[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.38,0:00:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[♪♪♪]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.28,0:00:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[cows mooing and birds chirping]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.18,0:00:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I always think this Devon landscape\Nis the most beautiful place on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.51,0:00:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to me this is a very special\Nfarm, because it's where I grew up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.21,0:00:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's the only place\NI've ever really called home.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.99,0:00:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My name is Rebecca Hosking,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.61,0:00:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm from a long line of farmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.36,0:00:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was the wildlife here, \Nmore than the farming, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.75,0:00:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really fascinated me as a child.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.50,0:00:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this led me into a career\Nas a wildlife filmmaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.45,0:01:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now I'm back here to be a farmer,\Nand in very interesting times.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.08,0:01:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An approaching energy crisis will\Nlikely force a revolution in farming
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.24,0:01:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and change the British \Ncountryside forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.76,0:01:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will affect what we eat,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.51,0:01:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it comes from,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.76,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even the alarming question\Nof whether there will be enough food
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep us fed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.26,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If our farm is to survive,\Nit will have to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.50,0:01:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this film I'm going to find out\Nhow to make my family farm in Devon
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.12,0:01:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a farm that's fit for the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.89,0:02:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think when people find out \NI was brought up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.27,0:02:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a small South Devon farm,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.22,0:02:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they always think I must have had\Nthe most amazing childhood ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.24,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I think back to when\NI was brought up here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just think of a load of\Nbloody hard work really.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.78,0:02:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were just small time farmers, \Nand with that is involved
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.85,0:02:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not much money, \Nand a lot of hard work,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.49,0:02:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the point that \Nit's almost drudgery.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.23,0:02:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dad often describes farmers\Nas glorified lavatory attendants.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.71,0:02:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my family, like many farming families \NI think up and down the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.50,0:02:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted something better \Nfor their children,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.20,0:02:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was actively encouraged \Nto get out of farming,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.04,0:02:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go and find a job,\Ngo and make a decent living.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.59,0:02:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what I did.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.95,0:02:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while I was away pursuing my career,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.97,0:03:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my dad and my uncle Phil\Ncarried on, as ever,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.87,0:03:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,farming in a pretty traditional way.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.70,0:03:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now it's time\Nfor me to come back.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.64,0:03:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-The thing is, both Phil and I now, we--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.22,0:03:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was going to say we're several\Nyears beyond retiring age,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.64,0:03:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and should have retired, \Nand most farmers have done that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.18,0:03:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we've kept the farm going and, um...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.92,0:03:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kept it going as long as we can,\Ntrying to keep it as we found it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.38,0:03:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we sort of inherited it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.49,0:03:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, I'm delighted to think\Nsomebody will take it on now
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.08,0:03:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keep it going, hopefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.61,0:03:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not going to be easy, because \Nof pressures of all sorts of things--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.45,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food shortages, oil prices going up--\Nit's not going to be easy at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.76,0:03:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Many would say, "Just sell it."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.26,0:04:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That would make more money in a heartbeat\Nthan a lifetime of working the land."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.47,0:04:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how can I turn my back\Non somewhere so beautiful,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.27,0:04:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a place that made me who I am?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.61,0:04:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, making a living,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.29,0:04:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while continuing to preserve all \Nthe wildlife on the farm, as Dad has done,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.72,0:04:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to be a major challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.49,0:04:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The inconvenient truth is that this farm,\Ndespite being a haven for wildlife,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.17,0:04:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is no more sustainable than any other.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.64,0:04:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the farms I know,\Nincluding organic ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.20,0:04:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are utterly dependent\Non fossil fuel, particularly oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.96,0:04:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This dependence is dangerous\Nfor two reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.30,0:04:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change we all know about,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.18,0:04:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there is also growing evidence\Nthat the oil we need
