23:54,013 --> 00:23:56,064
and Josh had a baby and moved to the west coast.

475
00:23:56,064 --> 00:24:03,045
So I'd love any ideas on raising capital.

476
00:24:03,045 --> 00:24:06,064
Or if you know of anyone 
who might want to use the software.

477
00:24:06,064 --> 00:24:10,058
Or if you guys are interested 
in using the software, please let me know.

478
00:24:10,058 --> 00:24:12,039
Email me.

479
00:24:12,039 --> 00:24:13,090
Comment on the blog.

480
00:24:13,090 --> 00:24:16,016
I'll probably be posting these slides on the blog.

481
00:24:16,016 --> 00:24:21,042
And the Google group is cut off down there, 
but it's linked on the blog.

482
00:24:21,042 --> 00:24:23,051
So that's pretty much it.

483
00:24:23,051 --> 00:24:24,090
Thank you.

484
00:24:24,090 --> 00:24:28,096
(applause)

485
00:24:28,096 --> 00:24:31,058
Any questions?

486
00:24:31,058 --> 00:24:34,029
>> You just need funding for the game?

487
00:24:34,029 --> 00:24:37,001
Yeah, and, like, a little more work on Plover.

488
00:24:37,001 --> 00:24:39,037
Like, this one feature needs to be developed.

489
00:24:39,037 --> 00:24:43,019
>> Have you thought about maybe getting in touch with one of the Python start-up groups,

490
00:24:43,019 --> 00:24:47,068
or doing a workshop to introduce people to programming,

491
00:24:47,068 --> 00:24:50,021
and getting them up to speed?

492
00:24:50,021 --> 00:24:52,091
Because maybe they can take on 
one of the games as a project.

493
00:24:52,091 --> 00:24:57,082
Well, at this point I'm still sort of trying to gauge demand,
because I get a lot of different responses.

494
00:24:57,082 --> 00:25:00,066
I mean, you guys obviously cared enough 
to come to the presentation.

495
00:25:00,066 --> 00:25:06,052
How many of you think that learning Plover might be a fun and/or useful thing to do at some point?

496
00:25:06,052 --> 00:25:07,067
So, like, most of you.

497
00:25:07,067 --> 00:25:09,019
That's encouraging.

498
00:25:09,019 --> 00:25:11,057
I know there's some selection bias, 
because you came to this talk.

499
00:25:11,057 --> 00:25:16,086
But it also proves 
that I didn't totally turn you off the idea, and so...

500
00:25:16,086 --> 00:25:17,058
Yeah?

501
00:25:17,058 --> 00:25:20,001
>> So I was curious why it was Linux-only,

502
00:25:20,001 --> 00:25:21,063
and you say it's a keyboard emulator, but I'm wondering --

503
00:25:21,063 --> 00:25:23,060
what is the code base written in?

504
00:25:23,060 --> 00:25:28,042
Could it be Python libraries or some sort of HTML5, 
so you could use it anywhere?

505
00:25:28,042 --> 00:25:29,096
And could it go on GitHub?

506
00:25:29,096 --> 00:25:33,003
Okay, we started on GitHub and then moved to Launchpad.

507
00:25:33,003 --> 00:25:40,063
But the reason why it's currently Linux-only is because 
the code for the keyboard emulation

508
00:25:40,063 --> 00:25:43,056
is taken from xkey, which I think was written in Python.

509
00:25:43,056 --> 00:25:48,046
So it was pretty easy to incorporate it 
into the rest of Plover's Python code.

510
00:25:48,046 --> 00:25:53,017
The equivalent to xkey in Windows is AutoHotKey, 
which is written in C.

511
00:25:53,017 --> 00:25:57,050
So I think it will be a more complex job to sort of mash those two together and make them work.

512
00:25:57,050 --> 00:25:59,025
So that's basically it.

513
00:25:59,025 --> 00:26:02,033
I would definitely like to port to Windows, 
because I think that would open it up a lot.

514
00:26:02,033 --> 00:26:06,051
But it's going to take a little more 
development effort to do that.

515
00:26:08,008 --> 00:26:09,063
Yeah?

