[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.67,0:00:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are remarkable in all sorts of ways, but our attention in short-term memory are limited resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.89,0:00:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, there’s hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.03,0:00:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The representations provided by language, gesture, drawings, and objects help us communicate and reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.93,0:00:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, importantly for design, different representations can facilitate or hinder different thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.37,0:00:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The insight of today’s lecture is:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.98,0:00:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ways in which we [inaudible] in the world organize and represent ideas\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.12,0:00:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can have a drastic impact on our cognitive abilities, for better and for worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.21,0:00:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things can help us think and you can leverage this as a designer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.86,0:00:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s start with an example that comes from Don Norman and Jiajie Zhang:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.93,0:00:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a really strange diner, and in this diner the wait staff is not so good.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.49,0:01:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the three people at the diner ordered oranges but they ended up on the wrong plates.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.86,0:01:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And your job — you can try this at home — is to help sort out which orange belongs on which plate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.71,0:01:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, the way that the Oranges Puzzle works
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.48,0:01:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is you need to order the oranges by size: largest to smallest, left to right.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.54,0:01:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only one orange can be transferred at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.45,0:01:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An orange can only be transferred to a plate on which it’ll be in the largest.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.82,0:01:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And only the largest orange on a plate can be transferred to another plate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.01,0:01:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, I have three oranges here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.95,0:01:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our recording got a little bit delayed because somebody ate this little orange
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.31,0:01:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I had to go back to the market and get another one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.04,0:01:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have an orange now and let me show you how this works.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.09,0:01:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I’m going to lay this out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.17,0:01:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’ve my diner coffee…
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.90,0:02:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you have the three oranges as delivered by the wait staff.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.27,0:02:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see they’re in the wrong order —
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.88,0:02:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The largest one’s in the middle, and the middle one’s over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.01,0:02:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the smallest one, which needs to be over here, is over on this side.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.31,0:02:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, to help save these diners,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.13,0:02:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the TA’s for the HCI online class, Alex, is going to come and sort this out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.15,0:02:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Oh man, seems very difficult. So I have to only transfer one orange at a time, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.30,0:02:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> One orange at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.18,0:02:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And I can only put in to the biggest plate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.03,0:02:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It has to be the largest orange on the plate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.87,0:02:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Okay. So, can I transfer this here?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.07,0:02:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No, ’cause then it won’t be the largest orange.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.85,0:02:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Okay. So, can I transfer it here?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.85,0:02:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You bet!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.40,0:02:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Okay. And then can I transfer this one over here?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.51,0:02:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Sure!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.34,0:02:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And then this one here?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.54,0:02:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You got it! Well done!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.09,0:02:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Thank you!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.68,0:03:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And there’s a couple other diners who’s got similar orders; they all wanted bagels, and…
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.42,0:03:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, their first course is oranges; the second course is going to be bagels.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.73,0:03:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real bagels puzzle is “Why you can’t get a decent bagel in California?”
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.26,0:03:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Bagels Puzzle that we have for today is a little bit different:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.88,0:03:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we have our largest bagel, medium bagel, smallest bagel.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.07,0:03:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the plan is the same, except with the bagels, you have the ability to stack them:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.71,0:03:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can out a larger bagel on top of a smaller bagel, but not a smaller bagel on top of a larger one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.86,0:03:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, at any point in time, just like the oranges, it needs to be the largest one on the plate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.41,0:03:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are in reverse order, and Alex is going to help us again,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.56,0:04:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rearranging the bagels so that the largest is on the left and the smallest is on the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.47,0:04:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Cool. So it has to be the largest, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.96,0:04:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Largest on the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.85,0:04:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So I can move this one here?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.08,0:04:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You got it!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.87,0:04:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I can move this one here?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.95,0:04:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yup!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.66,0:04:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And I can move this one here?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.57,0:04:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yup! There you go, well done!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.24,0:04:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now all of our diners are happy — presuming of course, these are New York bagels,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.56,0:04:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they are not, but that’s close enough for now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.13,0:04:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that’s our bagels game for today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.49,0:04:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can try these at home, and what you see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.24,0:04:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the fact that the bagels represent some of the constraints of the problem in the physical structure