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.76,0:04:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may soon be in short supply.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.46,0:04:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year's fuel prices hit us badly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.60,0:05:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for me it was a bit of\Na wake-up call.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.94,0:05:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I recently learned that\Nthose crippling fuel prices
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.34,0:05:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may be just a tiny taster \Nof what's to come
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.55,0:05:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as world oil production \Nbegins to decline.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.84,0:05:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's any truth to this matter,\Nthen this will be my biggest challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.48,0:05:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in keeping our farm going \Ninto the near future.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.25,0:05:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to track down
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.75,0:05:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the world's most respected \Nauthorities on the subject.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.75,0:05:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a distinguished 40-year career\Nas a geologist in the oil industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.08,0:05:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he continues his research from \Na small village in the west of Ireland.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.13,0:05:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To Dr Colin Campbell, the facts\Nabout our oil supply are simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.43,0:05:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Despite searching the world\Nwith all the advances
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.72,0:05:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in technology, and knowledge,\Nand incentive and everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.14,0:05:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been finding less \Nand less for 40 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.26,0:05:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in 1981 was a kind \Nof turning point,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.50,0:06:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we started using more\Nthan we found in new fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.53,0:06:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we started sucking down what\Nhad been found in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.27,0:06:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eating into our inheritance,\Nyou could say.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.84,0:06:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I don't think there's really\Nany serious doubt
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.80,0:06:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're close\Nto this turning point.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.96,0:06:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A sort of turning point \Nfor mankind, you could say,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.92,0:06:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when this critical energy \Nfor agriculture in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.99,0:06:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,--which means food, \Nwhich means people--
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.60,0:06:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is heading on down.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.86,0:06:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a huge debate raging
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.47,0:06:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of exactly the date and the height\Nof the peak of production.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.59,0:06:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And really I think\Nthis misses the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.97,0:06:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't matter whether it's this\Nyear, next year, five years out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.62,0:06:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What matters is the vision \Nthat after this peak
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.53,0:06:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a decline\Nof only 2% or 3% a year,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.52,0:06:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, there's a huge difference\Nbetween climbing for 150 years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.43,0:06:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and descending for 150 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.59,0:06:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-What Colin is saying is this decline\Nwill mean fuel shortages
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.28,0:06:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prolonged economic turmoil.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.52,0:07:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tend to agree with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.51,0:07:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't matter whether\Nit's two years or ten years away,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.45,0:07:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the impact it will have on pretty much \Nevery part of our lives is huge.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.32,0:07:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for me the biggest concern\Nis how it will affect farming--
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.47,0:07:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means our food.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.40,0:07:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think most people \Nhave given it much thought
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.28,0:07:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much fossil fuel\Ngoes into our everyday food.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.02,0:07:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just bought this garage sandwich\Njust before we got on board,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.75,0:07:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to pull it apart\Nand go through all the ingredients.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.61,0:07:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll start with the bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.73,0:07:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So somewhere in the world some\Nfarmer has had to plant the cereal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.87,0:07:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First off, he's using\Na diesel-run tractor,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.10,0:07:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he has to plough the field,\Nthen harrow the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.37,0:07:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then he has to drill the seeds \Ninto the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.95,0:07:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then to get the cereal to grow, he's \Nprobably had to add a load of chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.19,0:08:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect the crop--fungicides, herbicides,\Ninsecticides--all made from oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.26,0:08:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the nutrients,\Nchemical fertilizers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.75,0:08:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the moment, \Nmost of the farmers' fertilizer