516
00:26:09,063 --> 00:26:16,045
>> Do you think there's a lot of demand at most any university to have someone caption lectures?

517
00:26:16,045 --> 00:26:18,098
Well, there certainly is in New York City.

518
00:26:18,098 --> 00:26:23,019
Like I said, I've had to turn down 
five or six students this semester,

519
00:26:23,019 --> 00:26:26,095
which is terrible, because it means that these people 
are basically not getting a education.

520
00:26:26,095 --> 00:26:29,031
Dental school, medical school...

521
00:26:29,031 --> 00:26:33,020
These are people who have worked their entire lives 
to get where they are,

522
00:26:33,020 --> 00:26:35,095
and now they're trying to go to school 
without any accommodations,

523
00:26:35,095 --> 00:26:38,060
because the people just aren't on the ground.

524
00:26:38,060 --> 00:26:41,006
It's a terrible state of affairs.

525
00:26:41,006 --> 00:26:44,073
So not all universities are willing to pay for accommodations,

526
00:26:44,073 --> 00:26:51,055
because, you know, it is a difficult skill to learn, 
and it's expensive to hire someone like me.

527
00:26:51,055 --> 00:26:54,027
But some schools definitely are, so there's a huge demand.

528
00:26:54,027 --> 00:26:55,002
Yeah?

529
00:26:55,002 --> 00:27:00,021
>>> My wife goes to dental school, and there's one student who listens to lectures,

530
00:27:00,021 --> 00:27:02,050
as well as type at the same time.

531
00:27:02,050 --> 00:27:06,060
Creates a transcript, and he obviously sells on the portal.

532
00:27:06,060 --> 00:27:07,060
Yeah.

533
00:27:07,060 --> 00:27:09,062
But he just types, like, qwerty-style?

534
00:27:09,062 --> 00:27:11,098
>> Um, I'm not sure how he...

535
00:27:11,098 --> 00:27:13,083
But yes, those transcripts are available.

536
00:27:13,083 --> 00:27:20,076
So the question from my wife was: How can he pay attention to the class, as well as type it?

537
00:27:20,076 --> 00:27:27,028
He just types, and when he goes home, he reads, 
and if he has a question, he goes to the professor.

538
00:27:27,028 --> 00:27:34,051
The good thing is: Many students, they don't attend the lecture, or partial lecture, it's kind of helpful to read.

539
00:27:34,051 --> 00:27:39,049
They have recordings, 
but not all professors have recordings.

540
00:27:39,049 --> 00:27:46,017
If they want to get a recording, they need to have a TA, 
and they need to pay the TA, and it's kind of expensive.

541
00:27:46,017 --> 00:27:50,089
And also searchable text is much more useful for studying purposes than a long, linear sound file.

542
00:27:50,089 --> 00:27:55,083
But -- so, first of all, to address that, 
he's probably not getting everything verbatim,

543
00:27:55,083 --> 00:27:57,058
obviously, if he's just doing qwerty.

544
00:27:57,058 --> 00:27:59,067
Although some typists are pretty good.

545
00:27:59,067 --> 00:28:02,018
They can get about half of the salient details.

546
00:28:02,018 --> 00:28:06,011
Second of all, I learn a hell of a lot when I'm transcribing.

547
00:28:06,011 --> 00:28:10,061
You know, it goes in through my ears and out through my fingers, but it leaves something behind.

548
00:28:10,061 --> 00:28:13,003
So, I think it's actually a pretty good...

549
00:28:13,003 --> 00:28:18,041
I know of at least one person 
who taught himself steno while going to school.

550
00:28:18,041 --> 00:28:20,021
Like, pre-pharmacy school.

551
00:28:20,021 --> 00:28:21,067
And got really good grades.

552
00:28:21,067 --> 00:28:24,057
But then decided he would rather 
be a stenographer than a pharmacist.

553
00:28:24,057 --> 00:28:27,087
So now he's getting into doing what I do,

554
00:28:27,087 --> 00:28:29,099
and working for Deaf and hard of hearing college students.