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.69,0:04:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes it much easier to remember the state:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.08,0:04:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don’t have to remember which of these two bagels is larger and therefore movable
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.58,0:04:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the larger on is on top —
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.36,0:04:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you’re not going to move this medium-sized bagel; it’s underneath.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.45,0:04:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that makes it all a lot easier —
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.06,0:05:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a representation of a problem enforces the constraints and the rules of the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.69,0:05:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can think of this a lot of ways, like, when you leave your keys by the door\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.93,0:05:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that right as you walk out the door, you bring your keys with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.78,0:05:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s a way of structuring the physical world to serve as a reminder
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.50,0:05:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to embed the constraints that you need —to leave with your keys — in the physical space itself.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.61,0:05:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, as some of you may have realized, you can think of these as being Towers of Hanoi.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.67,0:05:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what’s interesting thing about this —
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.34,0:05:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Towers of Hanoi is the kid’s game where you can move circles between pegs — that look a lot like bagels.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.44,0:05:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we’ve done is we’ve turned this Towers of Hanoi game into something where the rules are the same;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.81,0:05:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s just the representation has changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.01,0:05:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let’s play a game — we’re going to play a card game now.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.35,0:05:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two players.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.21,0:05:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each of you is going to draw a number, one at a time such that you have three numbers that add up to 15.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.32,0:06:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And your draw is without replacement; so, if I’ve picked five, that’s no longer available.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.61,0:06:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, if I was able to get four, five, and six,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.08,0:06:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together those add up to fifteen, and that would be a winning hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.62,0:06:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let’s say for example, I pick five for starters, and the other player picks six.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.48,0:06:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I pick three, and the other player picks two, and then I pick seven.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.11,0:06:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would be a winning hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.65,0:06:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, this is hard enough for one player. As you can see, it’s even harder to try and play both sides.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.85,0:06:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can make this a little bit easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.85,0:06:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let’s say, instead of having it be numbers imaginary in our head,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.78,0:06:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we’ll do the same thing, but with playing cards.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.89,0:07:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I’m going to be able to have the numbers one through nine here — or ace through nine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.98,0:07:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, here we have the playing cards, ace through nine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.51,0:07:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, two players, and this time we can lay ’em out in the table.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.06,0:07:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I’ll lay these out so I can see ’em.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.66,0:07:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, start out by picking five, And the other player might pick six, and so I’ll go three.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.72,0:07:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at this point — especially [as] the other player can see my numbers —
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.78,0:07:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they’ll know that seven is what I want next, so they’re going to go seven,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.07,0:07:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I’ll go two to prevent their 15.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.51,0:07:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And — alright, now they’re going to head off in another [tactic]…
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.24,0:07:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So… maybe we can do…
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.42,0:07:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s try this: one. I haven’t thought it through, but that might help.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.42,0:08:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at this point, I start to wonder whether this is going to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.07,0:08:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, take — I’m not really playing here — but I’ll take nine — 12, 14… almost…
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.72,0:08:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it’s kind of nothing you can do at this point, and so… No dice!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.51,0:08:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot easier, especially early on, but still somewhat challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.16,0:08:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s play another game. We’ll pick an easier this time. How about Tic Tac Toe?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.28,0:08:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is pretty easy. I think many of you know this game: So we can do x’s and o’s.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.48,0:08:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody can go x, and somebody can go o. We can do x, and o, and x, and o, and x wins.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.32,0:08:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That game is a whole lot faster than either of the two cards we play,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.62,0:09:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what might shock you is that these two games are isomorphs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.05,0:09:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I can fill in the numbers one through nine and have them be exactly equivalent to our card game.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.12,0:09:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any row or diagonal that adds to fifteen also produces a winning game in Tic Tac Toe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.77,0:09:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, I can pick this right column, that’s 15, 15, all the way through.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.94,0:09:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we see from this is that the way that you represent the problem —
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.46,0:09:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drawing numbers in our head, cards on the table or numbers in a grid —
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.59,0:09:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has drastic influences on our ability to solve that problem fluently and to see alternate solutions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.20,0:09:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to be able to coordinate our action with another person.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.31,0:10:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is why Herb Simon, the famous artificial intelligence and cognitive science researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.19,0:10:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writes that “Solving a problem simply means representing it so as to make the solution transparent.”
