[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before that I'd spent the last year researching
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.02,0:00:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prison systems and general entities,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.69,0:00:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I thought I'd take you on a journey through what I've found.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.62,0:00:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end I would like you to celebrate with me the fact that I can now leave
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.62,0:00:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this disgusting, horrible, painful, dangerous system behind me;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.23,0:00:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll all go out and have a drink and celebrate the fact that we,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.26,0:00:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ourselves, actually can leave it behind unlike some.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.35,0:00:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fyodor Dostoevsky once said that one can measure
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.93,0:00:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the degree of civilization in society by entering its prisons.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.26,0:00:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While this may be true, I think that in all senses
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.88,0:00:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see prison as separate from society, parallel to society,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.11,0:00:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a product of that society but a neighbouring entity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.39,0:00:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is partly a product of the nature of the modern imprisonment paradigm:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.75,0:00:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a delineation of walls, barricades,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.88,0:00:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,halted access in circumscription of its structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.03,0:00:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its necessary opaque methods of administration.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.13,0:00:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The anatomy of a prison system comes into existence
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.81,0:01:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is defined by its separation from its surroundings;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.17,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's cut off from the external.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.54,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, these institutions we wish to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.14,0:01:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the system as a totality, house what is seen by the general public
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.74,0:01:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an alternative population, a branch of humanity that has transgressed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.62,0:01:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever that society has placed into the paradigm of legal activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.06,0:01:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This perception aids us in divorcing the prison system
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.31,0:01:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the whole concept of the imprisonment system from our daily lives too.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.30,0:01:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Few problematic consequences arise, I think, from this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.52,0:01:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First off, it has become very hard to criticize the prison system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.78,0:01:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are less likely to see the root causes and consequences of social issues
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.83,0:01:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the effect of social pressures on the people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.17,0:01:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who ultimately become inmates in the prison system
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.38,0:01:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't see the prison system as a product of a certain kind of society.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.81,0:01:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not independently involved,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.11,0:01:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we quietly slip into the habit of this impression.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.19,0:01:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More specifically, and as I want to argue, all attempts at social criticism
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.84,0:02:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the method of imprisonment need to flow from an understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.72,0:02:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the historical precedence that came to produce the prison.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.65,0:02:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is rarely done academically and never in mainstream media.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.42,0:02:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This notion of separation also allows for the methods of the prison system
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.06,0:02:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be transferred to a general society whilst maintaining a certain doublethink
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.68,0:02:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these methods are not being used.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.01,0:02:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ever-increasing and ever-powerful surveillance
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.42,0:02:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is quite an embedded part of life now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.97,0:02:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet it goes unnoticed by many because we are 'outside the prison',
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.24,0:02:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therefore we must be free.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.45,0:02:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Comparisons of the school system with a prison are met with a priori cynicism
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.38,0:02:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are mostly made half jokingly by students who are only quietly aware
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.45,0:02:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the school system much more closely resembles the coercive organization
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.56,0:02:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of prison than people would comfortably admit.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.07,0:02:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, the reinforcer is there: You are not in a prison, you are outside;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.75,0:02:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even though you may be in another social institution,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.98,0:02:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the logic and methods of the prison system
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.21,0:03:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your life are made to appear non-overlapping.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.36,0:03:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should be thankful that you are not in prison.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.81,0:03:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a powerful enforcer against critical engagement with prison as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.48,0:03:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 3rd and final effect of dividing up prison and society I want to dwell on
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.25,0:03:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concerns the reform movement towards prison.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.04,0:03:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While it may seem an odd thing to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.26,0:03:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the debate against prisons' various failings or successes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.38,0:03:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is automatically framed as an argument for increasing its abilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.17,0:03:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The demand for reform, improvements, inspections, accountability
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.39,0:03:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all impulses of the same core values that gave birth to the prison itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.90,0:03:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus we easily slip into solving the problems of prisons
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.87,0:03:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a debate framed within the assumptions of creating more imprisonment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.47,0:03:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a sense that the attributes of surveillance, structured administration
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.80,0:03:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the demand for improvement and tracking of a subject that we see in the prison
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.62,0:03:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all reasserted on the prison itself, magnifying it more.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.90,0:03:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's give prison the context we need in order to understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.68,0:04:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What came before the practice of the prison?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.06,0:04:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened to people caught in transgressions of the law in pre-carceral days?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.27,0:04:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What were the development pressures of imprisonment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.06,0:04:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how have they continued up to the present day?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.76,0:04:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does it actually mean, in social terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.39,0:04:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be living in a society that makes use of a prison system?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.24,0:04:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his book 'Discipline and Punish | The birth of the Prison'
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.25,0:04:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michel Foucault recalls a famous case of public execution in 1757
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.53,0:04:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a regicide named Robert-François Damiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.27,0:04:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the 1st of March, 1757,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.25,0:04:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Damiens the regicide was condemned to make the 'Amende Honorable'
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.71,0:04:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the main door of the church of Paris, where he was to be taken
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.19,0:04:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and conveyed in a cart wearing nothing but a shirt,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.20,0:04:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holding a torch of burning wax weighing two pounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.15,0:04:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, in said cart, to the place de Grève
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.01,0:04:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where on a scaffold that will be erected there, the flesh will be torn
