1 00:00:04,996 --> 00:00:09,079 The internet in the year 2009 2 00:00:09,079 --> 00:00:12,701 we send e-mails, make calls over the internet, 3 00:00:12,701 --> 00:00:15,506 and discuss topics we take interest in. 4 00:00:15,506 --> 00:00:18,324 Even our baking is going virtual. 5 00:00:18,324 --> 00:00:20,968 But what we take for granted today 6 00:00:20,968 --> 00:00:24,869 was only a vague idea 50 years ago. 7 00:00:24,869 --> 00:00:27,655 In order to understand how bit got this far 8 00:00:27,655 --> 00:00:31,809 lets go back to 1957 when everything began. 9 00:00:31,809 --> 00:00:37,222 Before 1957 computers only worked one task at a time. 10 00:00:37,222 --> 00:00:39,004 This was called "Batch Processing". 11 00:00:39,004 --> 00:00:42,048 Of course this was quite ineffective. 12 00:00:42,048 --> 00:00:44,299 With computers getting bigger and bigger 13 00:00:44,299 --> 00:00:47,287 they had to be stored in special cooled rooms 14 00:00:47,287 --> 00:00:51,000 but then the developers couldn't work directly on the computers any more - 15 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:53,940 Specialists had to be called in to connect them. 16 00:00:53,940 --> 00:00:57,377 Programming at that time meant a lot of manual work 17 00:00:57,377 --> 00:00:59,915 and the indirect connection to the computers 18 00:00:59,915 --> 00:01:02,332 led to a lot of bugs wasting time 19 00:01:02,332 --> 00:01:06,708 and fraying developers' nerves. 20 00:01:06,708 --> 00:01:09,915 The year 1957 marked a big change. 21 00:01:09,915 --> 00:01:12,437 A remote connection had to be installed, 22 00:01:12,437 --> 00:01:16,276 third developers could work directly on the computers. 23 00:01:16,276 --> 00:01:19,853 At the same time the idea of time sharing came up. 24 00:01:19,853 --> 00:01:23,244 This is the first concept in computer technology 25 00:01:23,244 --> 00:01:26,279 to share the processing power of one computer 26 00:01:26,279 --> 00:01:28,936 with multiple users 27 00:01:32,059 --> 00:01:35,985 On October 4th 1957 during the Cold War 28 00:01:35,985 --> 00:01:38,880 the first unmanned satellite, Sputnik I, 29 00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:41,280 was sent into orbit by Soviet Union 30 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:45,880 The fear of "Missile Gap" emerged. 31 00:01:45,880 --> 00:01:48,762 In order to secure America's lead in technology, 32 00:01:48,762 --> 00:01:52,280 The US founded the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency 33 00:01:52,280 --> 00:01:56,037 in February 1958. 34 00:01:56,037 --> 00:01:59,722 At that time knowledge was only transfered by people. 35 00:01:59,722 --> 00:02:03,560 The DARPA planed a large scale computer network 36 00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:06,240 in order to excelerate knowledge transfer 37 00:02:06,240 --> 00:02:10,125 and avoid doubling up of already existing research. 38 00:02:10,125 --> 00:02:12,929 This network would become the ARPANET. 39 00:02:12,929 --> 00:02:15,960 Furthermore three other concepts were to be developed, 40 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:18,480 which are fundamental for the history of the internet 41 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:23,000 The concepts of a military network by the RAND Corporation in America, 42 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:28,167 the commercial network of National Physical Laboratory in England, 43 00:02:28,167 --> 00:02:32,840 and the scientific network, CYCLADES, in France. 44 00:02:32,840 --> 00:02:38,160 The scientific, military, and commercial approaches of these concepts 45 00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:43,271 are the foundations for our modern Internet. 46 00:02:43,271 --> 00:02:45,074 Let's begin with the ARPANET, 47 00:02:45,074 --> 00:02:47,560 the most familiar of these networks. 48 00:02:47,560 --> 00:02:50,554 Its development began in 1966 49 00:02:50,554 --> 00:02:55,080 Universities were generally quite cautious about sharing their computers. 50 00:02:55,080 --> 00:02:58,618 Therefore small computers were put in front of the mainframe 51 00:02:58,618 --> 00:03:01,766 This computer, the Interface Message Processor 52 00:03:01,766 --> 00:03:04,599 took over control of the network activities, 53 00:03:04,599 --> 00:03:09,939 while the mainframe was only in charge of the initialization of programs and data files. 54 00:03:09,939 --> 00:03:14,480 At the same time, the IMP also served as interface for the mainframe. 55 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:17,323 Since only the IMPs were inter-connected in the network, 56 00:03:17,323 --> 00:03:20,342 this was also called IMP subnet. 