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.72,0:10:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, if you think about proofs in mathematics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.65,0:10:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what’s true at the end of the proof is also true at the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.46,0:10:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only thing that’s changed along the way
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.20,0:10:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the fact that the proof is indeed true has been rendered clear to the reader.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.48,0:10:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why were the Oranges Puzzle and the number selection game so difficult?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.24,0:10:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s because both of them tax our working memory —
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.36,0:10:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had to keep in mind what moves are possible, what numbers we held,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.18,0:10:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the other person was thinking and maybe doing — and that was a lot to keep in mind all at once.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.24,0:10:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human beings are incredible in all sorts of ways; working memory is not one of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.79,0:11:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the most important things that we can do with user interfaces
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.75,0:11:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by embedding the constraints of the problem in the user interface itself
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.11,0:11:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to offload working memory so that those limited resources become available for other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.86,0:11:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may have heard the famous “seven plus or minus two” as a limit of working memory,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.27,0:11:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can keep seven plus or minus two things available at any point in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.80,0:11:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that’s not exactly true — the real story is a bit more complicated —
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.69,0:11:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you want to have a rule of thumb to work with as a designer,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.32,0:11:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suggest two plus or minus two —
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.99,0:11:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that basically don’t require users to keep anything in mind that you can possibly put on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.08,0:11:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far the examples that we’ve looked at — oranges, bagels, cards, Tic Tac Toe —
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.41,0:11:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are kind of toy problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.34,0:12:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, you know, they may make for some good entertainment at a dinner party
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.57,0:12:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it’s not real-world stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.96,0:12:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They demonstrate, however, principles of the power of distributing cognition —
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.68,0:12:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That absolutely have real world impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.85,0:12:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One great example of this is that task management system Getting Things Done.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.29,0:12:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s very much designed in the principles of distributing cognition in mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.68,0:12:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, one of the rules of the Getting Things Done system is that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.64,0:12:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whenever something comes to your mind that you need to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.01,0:12:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first thing you do is write it down — somewhere, anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.81,0:12:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason for that is that if you have something in mind
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.29,0:12:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that needs to be completed and you haven’t written it down yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.75,0:12:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you’re spending a lot of cycles of working memory, remembering to “I need to do my laundry”,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.53,0:12:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same thing — “I need to do my laundry”, “I need to do my laundry”…
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.99,0:12:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that’s chewing up resources that could be better deployed elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.33,0:13:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“Write it down” gets it out of your mind, and you can move on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.12,0:13:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the words that people toss around all the time in terms of effective user interfaces
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.28,0:13:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that “this user interface is ‘natural.’”
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.65,0:13:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we say that, we mean a couple of different things,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.04,0:13:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one of the things that we mean [that] we can see in our example of the oranges and the bagels
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.66,0:13:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[is] that the bagels, as a task, is more natural — because the properties of the representation —
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.10,0:13:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bagels can stack — matches the properties of the thing that’s being represented.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.79,0:13:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of my user interfaces for this perspective is the Proteus indigestible pill.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.75,0:13:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a pill that, when you swallow it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.73,0:13:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sends out a little signal so that your phone — or the Internet — knows that you’ve taken this pill.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.07,0:14:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ability of keeping track of whether you’ve taken the pill or not automatically, by virtue of taking the pill,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.38,0:14:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a really natural user interface —
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.18,0:14:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ingestion act serves both to take the pill and to mark that you have done so.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.08,0:14:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s another example of a really natural interaction in this system which is
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.02,0:14:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, in addition to the pill, there’s a transmitter that you need to stick to your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.32,0:14:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the transmitter has a limited battery life.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.33,0:14:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do you turn the transmitter on?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.74,0:14:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a Band-aid-like system, and the way that you turn on the transmitter is
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.40,0:14:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you peel back the Band-aid bandage, and that turns it on.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.10,0:14:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, again, that action that you need to do to stick it on yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.24,0:14:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is exactly the same action that you use to turn the [transmitter] on.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.88,0:15:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so by integrating the necessary step with the step that’s easy to forget,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.41,0:15:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don’t forget the step anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.88,0:15:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let’s bring this back to normal user interfaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.79,0:15:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here’s an example of the Print dialog on a Macintosh.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.58,0:15:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things that you can see here is that there’s a world-in-miniature strategy in this Print dialog box.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.26,0:15:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if I want to look at the Stanford Academic Calendar, I can print that here.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.69,0:15:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, what we’re going to look at is:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.14,0:15:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here’s our world in miniature, where we see the entire legal-sized page shown inside the dialog box.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.30,0:15:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things that that makes clear
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.64,0:15:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that I’m not going to be able to fit the top and the bottom of the page on a letter-sized page
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.77,0:15:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a letter sized page is three inches shorter than a legal page,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.75,0:15:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so consequently, you know, it’s probably not something I want to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.72,0:16:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, one of the things that I like about this is that by showing you the world in miniature,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.39,0:16:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the challenges of working that you’ve got to decide here become much clearer.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.01,0:16:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here’s another example; this is from Microsoft Word, and what we can see here is —
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.39,0:16:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m again about to print this, and the dialog box that I get from word says
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.17,0:16:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“A footer of section 1 is set outside the printable area of the page. Do you want to continue?”
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.57,0:16:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can click Yes or I can click No.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.64,0:16:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in order to answer this problem, I need to know:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.68,0:16:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it just that the bounding box of the footer is outside what the printer can print and so it’s irrelevant
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.83,0:16:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is there actually content that I need that won’t be printed?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.96,0:16:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of that is available from this dialog box,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.60,0:16:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, unlike the previous print dialog
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.62,0:17:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we saw the world in miniature and could see what was being cut off,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.25,0:17:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here we have no idea what’s being cut off,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.80,0:17:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and consequently, this is a much less effective user interface.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.11,0:17:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that’s the end of part one.