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.10,0:04:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from his breasts, arms, thighs and cleaved with red-hot pincers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.48,0:04:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his right hand holding the knife with which he committed the said parricide,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.61,0:05:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,burnt with sulphur; and on those places where the flesh will be torn away
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.49,0:05:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poured molten-lead, boiling oil,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.02,0:05:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,burning resin, wax and sulphur melted together,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.38,0:05:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then his body drawn and quartered by four horses,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.04,0:05:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his limbs and body consumed by fire, reduced to ashes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.46,0:05:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ashes thrown to the wind.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.39,0:05:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The account covers in detail the final moments of this goring.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.56,0:05:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the executioner, his sleeves rolled up, took the steel pincers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.52,0:05:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had been especially made for the occasion
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.75,0:05:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were about a foot-and-a-half long,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.33,0:05:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pulled first the calf of the right leg,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.17,0:05:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then of the thigh, and from there, the two fleshy parts of the right arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.21,0:05:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then, at the breasts.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.67,0:05:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though a strong, sturdy fellow, the executioner found it so difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.13,0:05:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tear away the pieces of flesh that he set about the same spot
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.46,0:05:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two or three times, twisting the pincers as he did so;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.31,0:05:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what he took away formed at each part a wound about the size
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.29,0:05:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a 6-pound crown piece.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.67,0:05:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stories like the one of Damiens are extremely common
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.44,0:06:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this time period and for the hundreds to thousands of years before it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.50,0:06:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, in the pre-modern era we often find stories
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.62,0:06:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the beheaded, treasonous characters from history
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.19,0:06:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having their heads placed on London Bridge's entrance.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.32,0:06:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stories of Henry VIII, his misadventures towards his wives,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.92,0:06:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the methods by which Guy Fawkes was placed on the rack
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.32,0:06:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then ultimately hanged: These are common to our historical understandings.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.02,0:06:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it is with seemingly great relief
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.90,0:06:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many parts of the world have now abandoned public torture and execution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.29,0:06:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the face of it, this has been a humane move,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.02,0:06:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,informed by design, not to see wanton, visceral bloodshed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.34,0:06:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,performed by the State on its own people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.89,0:06:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those societies that have abandoned either the death penalty
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.34,0:06:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any other overt public torture or execution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.97,0:06:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, before we move away from staged state violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.89,0:06:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the following points need to be made which help us understand this transition.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.91,0:06:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public executions are just that: public.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.69,0:06:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a spectacle, the event consists of a singular criminal
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.71,0:07:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or defined set of criminals usually raised on a stage for better viewing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.60,0:07:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surrounded by gazes of the onlookers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.34,0:07:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there are historical precedence of crowds of expectant onlookers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.04,0:07:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rioting because a certain execution was held in private
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.81,0:07:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or organized with limited or obstructed viewing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.06,0:07:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such was the expectation of the public to have a visible event.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.71,0:07:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Events were also explicitly ordered for
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.74,0:07:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and performed by agents of the state.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.41,0:07:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hanged man is not an aggressor so much as the showman for the crowd
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.45,0:07:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an employee of the state.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.89,0:07:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As is particularly the case with treason, the crimes that have been committed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.28,0:07:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are seen as against the monarch or the head of state.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.19,0:07:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The violence retribution that takes place is at once the expunging of the crime,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.30,0:07:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often symbolically as with Damiens whose hand held the knife
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.84,0:07:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with which the attempted murder of the king was made.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.20,0:07:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also a reassertion of the power of the monarch or state head,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.10,0:07:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has been undermined by the transgression of one of the laws
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.96,0:08:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the monarch has made, and which defines the power
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.92,0:08:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which the serfs are indeed subject.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.02,0:08:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sovereign's power is acted out physically on the subjects
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.79,0:08:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the gaze of the onlookers at once empowers the event as theatrical,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.96,0:08:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,noteworthy and central, whilst one would think
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.44,0:08:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also forming a strong negative reinforcement to the witnesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.20,0:08:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what happens if you disobey the laws of the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.84,0:08:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To move away from this kind of punishment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.28,0:08:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an organization of corrective institutionalization and surveillance
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.81,0:08:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is often considered as one driven by the enlightenment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.98,0:08:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a new set of human-based values and understandings towards human behaviour
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.65,0:08:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the nature of what we call 'evil'.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.83,0:08:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is seen predominantly as the melioration
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.35,0:08:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the viciousness of the punitive mechanisms of the social order,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.04,0:08:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a more humane form of interaction between society and the criminal individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.74,0:08:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, the move from torture to punishment and imprisonment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.40,0:08:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the main corrective function occurred in Europe in under 80 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.97,0:09:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it a very speedy and almost sudden move in the force of punishment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.42,0:09:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It demonstrates that large changes in the social organization can happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.21,0:09:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in this case the move was not driven predominantly
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.52,0:09:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by these values at all, but by something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.76,0:09:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The morphing of societal methods of treating transgressions occurred in tandem with
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.67,0:09:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the development of an economy more closely founded
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.91,0:09:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the ideas of private property and ownership.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.72,0:09:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A reorganization of power occurred that relocated the point of application of power
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.43,0:09:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the body whose physicality was tied up in a more agricultural
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.96,0:09:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and labour-based economy to what people often term as 'the soul'