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.50,0:08:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is derived from natural gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.36,0:08:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once the cereal has ripened,\Nit needs to be harvested.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.71,0:08:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the grain is dried \Nusing big heaters,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.25,0:08:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it's driven, using\Neven more diesel, to be processed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it isn't some little granny\Nin a corner shop doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.21,0:08:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is huge industrial buckets\Nmaking this kind of bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.13,0:08:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then we move on to the inside\Nand ham obviously comes from a pig,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.98,0:08:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's even more energy hungry,\Nbecause pigs are fed on grain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.25,0:08:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one pig can eat nearly\Nhalf a ton of the stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.09,0:08:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, just to add to it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.91,0:08:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got a little token,\Nvery sad piece of salad in there,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.35,0:08:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was either shipped in, flown in, \Nor grown in a heated greenhouse.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.14,0:08:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once again--huge amount of energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.65,0:09:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these ingredients were either\Ncooked or cooled, or both,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.47,0:09:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and driven mile after mile \Nin a refrigerated lorry
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.50,0:09:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they were assembled \Ninto a sandwich.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.21,0:09:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, this sandwich, like most\Nof the food that we're eating today,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.27,0:09:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is absolutely dripping in oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.97,0:09:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way that our \Nfood production is today,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.08,0:09:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we didn't have places like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.26,0:09:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then in this country \Nwe'd pretty much starve.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.77,0:09:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My visit to Ireland has given me\Na lot to think about.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.48,0:09:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even on our little farm,\Nwithout fossil fuel energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.36,0:09:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,farming and food production\Nwill grind to a halt pretty quickly,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.74,0:09:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we would be left with, \Nwell, a nature reserve.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.63,0:09:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nature reserves \Ndon't feed people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.26,0:09:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is such a serious issue,\NI'm guessing the rest of the farming world
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.48,0:09:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must be as concerned as I am.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.97,0:10:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps some of them have \Nsome ideas on how to move forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.03,0:10:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A major Soil Association conference\Non the future of British farming
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.96,0:10:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems like a good place to start.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.75,0:10:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-We may all think we're immune here\Nbecause we can nip along to Tesco Metro
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.06,0:10:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whenever we like in the middle \Nof the night and buy something.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.34,0:10:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That whole system is in jeopardy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.78,0:10:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-How are you going to feed Britain?\NHow are you going to feed London?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.32,0:10:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Forty percent of the world's production\Ncomes from the 500 or so
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.52,0:10:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giant oil fields, \Nhalf billion barrel oilfields...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.48,0:10:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-They're certainly worried.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.85,0:10:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from what I'm hearing, \Nthe energy problem seems, well, imminent.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.99,0:10:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-It will hit us by 2013, at the latest--
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.01,0:10:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just as an oil crisis--
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.47,0:10:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually as an oil\Nand indeed energy famine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.82,0:10:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Farmers are going to have to move\Nfrom using ancient sunlight--
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.48,0:10:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using oil and gas--\Nto using current sunlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.19,0:11:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-And that seems to me the most enormous \Nchallenge that agriculture has ever faced,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.49,0:11:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certainly since the Industrial Revolution,\Nbecause we have so little time to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.45,0:11:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-If we can get government to be part\Nof that, so much the better,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.58,0:11:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if government won't be part of that,\Nthen we have to do it without them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.24,0:11:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-These are the new fundamentals\Non which the food system
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.75,0:11:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to have to be based\Nor else we are buggered.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.38,0:11:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The farmers' conference made it \Nclear to me there are no easy answers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.16,0:11:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If our farms and machinery \Nare so energy-hungry,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.54,0:11:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are the options without oil?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.24,0:11:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alternative energies are coming on\Nleaps and bounds nowadays.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.25,0:11:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which one is likely to fit the bill?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.51,0:11:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over in California\Nat the Post Carbon Institute,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.75,0:11:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a man who has advised\Nbusiness, industry, and governments
