1 00:00:01,019 --> 00:00:04,170 "This is the first generation of people that work, play, think and learn differently than their parents. 2 00:00:04,170 --> 00:00:07,970 They are the first generation to not be afraid of technology. It’s like the air to them." - Don Tapscott 3 00:00:14,507 --> 00:00:17,831 Everything looks bigger than life when you are five. 4 00:00:17,831 --> 00:00:24,459 So everything was big, everything was strange, and I remember feeling a bit scared. 5 00:00:24,459 --> 00:00:29,715 Like many children, I remember my school years fondly but the bits I remember fondly aren't 6 00:00:29,715 --> 00:00:31,340 the bits I should have remembered. 7 00:00:31,340 --> 00:00:37,925 I remember the play and the sport and the naughtiness and the playfulness and the mischief. 8 00:00:37,925 --> 00:00:40,684 In fact, I remember the bits that were non-standard. 9 00:00:40,684 --> 00:00:45,300 It's an incredible privilege for me to have had education be such 10 00:00:45,300 --> 00:00:49,771 an important and present part of my life. 11 00:00:49,771 --> 00:00:57,823 I remember being bored a lot. It didn't bring out the best in me, I got through it anyhow. 12 00:00:57,823 --> 00:01:02,317 I wasn't a great fit or the system wasn't a great fit for me. 13 00:01:02,317 --> 00:01:04,529 It's kind of crazy when you think about it. 14 00:01:04,529 --> 00:01:08,022 That we take all these children and we force them to try to adapt to this really complex 15 00:01:08,022 --> 00:01:12,046 bureaucracy system, the system should adapt to them. 16 00:01:12,046 --> 00:01:18,229 The origins of traditional education lie inside the military, to a large extent. 17 00:01:18,229 --> 00:01:23,799 They needed identical people; soldiers, administrators, and so on, so they produced this system. 18 00:01:23,799 --> 00:01:27,193 When the industrial revolution happened they do wanted 19 00:01:27,193 --> 00:01:29,850 identical people in their assembly lines. 20 00:01:29,850 --> 00:01:33,096 Even with consumers, they wanted consumers to be identical 21 00:01:33,096 --> 00:01:35,005 so that everybody would buy the same things. 22 00:01:35,005 --> 00:01:39,031 So if you look at school that way, if you look at the fact that we process twenty or 23 00:01:39,031 --> 00:01:42,707 thirty kids at a time, in a batch, just like in the factory. 24 00:01:42,707 --> 00:01:45,580 If you look at the fact that if you fail third grade, what do you do? 25 00:01:45,580 --> 00:01:48,061 We hold you back and we reprocess you. 26 00:01:48,061 --> 00:01:53,287 All matching with the factory works, we built it on purpose. 27 00:01:53,287 --> 00:01:56,689 And it was really useful for its function. 28 00:01:56,689 --> 00:02:00,668 But we don't have a shortage of factory workers any more. 29 00:02:00,668 --> 00:02:04,009 We are probably at the death of education right now. 30 00:02:04,009 --> 00:02:10,329 I think the structures and strictures of school, of learning from nine till three, 31 00:02:10,329 --> 00:02:12,799 working on your own, not working with others. 32 00:02:12,799 --> 00:02:21,800 I think that's dead or dying. And I think learning is just beginning. 33 00:02:22,655 --> 00:02:26,994 THE FUTURE OF LEARNING 34 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:49,631 I had ADD when I was growing up, like so many people now do. 35 00:02:49,631 --> 00:02:53,863 And there's this feeling that there is something broken about the kid, 36 00:02:53,863 --> 00:02:58,016 because the kid doesn't conform to the system. 37 00:02:58,016 --> 00:03:03,451 So what we do is we medicate children to fit into the system, as opposed to saying; 38 00:03:03,451 --> 00:03:07,023 wait, the system is here for the kids. 39 00:03:07,023 --> 00:03:12,029 And there are lots of people who can quite easily sit still for eight hours 40 00:03:12,029 --> 00:03:14,345 and take notes, and then two weeks later say back 41 00:03:14,345 --> 00:03:16,210 what they wrote down. 42 00:03:16,210 --> 00:03:20,204 But there is also this huge population of extraordinarily talented 43 00:03:20,204 --> 00:03:24,755 and engaged people who can't learn that way. 44 00:03:24,755 --> 00:03:30,084 There's a very big difference between accessed information and school, 45 00:03:30,084 --> 00:03:31,838 they used to be the same thing. 