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.53,0:09:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the more inner light of the delinquent products of that society.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.12,0:09:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Theft and other property-related crimes belong to the physical,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.80,0:09:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but once more ideological crimes come into play, like an up-tick
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.03,0:09:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the amount of fraud that occurs as a market-based economy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.50,0:09:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a monetary paradigm begin to dominate, the more the power becomes effective
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.50,0:09:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it is relocated to the behavioural
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than the physical side of the human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.72,0:09:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently, we see the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.26,0:10:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gallows are largely replaced by handcuffs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.62,0:10:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the public spectacle that was overt, punitive violence
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.76,0:10:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and state termination of bodies has now been replaced by
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.46,0:10:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an inverted spectacle that is worth noting.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.78,0:10:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where once the lone criminal was gazed upon by a multitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.48,0:10:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by and by the institutional form of correction
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.90,0:10:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has inverted this model into the modern recognizable prison organization:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.25,0:10:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a multitude of prisoners, all confined, separated, a crowd of individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.42,0:10:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than a throng surrounding a central, all-seeing tower
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.63,0:10:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allows constant supervision of the inmates,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.17,0:10:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but whose watching eye is itself not identifiable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.66,0:10:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is unseen, invisible. Indeed, as Foucault himself put it:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.39,0:10:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Visibility is a trap."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.03,0:10:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This then was the invention of the 'Panopticon'
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.12,0:10:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a cheerful chap called Jeremy Bentham (there he is),
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.92,0:10:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a structured excluding building that would house always-visible criminals;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.94,0:10:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and although the Panopticon is most famous for its central tower
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.45,0:10:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often round nature of the buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.65,0:11:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually over time surveillance has become digital,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.88,0:11:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as such the ever-present centre can now be aided by CCTV
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.15,0:11:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and similar measures rather than the need for direct line of sight.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.68,0:11:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, even though today's prisons look rather different to this model of operation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.35,0:11:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see how surveillance is the thing that has most empowered itself
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.01,0:11:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our punitive measures; and we can also see
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.22,0:11:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those measures are totalising, born of a central tower,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.25,0:11:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now morphed into a hi-tech control room.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.73,0:11:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No longer are the crowd watching the criminal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.47,0:11:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A crowd of criminals is now being watched, isolated independently by cells
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.93,0:11:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the larger layout of the prison;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.06,0:11:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet made uniform by literally, uniforms,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.78,0:11:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shared rules and statuses.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.26,0:11:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can be both entirely separated from the world in solitary confinement,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.36,0:11:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet have every move and behaviour inspected and supervised.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.94,0:11:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the word 'super-vision' has its roots in literally overseeing;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.20,0:11:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those two meanings of regulating an event
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.90,0:12:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as having complete views of it are preserved in the modern phrase.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.81,0:12:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such a system is always defended (especially by politicians)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.85,0:12:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as something that works in reducing crime and making society safer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.10,0:12:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, the inbuilt, psychological effect of locking up human delinquents
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.64,0:12:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to bestow an ill-conceived feeling of being protected from them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.06,0:12:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed this feeling of needing protection itself becomes an engine
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.61,0:12:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the maintaining of such a system of punitive function.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.88,0:12:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Incarceration is also broadly characterized in two ways
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.83,0:12:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which maintain its persistence as an accepted function in society.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.68,0:12:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is the negative reinforcement:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.33,0:12:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People believe that peoples' experience of prison,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.71,0:12:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being deprived of liberty, should correct that behaviour
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.60,0:12:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that upon their release they will integrate with that society,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.84,0:12:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or others exclaim "Some are just so bad
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.30,0:12:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you should just lock 'em up and throw away the key!"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.87,0:12:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This view essentially chooses to see the prison system
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.74,0:12:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a permanent container for the permanently dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.97,0:13:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is maintained in the pro-imprisonment rhetoric
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.36,0:13:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prisons ought to be pacifying the criminals,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.03,0:13:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be normalizing them so they can be potentially released in most cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.01,0:13:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This, of course, presupposes
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.98,0:13:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they be non-violent enough to be trusted with freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.42,0:13:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of foundations of being able to coexist with the wide population
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.78,0:13:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the curbing of violent behaviour towards the self and others;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.79,0:13:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such an impulse and tendency should be implicitly generated by a system
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.69,0:13:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is built to be the normalizer of human beings for social coexistence.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.06,0:13:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, I want to impress upon you the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.17,0:13:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prison system, its structure, its foundational ideology of punishment
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.81,0:13:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through negative reinforcement, its governing legal mechanisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.82,0:13:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its criminal, administrative and interpersonal hierarchies
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.64,0:13:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are implicitly those that instill, promote,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.40,0:13:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,require, enable and affect violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.49,0:13:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is no longer the priority of the prison,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.81,0:13:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor was it likely ever the main priority
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.19,0:13:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sustainably and correctly adjust human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.26,0:14:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a society in a cooperative manner; and even if it were,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.76,0:14:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main, actual effect of prison is in large part
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.44,0:14:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the worsening of human social integrity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.16,0:14:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll break this down into the following subheadings:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.28,0:14:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1) Prison's meta-social effects
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.23,0:14:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the evidence of prison's negative effect upon all inhabitants
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.29,0:14:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the guards, whether they are criminals or not
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.62,0:14:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(that's a key point that I'll explain in a moment).