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.52,0:11:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to cope with oil depletion.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.39,0:11:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Heinberg kindly agreed\Nto talk to me via the internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.51,0:12:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, surely with wind and solar\Nand nuclear, we could use all of this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.49,0:12:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the depletion of oil\Nreally isn't a problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.23,0:12:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-We've waited too long to develop\Nalternative energy sources
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.88,0:12:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's also the likelihood that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.08,0:12:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even all of these alternative \Nenergy sources put together
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.45,0:12:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won't be able to power \Nindustrial societies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.75,0:12:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way that we've been\Naccustomed to with fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.04,0:12:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.69,0:12:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've created a way of life\Nthat's fundamentally unsustainable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.49,0:12:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that doesn't mean that it's just,\Nyou know, ecologically irresponsible,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.46,0:12:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means that it can't continue.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.51,0:12:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-The scale of the challenge ahead\NRichard is talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.52,0:12:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes clear when \Nyou look at bio-fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.72,0:12:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oil seed rape is the most productive\Nbio-fuel crop in our climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.99,0:12:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At Britain's current rate of oil use,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.04,0:12:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whole year's harvest from\Na four-acre field like this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.69,0:13:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be used up in less \Nthan one third of a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.04,0:13:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would be little help\Nto agriculture as it stands today.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.16,0:13:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Aside from transport--
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.28,0:13:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cars, trucks,\Nand airplanes--
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.44,0:13:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agriculture is the most \Nfossil fuel intensive industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.72,0:13:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use in the industrial world about\Nten calories of fossil fuel energy
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.06,0:13:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for every calorie of food we produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.65,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is an enormous problem\Nthat we've created for ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.67,0:13:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have solved enormous problems\Nin agriculture before.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.26,0:13:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-In the past 50 years,\Nagricultural technology
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.98,0:13:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has tripled crop yields and overcome\Neverything nature has thrown at us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.47,0:13:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all of these advances\Nrely on abundant fossil fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.04,0:14:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a sense, they have taken us\Nexactly in the wrong direction
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.89,0:14:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deal with this new problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.73,0:14:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the latest technologies, \Nlike GM crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.80,0:14:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of the other arguments,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.52,0:14:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are as utterly dependent\Non fossil fuel as any other.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.17,0:14:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where does this leave us?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.72,0:14:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-It's possible in fact that \Nfood systems could collapse
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.02,0:14:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just in the poor countries,\Nbut also in the wealthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.36,0:14:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,current food exporting countries like \Nthe United States, Canada, and Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.87,0:14:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're going to have to transform\Nour entire agricultural system
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.04,0:14:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very quickly if we're going to avert\Na global food calamity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.40,0:14:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, does this mean a return to horses, \Ncarts and hand tools on our farm?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.24,0:14:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I personally wouldn't know how to do this,\Nnor would most farmers today.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.52,0:15:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The knowledge of how to farm\Nin this manner is all but gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.61,0:15:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, on the next door farm \Nis a woman
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.49,0:15:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who knows a thing or two about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.69,0:15:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My dear old friend, Pearl.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.47,0:15:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-'Ello darlins, you waitin' for tea?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.34,0:15:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You little beggars.\N[cow moos]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.91,0:15:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-They're handsome looking.\N-Oh, they are. They're sweet.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.50,0:15:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know what that's for?\N-No idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.97,0:15:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Well, years ago\Nwe used to make hayricks.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.24,0:15:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Right, yeah, and put all \Nthe hay up to dry.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.64,0:15:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Out to dry. Well, then you'd go up\Nwith your wagon, you see,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.52,0:15:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'd want a wagon load of hay,\Nand you'd have to cut the hay across