555
00:28:29,099 --> 00:28:34,076
>> Is there a clearinghouse site anywhere 
for captioning and steno jobs?

556
00:28:34,076 --> 00:28:37,002
No, it's mostly independent contractors.

557
00:28:37,002 --> 00:28:39,077
It's a very fractured field.

558
00:28:39,077 --> 00:28:46,041
>> So basically, if you were looking for work, 
there isn't a place you would go, other than to agencies?

559
00:28:46,041 --> 00:28:51,024
I just send my resume out to all 26 universities 
in the New York City area,

560
00:28:51,024 --> 00:28:53,005
and they come to me.

561
00:28:53,005 --> 00:28:54,000
Did you have a question?

562
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:55,043
>> About the library, so...

563
00:28:55,043 --> 00:28:57,057
Is she using steno right now?

564
00:28:57,057 --> 00:28:59,075
Yeah, she's using proprietary software.

565
00:28:59,075 --> 00:29:03,065
>> But you were saying you had to declare some variables.

566
00:29:03,065 --> 00:29:09,060
And that stenographers have their own library, 
and stuff like that -- how does that part tie in?

567
00:29:09,060 --> 00:29:13,001
So you just tell it -- this is how I would spell compression,

568
00:29:13,001 --> 00:29:15,049
and there's a way you can add this stuff

569
00:29:15,049 --> 00:29:16,056
while you're doing it?

570
00:29:16,056 --> 00:29:19,011
Yeah, well, this is the one feature that Plover is currently missing that it really needs to have

571
00:29:19,011 --> 00:29:21,063
in order to be very useful.

572
00:29:21,063 --> 00:29:23,092
I was assuming in that Zork thing --

573
00:29:23,092 --> 00:29:27,003
that it had already been implemented, yeah.

574
00:29:27,003 --> 00:29:30,083
>> So the feature that Plover needs 
is the ability to add in your own new entries?

575
00:29:30,083 --> 00:29:32,076
Exactly; from the writer.

576
00:29:32,076 --> 00:29:33,063
I mean, you can do it --

577
00:29:33,063 --> 00:29:36,012
you can edit the text file manually, you know.

578
00:29:36,012 --> 00:29:39,024
But being able to do it without breaking 
the stream of text is very useful,

579
00:29:39,024 --> 00:29:41,064
and I do all the time in my proprietary software.

580
00:29:41,064 --> 00:29:43,025
>> So you just shift into a mode?

581
00:29:43,025 --> 00:29:45,057
Uh-huh, yeah.

582
00:29:48,093 --> 00:29:54,085
>> So how long would it take for the average beginner 
to reach 200 words per minute with steno?

583
00:29:54,085 --> 00:29:56,094
200 is tricky.

584
00:29:56,094 --> 00:30:05,026
I find most people get up to around 
100 or 120 within four to six months,

585
00:30:05,026 --> 00:30:09,046
and then they usually hit a wall and then plateau for a while.

586
00:30:09,046 --> 00:30:13,036
And so once you hit your first big plateau, 
it's tough to get above that.

587
00:30:13,036 --> 00:30:17,076
I got from 0 to 225 in a year and a half.

588
00:30:17,076 --> 00:30:22,073
And that was me probably in front of the machine 
about 60 hours a week,

589
00:30:22,073 --> 00:30:26,046
because I was doing it at my day job, 
and I was also practicing on my own time.

590
00:30:26,046 --> 00:30:33,080
But most people can probably get up to 120-140 
within, you know, three to six months.

591
00:30:33,080 --> 00:30:35,085
And if Hover Plover is addictive enough,

592
00:30:35,085 --> 00:30:40,065
addictive enough that it gets people, 
you know, spending all night doing this --

593
00:30:40,065 --> 00:30:41,084
which it really can.

594
00:30:41,084 --> 00:30:44,023
I know people who do just regular steno for hours,

595
00:30:44,023 --> 00:30:48,000
and they get sucked into this steno hole, 
and it's really engrossing.

596
00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:52,061
You know, if it's addictive enough 
and people are spending a lot of time on it,

597
00:30:52,061 --> 00:30:55,041
their rates will go up really quickly.