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.85,0:14:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2) Decisions and governing methods
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.66,0:14:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The methods by which decisions are arrived at within the correctional body;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.14,0:14:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that body, including the legal system, the courts and their associated costs,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.57,0:14:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rehabilitative organizations that work in tandem with the prison
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.66,0:14:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the release and transition of prisoners back home,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.64,0:14:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the hardware, nutrition,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.50,0:14:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buildings, telephony and everything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.03,0:14:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This sounds distant from the topic at hand, but you'll see shortly
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.83,0:14:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all of these considerations lie at the heart of what correction actually means,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.72,0:14:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we run it, and in what direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.17,0:14:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we building in there?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.15,0:14:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1) Prison's meta-social effects
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.14,0:15:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,James Gilligan, head of the Harvard University Department
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.83,0:15:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Study of Violence, spent decades working in prisons.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.80,0:15:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has stated amongst many others than prisons are, in fact, engines of violence
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.04,0:15:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can turn non-violent criminals into violent ones
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.42,0:15:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right in time for their release.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.15,0:15:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several factors play into this effect, one key element being
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.46,0:15:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the implicit shame and debasement of becoming subjected to overt coercion.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.71,0:15:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Playing into this for some prisoners is the social stigma of being a criminal:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.28,0:15:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are opposed to the social structure as an individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.06,0:15:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, the ordered and structured communal nature of prisons
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.73,0:15:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,establishes a powerful educational environment for criminals:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.07,0:15:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a school of crime, which spits out shamed, deprived
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.31,0:15:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dangerous individuals into a society that understands neither them
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.25,0:15:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor the institutions from which they emerge.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.54,0:15:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Equally, those sent to prison leave on the outside families
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.98,0:15:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are more greatly impoverished by the loss of a breadwinner,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.10,0:15:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus there is the built in downgrading of social cohesion
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.65,0:16:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the very point of which the system of punishment meets society.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.77,0:16:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Further crime and the psychosocial effects
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.03,0:16:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the shame of an imprisoned family member greatly distort an already
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.57,0:16:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very likely problematic and stressful background of that same family.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.22,0:16:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, we abhor violence
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.92,0:16:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely because it generates more violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.25,0:16:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but closing off many violent people within a confined space
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.77,0:16:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produces violent effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.08,0:16:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To quote Gilligan from 'Psychiatric Quarterly'
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.40,0:16:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,describing the Massachusetts' prison system:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.96,0:16:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"By the 1970s, the Massachusetts' prison
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.74,0:16:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had degenerated into a virtual war zone.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.88,0:16:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to riots within the maximum security prison alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.15,0:16:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were periods in which there was an average of a murder a month
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.05,0:16:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one suicide every six weeks in a 600-man prison.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.22,0:16:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The decade as a whole ended with a total of more than 100 violent deaths
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.01,0:16:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one prison alone, and throughout the prison system as a whole,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.69,0:16:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was an epidemic of riots, arson, hostage taking,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.80,0:17:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,murder followed by suicide and other violence in which inmates,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.75,0:17:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prison staff and even visitors were being killed, raped and injured.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.78,0:17:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The federal court investigation that followed
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.10,0:17:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,determined that much of this violence was precipitated by untreated,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.11,0:17:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,undiagnosed mental illness. Much of it was itself precipitated
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.57,0:17:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least exacerbated by conditions within the prison."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.41,0:17:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gilligan, who found himself placed in charge of this chaos,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.89,0:17:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instigated over 10 years of psychological treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.79,0:17:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therapies that encouraged and nurtured self-respect
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.48,0:17:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through positive reinforcement.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.54,0:17:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a value shift in the approach of rehabilitation.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.35,0:17:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He reported "During the first 5 years of our program there were no riots
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.88,0:17:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at any prison, though there were two serious hosting taking incidents
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.30,0:17:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both of which we were able to resolve without any deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.40,0:17:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No staff members or visitors were killed,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.55,0:17:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though 7 inmates throughout the prison system as a whole
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.34,0:17:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,died from homicide or suicide.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.41,0:17:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the second five years there were no riots, no hostage taking,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.01,0:17:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one homicide and two suicides.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.97,0:18:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, there were some entire years with no violent deaths."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.17,0:18:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gilligan's project was unfortunately unraveled
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.77,0:18:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after 10 years with the refocusing of the new governor
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.90,0:18:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on reintroducing prisoners to the joys of busting rocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.29,0:18:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see the system resetting down to its origins
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.65,0:18:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a greater focus on structural violence regardless of provable outcome,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.27,0:18:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for this assertion to be valid,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.52,0:18:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the prison system is itself inherently a nurturer of violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.73,0:18:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one would have to see non-violent people turn violent in a prison, for one;
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.12,0:18:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most helpful would be to see that the encouragement of violence
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.66,0:18:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might also manifest in a controlled scenario with non-criminals.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.87,0:18:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first point, that non-violent people may become violent,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.31,0:18:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US prison population is now at some two million people in strength.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.24,0:18:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This population quadrupled in the 1980s
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.08,0:18:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fueled by the war on drugs' mandatory minimum sentencing,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.67,0:18:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which prolongs sentences on average to a preset term or longer,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.59,0:19:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by 'truth-in sentencing' which more or less eliminates