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.23,0:15:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take away a section\Nto put on the wagon,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.67,0:15:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that you have to go like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.77,0:15:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Oh, and literally cut like that?\N-Yeah, like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.52,0:15:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Good old weight, though, isn't it? \N-We weren't mice.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.14,0:16:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wasn't big, but boy I was strong.\NThe Lord gave me a lot of strength.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.84,0:16:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-He certainly did, He gave\Nyou all a lot of strength,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.44,0:16:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don't realize how easy\Nwe've got it now I think, do we?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.98,0:16:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-You don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.86,0:16:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-For those tasks too heavy\Nfor people, there were horses,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.64,0:16:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Pearl was an\Nincredible horsewoman.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.24,0:16:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, Pearl, look at that! Wow.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.32,0:16:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at those.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.95,0:16:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look at the...\N-Yeah, that's my bridles.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.34,0:16:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-How many have you got, Pearl?\N-Well, we had, you see, three big Shires.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.53,0:16:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Of course you did.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.87,0:16:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-When you had a horse and cart, well, \Nit often was too big a load for one,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.64,0:16:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you'd put down the fore harness, \Nand that horse had a collar, that on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.34,0:16:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two chains that came back \Nand hooked into the front of the cart.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.44,0:16:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-So when you needed a bit more \Nextra horsepower, literally.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.60,0:17:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-That's right, that one was there to pull.\N-To get you up a hill.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.70,0:17:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At best, Pearl had a two-horsepower \Nsystem to help her with the heavy work.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.50,0:17:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, farmers' tractors\Ncan be up to 400 horsepower.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.16,0:17:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trips off the tongue, doesn't it?\NFour hundred horsepower.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.85,0:17:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but think what it actually means:\Nfour hundred horses.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.41,0:17:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the power we get\Nfrom oil today.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.24,0:17:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Do you know, today's energy supply\Nis equivalent, in energy terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.52,0:17:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 22 billion slaves\Nworking 'round the clock.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.48,0:17:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're basically living with\Nthis enormous stock of slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.23,0:17:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working for us in the form of oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.84,0:17:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by the end of this century,\Nthere ain't any more of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.77,0:17:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a huge change we're facing--
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.75,0:17:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affects just absolutely\Nevery aspect of the modern world.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.25,0:17:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-I often think how times have changed
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.80,0:17:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, you see, we do all this work\Njust to keep our cows going,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.81,0:18:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now, a bit of silage, boy, and\Nit's all done mechanically,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.39,0:18:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can go and sit down.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.12,0:18:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Your sons, if they had \Nto farm like you did,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.98,0:18:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you think they would do it now?\N-No, I don't think they would.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.20,0:18:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think they have more sense.\NBut I was happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.92,0:18:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This way of farming is something we \Ncouldn't go back to even if we wanted to.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.34,0:18:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Pearl was young, there was ten times \Nas many farmers in this country
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.68,0:18:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and only half the number\Nof mouths to feed.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.97,0:18:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, most British farmers today
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.73,0:18:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just don't have the physical\Nstrength for hard manual labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.55,0:18:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The average age of a farmer\Nin Britain now is 60.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.76,0:18:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even worse,\Nthere's only 150,000 of them left.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.97,0:18:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an industry, British farming\Nhas effectively been left to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.26,0:19:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in recent years, more and more\Nof our food is coming from abroad.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.04,0:19:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-The UK is a net food importer\Nby a long shot,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.42,0:19:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this is a very perilous situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.92,0:19:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of course all of that import\Nhas to come by way of fossil-fuelled
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.72,0:19:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vehicles of one kind or another,\Nwhether ships or airplanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.49,0:19:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as fossil fuels again become\Nmore scarce and expensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.15,0:19:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means that that food is going\Nto become more expensive