46 00:03:31,838 --> 00:03:39,489 Information is there online to anyone of the billion people who have access to the Internet. 47 00:03:39,489 --> 00:03:43,604 So what that means is if we give access to a four year old or an eight year old or a 48 00:03:43,604 --> 00:03:49,058 twelve year old, they will get the information if they want it. 49 00:03:49,058 --> 00:03:55,434 Knowing something is probably an obsolete idea. 50 00:03:55,434 --> 00:03:58,781 You don't actually need to know anything, you can find out at the point 51 00:03:58,781 --> 00:04:01,151 when you need to know it. 52 00:04:01,151 --> 00:04:07,545 It's the teacher's job to point young minds towards the right kind of question. 53 00:04:07,545 --> 00:04:12,379 A teacher doesn't need to give any answers, because answers are everywhere. 54 00:04:12,379 --> 00:04:19,545 And we know now from years of measurements that learners who find the answers for themselves 55 00:04:19,545 --> 00:04:23,542 retain it better than if they're told the answer. 56 00:04:23,542 --> 00:04:28,516 Education is being very slow to look at data, to look at numbers, 57 00:04:28,516 --> 00:04:31,036 to look at analysis and what's actually happening. 58 00:04:31,036 --> 00:04:33,559 We measure a test here, and an exam there, 59 00:04:33,559 --> 00:04:36,823 but the details of what's happening we don't really have. 60 00:04:36,823 --> 00:04:41,043 That will be, for sure, the next important thing in our pockets, 61 00:04:41,043 --> 00:04:43,003 our ability to analyze wherever you are. 62 00:04:43,003 --> 00:04:46,069 Some of the people watching this will already be analyzing their health 63 00:04:46,069 --> 00:04:47,527 and their wellbeing and their sport. 64 00:04:47,527 --> 00:04:50,032 They will be analyzing their learning too soon. 65 00:04:50,032 --> 00:04:52,759 And then we'll be really good at it. 66 00:05:04,498 --> 00:05:08,437 Knewton is a data-mining and adaptive learning platform 67 00:05:08,437 --> 00:05:12,039 that allows anybody, anywhere to upload content. 68 00:05:12,039 --> 00:05:15,428 They could be a publisher, an individual teacher, or anything in-between. 69 00:05:15,428 --> 00:05:22,002 And produce a course that will be uniquely personalized to each student based on 70 00:05:22,002 --> 00:05:26,459 what she knows and how she learns best. 71 00:05:26,459 --> 00:05:30,016 The textbook of the future is going to be delivered on connected devices. 72 00:05:30,016 --> 00:05:34,065 What that means is the incredible amount of data that students have always produced, 73 00:05:34,065 --> 00:05:37,403 when they studied, are now capturable and useable. 74 00:05:37,403 --> 00:05:41,701 So Knewton and any product built on Knewton can figure out things like; you learn math 75 00:05:41,701 --> 00:05:46,013 best in the morning between 08:32 and 09:14 am. 76 00:05:46,013 --> 00:05:48,008 You learn science best in 40 minute bite sizes. 77 00:05:48,008 --> 00:05:51,289 At the 42 minute mark your click rate always begins to decline, we should pull that from 78 00:05:51,289 --> 00:05:54,061 you then and move you to something else to keep you engaged. 79 00:05:54,061 --> 00:05:57,018 That 35 minute burst you do at lunch everyday you're not retaining any of that just 80 00:05:57,018 --> 00:06:01,009 hang out with your friends and do that stuff in the afternoon instead when you learn better. 81 00:06:01,009 --> 00:06:05,006 You learn this stuff best with short questions; 82 00:06:05,006 --> 00:06:05,055 this stuff best with complicated, difficult questions. 83 00:06:05,055 --> 00:06:08,052 We should return this type of material to you four days later for optimal retention. 84 00:06:08,052 --> 00:06:11,077 And here's exactly the things you're going to struggle with your homework tonight because 85 00:06:11,077 --> 00:06:15,569 you haven't learned some of the concepts that are embedded in that material. 86 00:06:15,569 --> 00:06:19,091 And we can go in real-time and grab you the perfect little bit of content, from last month, 87 00:06:19,091 --> 00:06:23,919 or last year, and put that seamlessly in front of you so that you don't struggle. 88 00:06:23,919 --> 00:06:29,943 We can predict failure in advance and prevent it from happening. 89 00:06:29,943 --> 00:06:33,979 We're going to move from this kind of alienating and in some cases boring and in some cases 90 00:06:33,979 --> 00:06:36,668 frustrating model of everybody gets exactly the same stuff. 