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.22,0:19:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability for rewarding better behaviour with parole or similar programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.44,0:19:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 'three strikes' law also ensured that repeat offenders
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.04,0:19:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for crimes including drug-related crimes (non-violent ones)
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.19,0:19:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would see a quicker jail time now, as well as they'd be in for longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.56,0:19:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around half of US convicts are in [prison] for non-violent offences
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.42,0:19:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(around 20% drug offences);
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.58,0:19:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as James Gilligan reminds us, most prisons do more
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.21,0:19:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stimulate violence and crime than they do to prevent it.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.21,0:19:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prisons have often been termed 'Schools of Crime';
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.56,0:19:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd call them 'Graduate Schools of Crime'.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.18,0:19:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People often have to become violent in order to survive in them;
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.03,0:19:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even if they're not attacked by others,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.89,0:19:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are subjected to conditions of degradation, humiliation, intimidation
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.33,0:19:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and threats that I think might drive the most saintliest of people
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.11,0:19:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become more violent in response.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.86,0:19:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, what if there's no criminals in prison but simply ordinary people?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.09,0:19:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does the problem of violence disappear?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.71,0:19:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The theory that prison precipitates violence would predict
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.02,0:20:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ordinary people should become distorted by the institution.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.15,0:20:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thankfully, this has been tested and proven valid,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.59,0:20:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most notably by Dr. Philip Zimbardo
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.56,0:20:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his Stanford Prison Experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.76,0:20:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Making use of a disused cellar wing of [a] Stanford University building,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.33,0:20:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he and some colleagues constructed a rudimentary cell block
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.47,0:20:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with locks on the door and secret audio surveillance so that inmates
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.42,0:20:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be monitored for their reactions to the environment and other inmates.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.64,0:20:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An ad was placed in the paper asking for paid volunteers
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.37,0:20:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take part in a 7-14 day experiment at $15 per day.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.80,0:20:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those chosen for the experiment were picked for their mental stability:
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.28,0:20:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,non-aggressive and non-dominant characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.55,0:20:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,24 local males in all
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.58,0:20:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were randomly assigned to be either prisoners or guards.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.70,0:20:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prisoners were stripped of their name and given a number.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.47,0:20:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were given hairnets and other ways of shaming them,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.56,0:20:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were deloused. There wasn't real delousing powder;
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.29,0:21:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, that whole delousing process is mostly to shame them on the way in.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.96,0:21:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rules stated: A guard's orders must be obeyed;
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.100,0:21:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,timetables must be kept; house rules were enforced
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.81,0:21:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and learnt by rote for public recitation, either in order or in part.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.68,0:21:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The resulting outcome of this was a practical 'reign of terror'
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.34,0:21:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the guards who began with tiresome and deliberately tedious exercises
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.09,0:21:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as reciting their prisoner numbers backwards, forwards, in reverse, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.28,0:21:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, as these mentally stable, ordinary boys
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.100,0:21:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slipped further into their roles as domineering or the domineered,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.45,0:21:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more cruel results became apparent.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.79,0:21:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clashes between inmates and guards, hunger strikes, disobedience,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.54,0:21:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,destruction of prison property and inter-prisoner unrest
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.12,0:21:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soon gave rise to essentially forms of torture,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.10,0:21:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cruelty, sleep deprivation and more.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.00,0:21:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One inmate folded after two days of subjection and was replaced.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.83,0:21:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All forgot it was an experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.11,0:21:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the rules even stated that it would not be referred to as such.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.70,0:22:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even Zimbardo (as a fictional prison superintendent)
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.100,0:22:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ended up seeking snitches, convincing upset prisoners to stay on
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.40,0:22:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subject themselves further, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.83,0:22:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experiment collapsed after five days,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.40,0:22:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and does it remind you of anywhere?
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.42,0:22:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google thinks so:
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.64,0:22:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It says Abu Ghraib.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.43,0:22:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hand-in-hand with Zimbardo's experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.11,0:22:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes the direct association with Stanley Milgram, whom we've had mentioned today;
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.90,0:22:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed Milgram and Zimbardo were at one time high school friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.01,0:22:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milgram's experiment showed that over 90% of people
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.64,0:22:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were placed in the experiment would apply what they believed
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.52,0:22:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be mortally dangerous electric shocks to unseen victims,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.60,0:22:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when commanded to do so by a white-coat-uniformed head of the experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.82,0:22:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zimbardo shows us that ordinary people within a prison structure
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.63,0:22:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can produce tension and violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:46.60,0:22:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depersonalization runs right through the whole schema of command,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.91,0:22:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coercion, and power administration within a structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.19,0:22:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We turn the ordinary into exactly the kind of distorted creature
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.44,0:23:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by treating them in a distorted way.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.01,0:23:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milgram, on the other hand, shows us how people can be led to punish others.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.60,0:23:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As such, we have to decode the behaviour of the brutal prison guards,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.24,0:23:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not as one of corruption of the prison methodology,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.06,0:23:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact another symptom of its effect on human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.47,0:23:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless on which side of the law they stand on.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.90,0:23:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part ll: Decisions and Governance
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.54,0:23:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What steps are we taking to adapt prison? What are we adapting it towards?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.80,0:23:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What governs the development of prison now?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.07,0:23:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many would contend that it would still be the eradication of criminal behaviour
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.98,0:23:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the paying of a social debt in some way.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.47,0:23:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since my claim is that the culture is what births the prison,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.49,0:23:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should also be able to predict the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.99,0:23:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A culture in society rooted to a great extent in the profit mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.34,0:23:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should see its prison system reflect this tendency