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.19,0:19:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the whole system will start to\Ncreak and groan around the edges.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.50,0:19:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Realistically, the only changes\NI can make are right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.24,0:19:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even that isn't as\Nstraightforward as it may seem.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.48,0:19:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ours is a traditional\Nlivestock farm.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.48,0:19:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raising beef and lamb on pasture\Nmay not look that fuel intensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.25,0:19:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there is one major problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.52,0:20:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bringing the cattle in in the winter\Nfor beef farming or dairy farming
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.51,0:20:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just part and parcel of what we do \Nin this country because of our climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.88,0:20:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we were to leave\Nthem out on the land,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.27,0:20:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's actually bad for the pastures\Nbecause they carve up the grass
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.43,0:20:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it hasn't got enough time\Nto recover for the next spring.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.24,0:20:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And obviously with the cattle in the barn,\Nthen they can't get to their grass.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.73,0:20:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we then have to bring their grass\Nto them in the form of this hay.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.48,0:20:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the hay harvest, by far, \Nis our biggest single use
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.33,0:20:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of machinery and fuel on this farm.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.83,0:20:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why I was fascinated to hear \Nabout a farm up in Shropshire
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.11,0:20:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,run by Charlotte Hollins\Nand her brother Ben.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.24,0:20:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fordhall Farm is much \Nthe same size as our farm,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.73,0:21:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like us, they raise \Ncattle and sheep.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.21,0:21:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at Fordhall, the cattle stay\Nout on the pasture all winter
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.35,0:21:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with little need for additional feed.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.26,0:21:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found it hard to believe,\Nbut as a result,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.52,0:21:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only machinery\Nthey have is a quad bike.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.64,0:21:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The secret to this \Nis underfoot: the grass.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.48,0:21:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though we have hundreds \Nof species of wild grass in this country,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.52,0:21:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most farmers only use four,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.24,0:21:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they buy in a bag\Nfrom a seed merchant.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.25,0:21:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not at Fordhall.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.68,0:21:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-...and we've probably got almost \N20 different species of grass here.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.12,0:21:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are hardier than others, some\Nwill grow quicker than others,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.25,0:21:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some have roots which go deeper down\Nin the soil and bring minerals up,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.76,0:21:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some have got much shallower roots \Nwhich help then protect the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.26,0:21:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the surface.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.71,0:21:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you come down and have a look\Nat the grasses here,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.52,0:21:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see straight away that \Nyou've got a great big tight structure
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.96,0:22:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there at the bottom. \N-It's like Scottish Tweed.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.24,0:22:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Exactly. And even when you get \Nto the soil, it's so matted up with roots,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.80,0:22:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes an awful lot of force\Nand effort to break through it.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.67,0:22:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it doesn't get trodden up\Nto a muddy mess straight away,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.50,0:22:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the cows and the sheep\Nget the benefit of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.36,0:22:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you get the benefit because you\Ndon't have to buy so much feed in.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.22,0:22:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know, year on year, \Nit will work, there will be feed,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.56,0:22:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can produce beef, \Nwe can produce lamb,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.35,0:22:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can sell it, \Nand we can make a living.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.23,0:22:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whatever happens \Nto oil prices or anything else,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:33.90,0:22:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know we can keep going \Non that system.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.20,0:22:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-But these amazing grasses\Ndidn't happen by chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.10,0:22:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charlotte and Ben's late father,\NArthur Hollins,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.79,0:22:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a bit of a local legend \Nand a farming visionary.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.51,0:22:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Dad started his way of farming\Njust after the war,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.25,0:22:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he spent his whole lifetime \Ndeveloping the system,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.99,0:22:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was only just before \Nhe died in 2005,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.88,0:23:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he actually said,\N"I'm happy with this," you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.51,0:23:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I think I've got the grasses right,\NI'm happy with the pastures."