91 00:06:36,668 --> 00:06:38,575 They're getting it at the exact same time, the exact same order, 92 00:06:38,575 --> 00:06:40,836 and the exact same difficulty level. 93 00:06:40,836 --> 00:06:45,925 For half of the class it's too hard, for half of the class it's too boring. 94 00:06:45,925 --> 00:06:49,019 It's going to get the most advanced kids, the most stimulating material. 95 00:06:49,019 --> 00:06:52,199 It's going to get them to unlock their potential in a way that they're not today. 96 00:06:52,199 --> 00:06:55,639 But for every kid, no matter how much you are struggling, you've got a path to success. 97 00:06:55,639 --> 00:06:59,027 It might take you a little longer, but you'll have a path to success no matter what. 98 00:06:59,027 --> 00:07:03,058 And also the system gets smarter and smarter as more people use it. 99 00:07:03,058 --> 00:07:08,705 Strategies compete against each other to be replicated in the next generation, 100 00:07:08,705 --> 00:07:12,641 so the strategy that is the most effective for you, once we find that; 101 00:07:12,641 --> 00:07:17,695 any kid in the future will have that strategy teed up. 102 00:07:17,695 --> 00:07:20,719 It's a whole new thing. 103 00:07:20,719 --> 00:07:24,058 When the automobile was invented people weren't asking for the automobile 104 00:07:24,058 --> 00:07:26,394 they were asking for faster horses. 105 00:07:26,394 --> 00:07:30,592 And people aren't really asking for Knewton because they don't know what it is yet, 106 00:07:30,592 --> 00:07:34,625 but once they see it and experience it then they'll get it right away. 107 00:07:35,333 --> 00:07:38,723 THE SHIFT IN KNOWLEDGE 108 00:07:42,539 --> 00:07:47,006 People say that education moves very slowly. 109 00:07:47,006 --> 00:07:50,003 Suddenly you just need to be connected. 110 00:07:50,003 --> 00:07:56,037 That changes everything; it changes the basis on which you can make a contribution, 111 00:07:56,037 --> 00:07:59,629 your brain can make a contribution at a distance. 112 00:07:59,629 --> 00:08:06,349 It's one thing to sit here in the media lab and talk about the future. 113 00:08:06,349 --> 00:08:11,068 I often go into places that are about as different from a media lab as it can get. 114 00:08:11,068 --> 00:08:18,789 And I think to myself; what's the value of all my ideas over here. 115 00:08:18,789 --> 00:08:20,819 But, there is one great hope. 116 00:08:20,819 --> 00:08:26,879 Wherever I go, the very first thing that I ask, or I take out my phone to check for, 117 00:08:26,879 --> 00:08:31,217 is; do I have that little bit of bandwidth to give me GPRS, 118 00:08:31,217 --> 00:08:34,519 or something equivalent to that? 119 00:08:34,519 --> 00:08:41,919 And in the middle of jungles I find that sometimes it says connected 120 00:08:41,919 --> 00:08:47,076 And I know then that everything that I'm saying can go anywhere, 121 00:08:47,076 --> 00:08:48,062 and work exactly the same way. 122 00:08:48,062 --> 00:08:51,221 It's a question of time. 123 00:08:57,281 --> 00:09:01,532 CONNECT TO LEARN 124 00:09:04,934 --> 00:09:12,032 Connectivity is actually opening up the world. If you open up a village, for example Bonsaaso, 125 00:09:12,032 --> 00:09:17,808 and the students can actually now communicate with other students, say in London. 126 00:09:17,808 --> 00:09:21,738 It means they start seeing the world in a different way. 127 00:09:21,738 --> 00:09:26,063 Educate a youth, and you educate a nation. 128 00:09:26,063 --> 00:09:31,073 Connect to Learn is a partnership between Ericsson, together with AF Institute 129 00:09:31,073 --> 00:09:34,042 in Columbia University, and the Millennium Promise. 130 00:09:34,042 --> 00:09:39,529 It's twofold, it provides scholarships to girls, and Connect to Learn gives students 131 00:09:39,529 --> 00:09:47,928 computers and connectivity and shows them how to use it, and how to get information. 132 00:09:47,928 --> 00:09:52,014 Education was limited to what the teacher could tell the students, and the teacher was 133 00:09:52,014 --> 00:09:55,301 relying on a small textbook, or those few books, 134 00:09:55,301 --> 00:09:57,694 so the teacher was not getting very exposed. 