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.93,0:23:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of profit before every other consideration,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.65,0:23:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i.e., collusion, fraud, and so on, in a similar manner.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:58.42,0:24:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it comes as no surprise
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.35,0:24:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we do find the evolution of privately-run prison
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.17,0:24:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a powerful dominant force in the system of correction today.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:07.01,0:24:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American entities Wackenhut and CCA (the Correction Corporation of America)
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.78,0:24:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their international subsidiaries in Australia and elsewhere
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.91,0:24:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now prominent, but much well less known than one would think,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.90,0:24:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sold into society as 'cheaper alternatives' than state-run institutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.30,0:24:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but being more 'efficient' because of corporate backing.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.68,0:24:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CCA, for example, is now at the point where an offer is on the table
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.94,0:24:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run the entire correctional apparatus
Dialogue: 0,0:24:33.39,0:24:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 48 states of the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.87,0:24:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A key element of the offer
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.00,0:24:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the promised occupancy rate of at least 90%.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.94,0:24:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, we are now measuring the success of the prison system
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.09,0:24:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by economic indicators that run counter
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.94,0:24:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the welfare of the inmates and the wider population.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.10,0:24:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is now valued by its larger size rather than its smaller size.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.67,0:25:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is valued by the money it saves, not the lives it saves.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.11,0:25:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The maintenance of at least a stable prison population
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.36,0:25:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at best a growing prison population
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.68,0:25:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has become built into the welfare of thousands of satellite industries.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.95,0:25:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two million prisoners eat six million meals a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.77,0:25:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning literally a captive audience for catering services.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.12,0:25:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The telephony company Sprint has made large contracts with prisons
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.12,0:25:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to provide communication services. Inmates get sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.07,0:25:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing for private health companies to thrive servicing the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.06,0:25:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wackenhut and CCA trade their stock on Wall Street
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.42,0:25:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the size of the prisoner population,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.86,0:25:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the larger the better for the economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.100,0:25:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I already mentioned the 3 US laws:
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.88,0:25:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Three Strikes Law, Truth in Sentencing, Mandatory Minimum Sentencing,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.81,0:25:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of which have an effect on prison population.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.33,0:25:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's interesting to note that these laws and many like them
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.85,0:25:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually drafted by an organization called
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.99,0:26:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the American Legislative Exchange Council (amusingly ALEC, for short).
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.62,0:26:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hundreds of state laws are passed each year
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.97,0:26:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the banner of being the 'Unsung Heroes' of American public policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.82,0:26:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ALEC states that its agenda is to:
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.100,0:26:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promote free markets, small governments, state rights and privatization.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.77,0:26:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During these closed meetings,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.74,0:26:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundreds of delegates from the prison industrial complex like Wackenhut
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.48,0:26:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pay large dues to sit at the table together and eek-out pre-written templates
Dialogue: 0,0:26:27.74,0:26:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for state laws, that are then brought back by the state reps
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.98,0:26:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to their own states, where they're then dressed up
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.66,0:26:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and passed as the conclusions of that state representative
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.78,0:26:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of the corporation gaining off their passage into law.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.08,0:26:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you now see why I don't trust the idea of government?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.03,0:26:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's built in!
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.21,0:26:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.59,0:26:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Truth in Sentencing and widely spread Mandatory Minimum Sentencing
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.08,0:26:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Three Strikes Law have all been promoted heavily into acceptance
Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.56,0:27:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by ALEC's Criminal Justice Task Force, which included CCA
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.10,0:27:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(which now claim as of last year to have left ALEC), and others
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.37,0:27:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a bid to insure a growing and robust prison population
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.01,0:27:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn insures the viability of the private prison enterprises involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:15.42,0:27:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Further (it gets better), forced labour, either for a pittance
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.33,0:27:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or no pay at all, means that companies now regularly use prison labour
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.07,0:27:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce the products more cheaply in order to sell at a higher cost
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.65,0:27:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(or greater profit) to the non-imprisoned population.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.68,0:27:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's only a mild difference there, isn't there?
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.18,0:27:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is more economically efficient if profit is your guiding light,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.05,0:27:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not if we're talking about the viability of prison
Dialogue: 0,0:27:39.95,0:27:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a tool for social rehabilitation.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.81,0:27:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This should be termed what it is, Ladies and Gentlemen: Slavery 2.0!
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.92,0:27:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the wholesale refocusing of the measure of success
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.43,0:27:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this system into economic indicators that are based on deprivation,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.94,0:27:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,restricted access and control in the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.93,0:28:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has spread to corporate prisons in the UK, Australia and beyond.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.05,0:28:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If prison is a microcosm of the society
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.45,0:28:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as James Gilligan has stated in his book 'Preventing Violence'
Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.32,0:28:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which Dostoyevski essentially alludes to in my opening quotation of him,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.24,0:28:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we can expect this to magnify as our paradigm becomes more predatory
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.12,0:28:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as the dominant for-profit forces seek to own
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.34,0:28:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and deflect media attention and influence policy
Dialogue: 0,0:28:20.46,0:28:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we have come to expect from every other avenue
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.24,0:28:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has been taken, and profitized, and commodified,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:26.34,0:28:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and altered into a machine for economic viability
Dialogue: 0,0:28:29.52,0:28:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of viability.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.44,0:28:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.72,0:28:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the alternative then?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.90,0:28:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About two years ago I was speaking with a cab driver (as I'm wont to do)
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.48,0:28:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the Utah man sentenced to death,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.91,0:28:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who chose to be killed by firing squad,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.88,0:28:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 2010!