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.49,0:23:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The soils on our farm are completely \Ndifferent to the ones here at Fordhall,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:11.51,0:23:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the grasses Arthur encouraged may\Nnot suit our fields back in Devon.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.50,0:23:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not to say we couldn't try \Nsomething similar with other types of grass.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.94,0:23:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knowing which species to encourage\Nmay be just a case of careful observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.92,0:23:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's exactly what\Nold Arthur had to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.36,0:23:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the pastures here\Nweren't always so rich.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:35.46,0:23:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Dad was always a great observer,\Nand he came through the woodland.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.71,0:23:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he saw how much was growing here, \Nespecially during the summer months,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.47,0:23:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he wasn't touching it. \NBut more importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.31,0:23:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wasn't paying for any of it \Nto grow, it was just doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.48,0:23:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he saw straightaway, in the top \Nfew inches of leaf litter on the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.47,0:23:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was life, whether it be spiders,\Nor woodlice or centipedes.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.72,0:24:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you go down a little bit\Nfurther and you start to see worms.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.08,0:24:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he couldn't see any of that \Nin his soil he was plowing and cultivating
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.69,0:24:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,year on year. \NThere was no sign of any life.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.26,0:24:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-It was dead.\N-It was dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.02,0:24:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he got to then learn about all the \Nmillions of different bacteria and fungi
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.97,0:24:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were also in the soil, \Nthat keep it fertile, cycle the nutrients,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.74,0:24:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that hold those nutrients in their bodies \Nand release them to the plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.50,0:24:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they weren't in his soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.75,0:24:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-If you just look down, I mean, \Nthis is classic woodland soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.06,0:24:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Yeah.\N-Look how rich this is.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.09,0:24:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Exactly. \N-And it's gorgeous, rich topsoil.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.98,0:24:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-I mean, even there, in that soil\Nyou've got bits of twig, the bits of leaf,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.22,0:24:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are slowly being \Nbroken down to create soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.00,0:24:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the worms and everything else \Ndo that job for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.61,0:24:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They eat it, process it through their \Nbodies, and you end up with worm poo,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.21,0:24:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is soil, which feeds the plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.76,0:24:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without that life, you've got \Nnothing to feed the plants
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.16,0:24:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep that system going.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.23,0:24:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taking the lessons he learned\Nfrom the woodland,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.22,0:25:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arthur realized that to rejuvenate \Nhis fields, he would have to go against
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.00,0:25:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most fundamental \Nprinciples of agriculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.77,0:25:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-The biggest thing that Dad found \Nwas damaging the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.48,0:25:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually exposing it to sunlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.05,0:25:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was that overturning \Nthrough plowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.72,0:25:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Dad always said it would be like\Nhumans ripping off their skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.52,0:25:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, it's not nice.\NAnd you know, you don't survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.29,0:25:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do it to the soil, and why kill \Nall those organisms in the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.05,0:25:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, at the end of the day,\Nare your best friends?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.99,0:25:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Are you telling us not to plow?\N-Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.94,0:25:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-We've been plowing for 10,000 years. \NIt's what farmers do.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.64,0:25:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not plowing is a pretty radical idea \Nfor any farmer.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.50,0:25:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But looking at some old footage \Nfrom our farm,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.57,0:25:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the damage it causes \Nis now pretty obvious.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.23,0:25:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of our fields\Nback in the 80s.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.74,0:25:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The life in the soil\Nis a feast for the birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.75,0:25:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After 20 years\Nof the same treatment...
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.86,0:26:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no birds, the soil is dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.83,0:26:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turning the soil has been part\Nof agriculture for millennia,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.51,0:26:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I guess with muscle power alone,\Nthe damage was slow to show.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.74,0:26:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With diesel power,\Nthe destruction is much faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:19.94,0:26:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only reason modern agriculture\Ncan get away with killing the life
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.13,0:26:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the soil is through\Nanother use of fossil fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.95,0:26:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This time it's by turning\Nit into chemical fertilizer.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.24,0:26:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These granules contain three\Nessential plant nutrients.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.75,0:26:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nitrates, phosphate, and potash.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.97,0:26:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over 95% of all the food grown\Nin this country
Dialogue: 0,0:26:48.92,0:26:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is totally reliant\Non synthetic fertilizer.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.76,0:26:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without it, we'd be \Nin serious trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.84,0:27:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-We've used fossil fuels, essentially,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.63,0:27:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow plants in soil \Nthat is otherwise dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:05.64,0:27:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that works, as long as we have \Nthe cheap fossil fuels