135 00:09:57,694 --> 00:10:04,435 Now you are able to access a lot of information and the children start chatting 136 00:10:04,435 --> 00:10:08,763 and exchanging information, you can see that there is much more things for them 137 00:10:08,763 --> 00:10:11,026 to talk about because they feel like they are more exposed. 138 00:10:11,026 --> 00:10:13,529 And the children are more confident. 139 00:10:13,529 --> 00:10:18,493 They have the energy, they have quite a lifespan ahead of them 140 00:10:18,493 --> 00:10:21,038 and they are about to start thinking bigger. 141 00:10:21,038 --> 00:10:25,006 If you bring connectivity to them, they are actually able to do transactions and they 142 00:10:25,006 --> 00:10:28,011 can start small businesses, which will uplift them. 143 00:10:28,011 --> 00:10:36,512 So I'd say it's actually opening up our villages, our country, and the whole continent. 144 00:10:36,512 --> 00:10:43,343 We're rolling it out in as many countries as possible in Africa, and also in South America. 145 00:10:43,343 --> 00:10:47,666 It has the potential to be upscaled to any country. 146 00:10:57,743 --> 00:11:02,428 A FLAWED SYSTEM? 147 00:11:05,922 --> 00:11:09,039 The way we solve interesting problems is we fail and we fail 148 00:11:09,039 --> 00:11:10,708 and we fail and we fail, until we succeed. 149 00:11:10,708 --> 00:11:16,029 And if you've talked to people who have succeeded, what they almost all have in common is 150 00:11:16,029 --> 00:11:18,573 that they've failed a hundred times before they succeeded. 151 00:11:18,573 --> 00:11:23,386 And what separates them, from people who aren't successful, isn't that they succeeded, 152 00:11:23,386 --> 00:11:28,570 it's that they failed more that the other people did. 153 00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:33,537 I'm not sure it's okay for the schools to say; we have to optimize, 154 00:11:33,537 --> 00:11:39,007 to process as many people as we can to match this testing regime. 155 00:11:39,007 --> 00:11:45,011 You can't imagine, in a world where you sit down to do an exam and you ask yourself 156 00:11:45,011 --> 00:11:49,004 the question; I hope there are no surprises on the exam paper. 157 00:11:49,004 --> 00:11:51,708 And your teachers think; I hope I prepared him for everything. 158 00:11:51,708 --> 00:11:54,830 How would that prepare you then to go out into a world 159 00:11:54,830 --> 00:11:57,077 that everyday is going to surprise you. 160 00:11:57,077 --> 00:12:00,980 It's full of the surprises of the economy, of society, 161 00:12:00,980 --> 00:12:03,404 of politics, of invention, of technology. 162 00:12:03,404 --> 00:12:05,068 Everyday is a surprise. 163 00:12:05,068 --> 00:12:10,453 Learning prepares you to cope with the surprises, education prepares you to cope with certainty, 164 00:12:10,453 --> 00:12:14,089 there is no certainty. 165 00:12:14,089 --> 00:12:23,007 The teacher stands between the child and the formal education. 166 00:12:23,007 --> 00:12:25,012 Trying to make the child face that system. 167 00:12:25,012 --> 00:12:32,099 And until that system breaks down, or disappears, she has an incredibly difficult job of keeping 168 00:12:32,099 --> 00:12:37,038 the child's curiosity alive, while at the same time saying; listen, by the time you 169 00:12:37,038 --> 00:12:42,097 are sixteen, you'll have to start memorizing certain things, so that you can go and sit 170 00:12:42,097 --> 00:12:48,007 for the examination, clear it, and get out of school properly. 171 00:12:48,007 --> 00:12:51,038 No one I know takes standardized tests for a living. 172 00:12:51,038 --> 00:12:55,047 So why are we using standardized test to see if you are going to be good when we don't 173 00:12:55,047 --> 00:12:57,062 have standardized tests after you take it. 174 00:12:57,062 --> 00:13:03,076 It's infected the entire marketing eco-system of education, because famous colleges are 175 00:13:03,076 --> 00:13:07,054 famous because they are picky about your SAT scores. 176 00:13:07,054 --> 00:13:10,045 Parents want their kids to go to a famous college. 177 00:13:10,045 --> 00:13:15,081 Parents push their school to create kids who will get into 178 00:13:15,081 --> 00:13:17,036 a famous college by doing well on the SAT. 179 00:13:17,036 --> 00:13:21,589 All which is corrupting the entire reason we have education in the first place. 