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.27,0:28:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, seguewaying into punishment and its effects, I suggested
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.93,0:29:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the violence of the penal system encourages the violence of more crime,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.02,0:29:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more social division, more social ills. The cab driver replied:
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.83,0:29:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What do you want to do then, give 'em all a medal?"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.97,0:29:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This dualistic vision of reward and punishment,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.60,0:29:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is quite easy to fall into,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.79,0:29:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we are trying to solve the problem of crime,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.63,0:29:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not ignore it or celebrate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.18,0:29:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Solve it, not manage it within a power framework that perpetuates
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.97,0:29:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the violence that gave birth to the criminal behaviour in the first place
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.33,0:29:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and foster a society that less provokes crime and violence to begin with,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.82,0:29:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not simply extend the prison bandage further.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.49,0:29:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the work of James Gilligan, Wilkinson and Pickett in the book
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.78,0:29:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'The Spirit Level' and the work of many others now makes it clear:
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.97,0:29:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mistreat a human being, to deprive, limit and shame a human being
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.65,0:29:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a sure-fire way of developing more aberrant and violent behaviour.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.41,0:29:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shake a glass jar with ants in it and they will fight.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.69,0:29:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shake it as a punishment, they'll just fight some more, ad infinitum.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.84,0:29:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I took up the cab driver's challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.11,0:30:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looked for alternative prisons or other approaches.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.87,0:30:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't have to look too far. Nestled in the mountains of Styria in Austria,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.09,0:30:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the little mining town of Leoben, lies a prison so unrecognisable
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.39,0:30:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it actually made viral email rounds in 2008.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.59,0:30:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Comments to the effect of: "Perhaps I should go and commit some crimes
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.94,0:30:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I can get into this holiday camp!" were rife in the description
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.67,0:30:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even ended up echoed under the byline of a New York times article
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.01,0:30:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that described the prison and talked to the architect.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.84,0:30:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I thought I'd go and have a look at this place
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.46,0:30:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ask the prison warden what his thoughts on the feasibility, function
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.53,0:30:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the role of prison were. So, Ladies and Gentleman, I went to prison,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.81,0:30:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(which I'm sure you're pleased about.)
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.37,0:30:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Magister Manfred Giessauf and the Chief Guard
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.79,0:30:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both gave two generous hours of their time,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.15,0:30:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowed me to record our interview and even showed me around the prison!
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.51,0:30:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It features a library, built-in artworks into the wall-space
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.94,0:30:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were designed to be added to by prisoners, exercise rooms
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.04,0:30:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and outdoor areas which allow prisoners to become used to seeing distance;
Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.90,0:30:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's something you don't get, and people forget.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.07,0:31:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take distance for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.85,0:31:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole edifice is glass structured to deliberately allow light in.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.99,0:31:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently the prisoners, not shrouded in darkness,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.71,0:31:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have at least some chance to feel that they're in an institution
Dialogue: 0,0:31:11.59,0:31:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is designed for rehabilitation.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.90,0:31:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequent to the design, the courses on social reintegration
Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.07,0:31:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,offer to prisoners the basic foundation of the prison's modus operandi.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.08,0:31:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prisoner violence is much lower, as are the statistics on absenteeism
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.93,0:31:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for prison guards; it's about a quarter of what absenteeism is
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.01,0:31:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for guards in normal prisons, so they're also not suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:31.78,0:31:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The basic tenet of this prison is literally unavoidable,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.60,0:31:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sandblasted onto the wall, it states:
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.83,0:31:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Jeder, dem seine Freiheit entzogen ist, muss menschlich
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.67,0:31:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,und mit Achtung vor dem Menschen
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.46,0:31:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,innewohnenden Würde behandelt werden",
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.85,0:31:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.70,0:31:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.26,0:31:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That comes from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.55,0:31:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.21,0:32:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, give them a round of applause!
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.29,0:32:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(They're lovely people. They didn't even question
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.85,0:32:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I was asking them for.)
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.24,0:32:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leoben Correctional Center's budget was about €50 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.14,0:32:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was completed in 2007,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.00,0:32:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had been commissioned through an architectural contest, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.96,0:32:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But for €50 million," I asked, "why not just build more prisons
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.27,0:32:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or save money and build a cheaper prison?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.58,0:32:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, isn't being economical to do with saving money,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.91,0:32:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cheapening processes, cutting services, trimming the fat?"
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.68,0:32:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer came:
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.38,0:32:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It all depends on if you count in the social cost
Dialogue: 0,0:32:36.02,0:32:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the social economy. You can always build cheaper prisons.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:39.34,0:32:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may well build a prison whose edifice is cheaper;
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.71,0:32:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you run a prison like the American Supermax Prisons,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.63,0:32:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you build human time bombs.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.58,0:32:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are released at some point too, and who knows
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.36,0:32:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the social costs are of such an act.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.10,0:32:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the very least, we cannot release prisoners who are worse
Dialogue: 0,0:32:57.86,0:33:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they were when we received them."