57 00:03:20,342 --> 00:03:22,840 For the first connections between the computers, 58 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:27,258 the Network Working Group developed the Network Control Protocol 59 00:03:27,258 --> 00:03:30,492 Later on, the NCP was replaced by the more efficient 60 00:03:30,492 --> 00:03:33,040 Transmission Control Protocol 61 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:37,566 the specific feature of TCP is the verification of the file transfer. 62 00:03:37,566 --> 00:03:40,689 Let's take a short detour to England. 63 00:03:40,689 --> 00:03:44,258 Since the NPL network was designed on a commercial basis, 64 00:03:44,258 --> 00:03:48,935 a lot of users and file transfer were expected. 65 00:03:48,935 --> 00:03:51,480 In order to avoid congestion of the lines, 66 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:55,080 The sent files were divided into smaller packets, 67 00:03:55,080 --> 00:03:58,097 which were put together again at the receiver. 68 00:03:58,097 --> 00:04:01,320 Packet-Swiching was born. 69 00:04:06,074 --> 00:04:09,775 In 1962 American ferret aircraft discovered 70 00:04:09,775 --> 00:04:12,240 middle and long range missiles in Cuba 71 00:04:12,240 --> 00:04:15,560 which were able to reach the United States. 72 00:04:15,560 --> 00:04:19,120 This stoked fear of an atomic conflict. 73 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:24,652 At that time information systems had a centralized network architecture, 74 00:04:24,652 --> 00:04:27,880 To avoid breakdown during an attack, 75 00:04:27,880 --> 00:04:32,184 a de-centralized network architecture had to be developed, 76 00:04:32,184 --> 00:04:37,560 which in case of loss of node would still be operative. 77 00:04:37,560 --> 00:04:41,480 Communication still used to work through the radio waves 78 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:46,880 that would be of course problems in case of an atomic attack 79 00:04:46,880 --> 00:04:48,415 The ionosphere would be affected 80 00:04:48,415 --> 00:04:51,552 and long-wave radio waves wouldn't work any more. 81 00:04:51,552 --> 00:04:54,197 Therefore they had to use direct waves 82 00:04:54,197 --> 00:04:58,480 ,which, however, don't have a long range 83 00:04:58,480 --> 00:05:02,068 A better solution was the model of a distributed network. 84 00:05:02,068 --> 00:05:06,680 Thus long distances could be covered with a minimum of interference. 85 00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:11,634 Another milestone followed with the develoment of the French network, CYCLADES. 86 00:05:11,634 --> 00:05:15,443 Since CYCLADES had a far smaller budget than ARPANET, 87 00:05:15,443 --> 00:05:17,904 and thus also fewer nodes, 88 00:05:17,904 --> 00:05:21,898 the focus was layed on communication with other networks. 89 00:05:21,898 --> 00:05:27,007 In this way the term "inter-net" was born. 90 00:05:27,007 --> 00:05:33,137 Moreover, CYCLADES' concept went further than ARPA's and the NPL's. 91 00:05:33,137 --> 00:05:36,341 During communication between sender and receiver, 92 00:05:36,341 --> 00:05:39,174 the computers were not to intervene anymore, 93 00:05:39,174 --> 00:05:42,053 but simply serve as a transfer node. 94 00:05:42,053 --> 00:05:46,651 CYCLADES' protocol went through all machines using a physical layer 95 00:05:46,651 --> 00:05:48,667 that was implemented into the hardware, 96 00:05:48,667 --> 00:05:54,081 providing a direct connection with the receiver and end-to-end structure. 97 00:05:54,081 --> 00:05:59,951 Inspired by the CYCLADES network and driven by the incompatibility between the networks 98 00:05:59,951 --> 00:06:04,383 their connection gained importance everywhere. 99 00:06:04,383 --> 00:06:07,920 The phone companies developed the x.25 protocol 100 00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:10,660 which enabled communication through their servers 101 00:06:10,660 --> 00:06:15,942 in exchange for monthly basic charge of cost 102 00:06:15,942 --> 00:06:23,374 DARPA's Transmission Control Protocol was to connect the computers through gateways 103 00:06:23,374 --> 00:06:27,053 and the International Organization for Standardization 104 00:06:27,053 --> 00:06:29,933 designed the OSI reference model 105 00:06:29,933 --> 00:06:33,369 The innovation of OSI was the attempt to 106 00:06:33,369 --> 00:06:35,784 standardize the network from its ends 107 00:06:35,784 --> 00:06:40,057 and the channel's division into separated layers. 108 00:06:40,057 --> 00:06:45,258 Finally the TCP assimiliated the preferences of the OSI reference model 109 00:06:45,258 --> 00:06:48,555 and gave way to the TCP/IP protocol - 110 00:06:48,555 --> 00:06:52,874 a standard which guaranteed compatibility between networks 111 00:06:52,874 --> 00:06:57,286 and finally merged them, creating the INTERNET 112 00:06:57,286 --> 00:07:02,673 By February 28th 1990, the ARPANET hardware was removed, 113 00:07:02,673 --> 00:07:07,270 but the internet was up and running.