180 00:13:21,589 --> 00:13:28,017 If we can get parents, and teachers, and kids, and administrators, to have this conversation, 181 00:13:28,017 --> 00:13:34,709 to just talk about it, then if at school board meetings, or if, at ten year reviews the questions 182 00:13:34,709 --> 00:13:40,004 we are asking are not; how did your students do on the SAT. 183 00:13:40,004 --> 00:13:45,339 But instead we say; the SAT makes no sense, famous colleges are a scam, 184 00:13:45,339 --> 00:13:49,079 we need to create a different thing and we can have this conversation. 185 00:13:49,079 --> 00:14:00,081 Then change will start to happen. 186 00:14:00,081 --> 00:14:10,068 Coursera is a social entrepreneurship company that enables the best universities to take 187 00:14:10,068 --> 00:14:14,072 their best courses and put them out there, so that everyone around the world with an 188 00:14:14,072 --> 00:14:23,004 Internet connection can benefit from having access to a great education. 189 00:14:23,004 --> 00:14:29,019 As of today, which is the end of September we have 1.5 million students from 196 countries, 190 00:14:29,019 --> 00:14:31,061 it's a little debatable how you count countries. 191 00:14:31,061 --> 00:14:36,043 We have 195 courses from 33 universities. 192 00:14:36,043 --> 00:14:42,899 Our larger courses have an enrollment of 130,000, our smaller courses have an enrollment of 193 00:14:42,899 --> 00:14:48,099 only about 10,000, of course they're still growing, most of them haven't launched yet. 194 00:14:48,099 --> 00:14:57,055 A medium class, when it launches, has about 50- 60,000 students registered. 195 00:14:57,055 --> 00:15:05,149 Scale is interesting because it allows us to offer a high quality product at a very 196 00:15:05,149 --> 00:15:10,329 low marginal cost per student, which is what allows us to take people who really can't 197 00:15:10,329 --> 00:15:14,829 pay for an education and to provide them a free education. 198 00:15:14,829 --> 00:15:21,339 Education for free at the highest quality because the costs are so low per student. 199 00:15:21,339 --> 00:15:25,529 The student experience in Coursera is that the course starts on a given day and each 200 00:15:25,529 --> 00:15:28,519 week a student has access to numerous pieces. 201 00:15:28,519 --> 00:15:33,001 One piece is video lecture, and it's interactive videos, you don't sit there for an hour just 202 00:15:33,001 --> 00:15:35,899 watching video, you get to interact with the video. 203 00:15:35,899 --> 00:15:40,057 There is rigorous meaningful assessments of different kinds, 204 00:15:40,057 --> 00:15:42,005 not just multiple choice but real exercises with real depth. 205 00:15:42,005 --> 00:15:47,041 And there is a community of students that you get to interact with to ask questions 206 00:15:47,041 --> 00:15:50,069 and have those questions answered by your fellow students. 207 00:15:50,069 --> 00:15:56,008 So that you get both a better learning experience via peer teaching as well as a social experience, 208 00:15:56,008 --> 00:16:03,032 where you feel like there is a community of learners surrounding this intellectual activity. 209 00:16:03,032 --> 00:16:07,024 People often ask us whether universities are a thing of the past, whether universities 210 00:16:07,024 --> 00:16:10,093 are going to die out, and I definitely do not think so. 211 00:16:10,093 --> 00:16:15,008 There is something tremendous about getting people together in a place 212 00:16:15,008 --> 00:16:17,024 where serendipitous interactions can happen. 213 00:16:17,024 --> 00:16:21,005 Where you can have face-to-face mentoring between an instructor and students 214 00:16:21,005 --> 00:16:25,099 where students can talk to each other, and create together, and learn to debate ideas. 215 00:16:25,099 --> 00:16:33,007 So this on-campus physical experience at the moment 216 00:16:33,007 --> 00:16:34,889 has no virtual substitute that is equally effective. 217 00:16:34,889 --> 00:16:42,037 Our goal here, and I think one needs to be pragmatic about this, is not to equalize necessarily 218 00:16:42,037 --> 00:16:48,779 the opportunity of students who currently don't have any access, and make it equal 219 00:16:48,779 --> 00:16:52,082 to what a fortunate Princeton student might have. 220 00:16:52,082 --> 00:16:55,073 Because that might be a really worthy goal, but it's not something 221 00:16:55,073 --> 00:16:57,075 that we can necessarily can achieve in the short time frame. 