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.56,0:33:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll admit that Leoben is not a complete test case for prison reform or alteration.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.44,0:33:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no 'lifers' in this system,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:07.70,0:33:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and highly violent criminals are not sent there.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.18,0:33:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ironically, most of the criminals are there for monetary crimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.24,0:33:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crimes which will most likely be repeated once they're on the outside
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.87,0:33:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since they're not likely to receive good job prospects
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.35,0:33:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most likely have large debts for which they went to prison to begin with.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.09,0:33:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may be a gilded cage, but it is still a cage,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.45,0:33:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still limited in its use and abilities by the overall functioning
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.22,0:33:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or indeed the dysfunction of the society that ends up populating its buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.80,0:33:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is still a bandage, but a bandage we can learn from,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.04,0:33:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose values come from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.47,0:33:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rights of human beings, therefore,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.78,0:33:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being the starting point from which to work and not profit
Dialogue: 0,0:33:48.04,0:33:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or cheapness or anything so absurdly slavish
Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.51,0:33:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the US, UK or Australia's private prison enterprises.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.60,0:33:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a species, we have to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.91,0:34:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the desire to see others imprisoned is simply the same violence
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.20,0:34:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we see in crime.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:04.00,0:34:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The punishment we inflict on prisoners is the same violence
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.85,0:34:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we claim to be condemning by acting in that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.68,0:34:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Above all, it needs to be realized
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.93,0:34:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prison isn't there to solve any problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:15.00,0:34:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's another outgrowth of violence and systematized power and control.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.60,0:34:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To solve crime, to live in a non-violent society
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.46,0:34:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to live in a society in which prisons are eradicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.28,0:34:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We concentrate our efforts on the positive therapies that prevent violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:30.56,0:34:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the same time strive for a society
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.80,0:34:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prevents violence from the outset.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.70,0:34:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do so is to solve the prison issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.94,0:34:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.18,0:34:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To base a physical institution on human rights is to seek
Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.40,0:34:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the physical modification of that edifice in line with human needs:
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.68,0:34:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sunlight, space, social interaction; to base it on function
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.91,0:35:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than form requires the ignoring of the balance sheet
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.21,0:35:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in favour of the successful function of the system upon human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.92,0:35:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not the bottom line of some corporation that benefits some small section
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.50,0:35:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of society's populace that happen to be working for them at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.36,0:35:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, it's not their fault, is it? The whole point of this
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.85,0:35:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they're also prisoners of the debt system which is then used
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.99,0:35:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and systematized and creates the prison system.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:19.80,0:35:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Above all, to solve the problem of crime
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.44,0:35:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not to build more prisons like is continually said
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.97,0:35:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on those Question Time things,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:28.31,0:35:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any more than the solution to a disease is to spend
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.76,0:35:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more time in a hospital building, rather than treat the illness
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.86,0:35:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is debilitating, obstructing and undermining the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:37.80,0:35:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The solution to disease is the eradication
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.43,0:35:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or healing of its non-functioning elements.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.60,0:35:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The solution to the disease of crime and the illness of society
Dialogue: 0,0:35:47.89,0:35:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a ground-up reorientation of social function
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.50,0:35:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to halt the consequences of social malfunction,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.36,0:35:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what we call crime.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.29,0:35:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until then, we change nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.14,0:36:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we change ourselves and what we value; and we make it known.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:01.54,0:36:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently, we service problems as cheaply and as forcefully as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.88,0:36:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As such, prison is a cheap service of a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.11,0:36:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a correct fix to our issues of crime.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.72,0:36:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Broadly speaking, prison is the social distillation
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.39,0:36:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our attitudes to the human mind and the individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.40,0:36:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day, if our cultural assumptions and economic principles grow
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.62,0:36:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a solution-oriented scenario with respect to social cohesion
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.18,0:36:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and true sustainability, our future population
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.54,0:36:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will look back at our era with arguably more horror
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.69,0:36:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we now look back on the prior societies of torture
Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.89,0:36:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and brute violence like we did at the beginning of this presentation,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.67,0:36:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for we had the scientific understandings of what works
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.93,0:36:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we did not act upon them.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:49.60,0:36:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to feel the gaze of future humanity
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.46,0:36:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking back onto our era now, looking back onto when you were alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.86,0:36:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Place yourself in the future and look now, backwards,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.00,0:37:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the horror they will feel.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.17,0:37:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until we become the groundwork for that future population,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.02,0:37:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will not stop looking at us in horror, disbelief
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.23,0:37:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with regret and pathos, for they will understand us better
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.48,0:37:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we understand ourselves and our prisoners now.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.20,0:37:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For them, indeed, we are all prisoners.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.88,0:37:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, thank you very much, I'd like to thank all the speakers
Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.35,0:37:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who spoke here today.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.29,0:37:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.21,0:37:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do it for free!
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.51,0:37:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do it because it's fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:37.31,0:37:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to thank all of you for having come along.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.84,0:37:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very kind of you; it is not taken for granted, ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:44.34,0:37:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are going to go down the road to a pub! Please join us.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:47.27,0:37:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only about 300 yards away on the other side of the road; it's on a corner.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.27,0:37:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry, I've forgotten the name of it. We'll be there all night,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.21,0:37:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drinking and answering questions and asking you questions, as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.75,0:37:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you again.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.39,0:37:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.49,0:38:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, Ben.