598
00:30:57,020 --> 00:30:58,037
Yeah?

599
00:30:58,037 --> 00:31:01,094
>> Can you give me the details 
on adding a word on the fly like that?

600
00:31:01,094 --> 00:31:04,061
I'll tell you how my proprietary software does it.

601
00:31:04,061 --> 00:31:10,052
I invoke a macro on my steno machine, 
which is GLBL, short for "global this word."

602
00:31:10,052 --> 00:31:15,012
It pops up a window, which is, like, big 
and in the middle of the screen and obnoxious,

603
00:31:15,012 --> 00:31:17,031
unless I make it invisible.

604
00:31:17,031 --> 00:31:21,088
Plover will have a simple, discrete 
one-line window in the taskbar.

605
00:31:21,088 --> 00:31:25,077
But my proprietary software -- 
it's a huge, giant, unsightly thing.

606
00:31:25,077 --> 00:31:29,048
Anyway, I press GLBL, a window pops up,

607
00:31:29,048 --> 00:31:34,078
and it gives me the opportunity to tap out 
the word that I want letter by letter in English,

608
00:31:34,078 --> 00:31:39,078
and then to enter the steno strokes that correspond to it.

609
00:31:39,078 --> 00:31:41,042
So it just maps that, puts it in the dictionary,

610
00:31:41,042 --> 00:31:44,089
and then every time you enter the steno strokes, 
it comes out with the English.

611
00:31:44,089 --> 00:31:49,048
>> So this window pops up, you do that, 
you're done with that, you close the window,

612
00:31:49,048 --> 00:31:53,063
and it injects that new word into your stream, 
and you're back to going along --

613
00:31:53,063 --> 00:31:55,061
Exactly.

614
00:31:55,061 --> 00:31:59,069
>> And so I'm thinking about keyboard shortcuts 
and how often there's conflicts.

615
00:31:59,069 --> 00:32:07,086
So, in steno, how well are you able to go,
"Well, this is the new keystroke,"

616
00:32:07,086 --> 00:32:10,011
and not have it hit, like, a bazillion possibilities?

617
00:32:10,011 --> 00:32:11,046
That's a really good point, actually.

618
00:32:11,046 --> 00:32:13,095
Thank you for bringing that up, 
because I hadn't mentioned it.

619
00:32:13,095 --> 00:32:15,051
I'm a Vim user.

620
00:32:15,051 --> 00:32:19,099
You know, and so you've got, in Vim, 
every key mapped to a command.

621
00:32:19,099 --> 00:32:21,050
A bit of a learning curve.

622
00:32:21,050 --> 00:32:23,078
But once you learn it, it's very useful.

623
00:32:23,078 --> 00:32:27,055
And there's some, you know, 
slight mnemonic things involved.

624
00:32:27,055 --> 00:32:29,012
Like B takes you back.

625
00:32:29,012 --> 00:32:30,053
F finds stuff.

626
00:32:30,053 --> 00:32:31,022
Whatever.

627
00:32:31,022 --> 00:32:33,082
Steno, first of all, is much more mnemonic,

628
00:32:33,082 --> 00:32:36,068
because it's tied to syllables, rather than to initial letters.

629
00:32:36,068 --> 00:32:41,074
So you're able to remember many more 
different commands.

630
00:32:41,074 --> 00:32:44,018
And the question of conflicts --

631
00:32:44,018 --> 00:32:48,018
they're usually pretty easy to avoid 
if you make them sound like an English word,

632
00:32:48,018 --> 00:32:50,029
but they're not actually an English word.

633
00:32:50,029 --> 00:32:54,006
You know, so my brief for "ridiculous" is "RILGS."

634
00:32:54,006 --> 00:32:57,014
You know, to the point where I sometimes say it in English.

635
00:32:57,014 --> 00:32:59,011
Like, "Dude, that's totally rilgs."

636
00:32:59,011 --> 00:33:01,001
(laughter)

637
00:33:01,001 --> 00:33:04,036
Or, like, the brief for "necessarily" is "NELS."