222 00:16:57,075 --> 00:17:01,029 What we'd like to do, is we'd like to bring both of these up to considerably better than 223 00:17:01,029 --> 00:17:03,839 where they are now, even if they don't end up being equal. 224 00:17:03,839 --> 00:17:09,006 If we've improved a lot, of both the on-campus students, and the ones, 225 00:17:09,006 --> 00:17:21,001 who currently don't have access, I think we've done an amazing thing. 226 00:17:21,001 --> 00:17:23,052 So let me explain how revolutions work. 227 00:17:23,052 --> 00:17:27,419 Revolutions destroy the perfect and then they enable the impossible. 228 00:17:27,419 --> 00:17:30,066 They never go from everything is good to everything is good. 229 00:17:30,066 --> 00:17:33,063 There is a lot of noise in the middle. 230 00:17:33,063 --> 00:17:38,041 If we look at the music business; first it destroyed the record label business, the Internet. 231 00:17:38,041 --> 00:17:43,048 And only now is it enabling independent musicians to get heard. 232 00:17:43,048 --> 00:17:48,025 Education tends to move in stairstep functions, in terms of change, 233 00:17:48,025 --> 00:17:49,006 so when it does change, it explosively changes. 234 00:17:49,006 --> 00:17:54,046 The move from pre-printing press to post-printing press is a one-time transition 235 00:17:54,046 --> 00:17:56,065 in history of the world, in terms of education. 236 00:17:56,065 --> 00:17:59,075 Online education is going to be like that as well. And we want to make sure that, 237 00:17:59,075 --> 00:18:02,011 as a species, the human species gets it right. 238 00:18:02,011 --> 00:18:07,033 One of the revolutions that we're going to see is where less and less of education is 239 00:18:07,033 --> 00:18:12,028 about a conveyer of content, because that is going to be a commodity, and hopefully 240 00:18:12,028 --> 00:18:15,063 one that's going to be available to everyone around the world. 241 00:18:15,063 --> 00:18:21,001 And a lot more of what we think of as education is going to go back 242 00:18:21,001 --> 00:18:21,089 to its original roots of teaching. 243 00:18:21,089 --> 00:18:27,075 Where the instructor actually engages in a dialogue with the students and helps them 244 00:18:27,075 --> 00:18:31,099 develop thinking skills, problem solving skills, passion for the discipline. 245 00:18:31,099 --> 00:18:37,057 The kinds of things that are much easier to do in a face-to-face setting and a lot harder 246 00:18:37,057 --> 00:18:43,009 to do in an online format, but for which, really the college experience, as we know 247 00:18:43,009 --> 00:18:48,061 it; that it the right place where you'd like to put that kind of development of skills. 248 00:18:48,061 --> 00:18:54,035 Now what I want to see from schools is; get kids to want it. 249 00:18:54,035 --> 00:19:06,069 Create an environment where kids are restless until their need for information is satisfied. 250 00:19:06,069 --> 00:19:13,919 Every time I get a question right, I get immediate engagement. I think the teacher has to step 251 00:19:13,919 --> 00:19:22,051 back and say; today's topic is this. Open your notebook and figure it out for yourself. 252 00:19:22,051 --> 00:19:29,002 What we need are teachers who will look people in the eye, and believe in them, 253 00:19:29,002 --> 00:19:32,027 and push them forward, and it's hard to do that on the Internet. 254 00:19:32,027 --> 00:19:35,003 It really needs to be done in person. 255 00:19:35,003 --> 00:19:38,035 Schools decide to be better because they see children being better. 256 00:19:38,035 --> 00:19:40,095 And teachers... what does it say on teacher's t-shirts? 257 00:19:40,095 --> 00:19:44,004 It says: 'We're in it for the outcome, not the income!'. 258 00:19:44,004 --> 00:19:48,027 Teachers are there because they can see the change in their children. 259 00:19:48,027 --> 00:19:52,005 If you add up every child in history, more children will leave school 260 00:19:52,005 --> 00:19:56,013 in the next 30 years, than they've ever left school in history. 261 00:19:56,013 --> 00:20:03,025 If I was going to make one change, I'd make their schooling just a little bit better. 262 00:20:03,025 --> 99:59:59,999 And that would change history faster than anything else.