638
00:33:04,036 --> 00:33:06,007
You know, it's pronounceable.

639
00:33:06,007 --> 00:33:07,074
It's very memorable.

640
00:33:07,074 --> 00:33:12,035
But it doesn't conflict with anything in English, 
because it's not a valid English syllable.

641
00:33:12,035 --> 00:33:18,052
So for command strokes, it's, you know, 
pretty simple to come up with something

642
00:33:18,052 --> 00:33:21,058
that's very easy to remember, very easy to write, but has...

643
00:33:21,058 --> 00:33:25,055
You have many, many more options.

644
00:33:25,055 --> 00:33:30,074
You know, with Vim, you just have basically the qwerty keyboard; that's 112 possible commands.

645
00:33:30,074 --> 00:33:36,024
For steno, you can have innumerable commands, 
because they're tied to syllables rather than to letters.

646
00:33:36,024 --> 00:33:40,055
>> Do you have punctuation on your keyboard, 
like curly braces and things like that?

647
00:33:40,055 --> 00:33:41,071
Oh, yeah, totally.

648
00:33:41,071 --> 00:33:45,067
I don't know if any of you guys 
saw me caption any of the talks.

649
00:33:45,067 --> 00:33:47,089
I didn't put any underscores when they appeared,

650
00:33:47,089 --> 00:33:53,059
because even though I told my proprietary 
steno software to define "RUND" as underscore,

651
00:33:53,059 --> 00:33:57,005
it decided it didn't want to do that.

652
00:33:57,005 --> 00:33:58,058
So it just didn't just happen.

653
00:33:58,058 --> 00:34:00,012
Sorry about that.

654
00:34:00,012 --> 00:34:02,024
My software, $4,000 software.

655
00:34:02,024 --> 00:34:03,087
>> Didn't work, huh?

656
00:34:03,087 --> 00:34:06,074
Are you kidding me?

657
00:34:06,074 --> 00:34:09,064
They don't even have Word Wrap on this thing.

658
00:34:09,064 --> 00:34:14,052
Seriously, we had to set the margins, like, 
really kind of bigger than we wanted to,

659
00:34:14,052 --> 00:34:17,044
because otherwise it would just start scrolling off the screen.

660
00:34:17,044 --> 00:34:19,040
It's pathetic.

661
00:34:19,040 --> 00:34:23,075
And I have to pay $700 a year just to get the upgrades.

662
00:34:23,075 --> 00:34:27,051
>> Are you actually using Plover at all, or is it still --

663
00:34:27,051 --> 00:34:32,063
Yeah, as I said, I have it as a backup 
in case my proprietary stuff goes down.

664
00:34:32,063 --> 00:34:37,036
And I do occasionally use it when doing 
offline transcription for medical journals,

665
00:34:37,036 --> 00:34:42,001
because it's easier to take out the qwerty keyboard 
than to take this thing out.

666
00:34:42,001 --> 00:34:43,091
Um, yeah?

667
00:34:43,091 --> 00:34:46,047
>> Can you remap your qwerty keyboard into chords?

668
00:34:46,047 --> 00:34:48,047
You don't have to remap it.

669
00:34:48,047 --> 00:34:53,086
When Plover's turned on, it just sends out steno,

670
00:34:53,086 --> 00:34:55,097
and when you turn it off, it just goes back to qwerty.

671
00:34:55,097 --> 00:34:58,057
The only modification I made was 
I put a couple of leather keypads

672
00:34:58,057 --> 00:35:02,093
on the keys used for steno, just for some haptic feedback.

673
00:35:04,057 --> 00:35:06,043
It's very simple.

674
00:35:06,043 --> 00:35:08,040
If anyone wants to come up and try it out...

675
00:35:08,040 --> 00:35:10,070
Well, I think I probably have to go 
to the next lecture to caption.

676
00:35:10,070 --> 00:35:13,031
But thank you so much for coming.

677
00:35:13,031 --> 00:35:16,066
And if you have any questions, 
please contact me, and I'd love to talk to y'all.

678
00:35:16,066 --> 00:35:17,089
Bye.