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.97,0:27:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with which to make \Nthe nitrogen fertilizer,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.52,0:27:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to transport all \Nthe inputs, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.16,0:27:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the end, when we don't have \Nthe cheap fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.56,0:27:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to need\Nliving soil once again.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:20.48,0:27:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that living soil is something\Nthat requires time and care to build,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.58,0:27:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't just happen overnight.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.95,0:27:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-This field is far more typical \Nfor our farm.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:32.34,0:27:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called Orchid Meadow.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.99,0:27:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's never been plowed\Nor dosed with synthetic fertilizer,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:39.00,0:27:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet it's clearly thriving.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.20,0:27:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just does feel like the whole\Nthing's heaving with life.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.00,0:27:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's so many flowers, but also on \Na sunny day, the whole place comes alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.21,0:27:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you've got the birds\Nin the trees, but it just buzzes--
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.44,0:27:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole thing buzzes, and you've\Njust got so many insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.80,0:28:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you step over this,\Nespecially in an evening,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.80,0:28:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you walk through this, \Nthe insects come up in great big clouds.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.88,0:28:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's all built on the foundation\Nof healthy, living soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:11.64,0:28:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After seeing Fordhall Farm, I can see \Nby developing these pastures,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.01,0:28:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could reduce\Nour dependence on oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.50,0:28:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, no matter how good\Nthe grasses are,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.25,0:28:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rearing cattle takes a lot of land.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.27,0:28:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every study on the matter concludes
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.78,0:28:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if Britain is to become \Nmore self-sufficient,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.98,0:28:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to eat less meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.95,0:28:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm realizing,\Nwe'll probably have to diversify,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:38.00,0:28:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changing not just how we farm,\Nbut what we farm.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.37,0:28:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this where I get stuck.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.75,0:28:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I can see how you \Ncan farm cattle without plowing,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.12,0:28:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and using natural fertility,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.36,0:28:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how do you grow\Neverything else we need?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.73,0:28:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it seems there are a number\Nof people around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.29,0:29:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have already grappled \Nwith this problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.35,0:29:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've developed a system\Nknown as permaculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.37,0:29:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain's leading expert\Nis Patrick Whitefield.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.85,0:29:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Permaculture seems to challenge\Nall the normal approaches to farming.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:13.71,0:29:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-You know, people often think
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.56,0:29:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are two ways \Nof doing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.88,0:29:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is by drudgery, and the other\Nis by chucking fossil fuel at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.93,0:29:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, permaculture is about\Na third way of doing things,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.84,0:29:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is by design, \Nby conscious design.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.36,0:29:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Basically, you're designing \Nthe labor out,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.00,0:29:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you're designing the need \Nfor that energy out?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.77,0:29:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Both.\N-Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.50,0:29:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why does it take so much manpower\Nand energy to sustain farmland,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.99,0:29:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you look at a natural ecosystem,\Nand we've got a wood behind us,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.02,0:29:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that can just keep going?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.17,0:29:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Because this inherently is not\Nwhat the landscape wants to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.12,0:29:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you leave \Nthe landscape totally alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.77,0:29:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would turn into something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.61,0:30:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that is the low energy option.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.36,0:30:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the natural ecosystem,\Nthere's no work--
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.90,0:30:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well not by any humans--\Nthere's no waste, and yet it's thriving.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:10.53,0:30:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, look at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.72,0:30:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[baby birds chirping]
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.26,0:30:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-It's easy to forget Britain\Nused to be a forested island.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.98,0:30:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so much of the energy\Nwe expend in farming
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.25,0:30:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just to stop it reverting back.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.10,0:30:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But woodland has evolved \Nover millions of years
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.29,0:30:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be the most efficient \Ngrowing system in our climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.50,0:30:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that respect, \NI can understand its appeal
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.61,0:30:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're trying to design \Nthe best way to grow food.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.33,0:30:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the obvious problem \Nfor me is, well, we can't eat trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.23,0:30:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With all the greatest respect, a few wild \Nberries, you can't...it's not a cornfield.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.57,0:30:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Course it isn't. Course it isn't. \NNo, no, no, it's insignificant.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.75,0:30:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we've got to do\Nis to take the principles of this
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.96,0:31:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see how far we can bend them\Ntowards something more edible.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.23,0:31:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-A food growing system based \Non natural ecology
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.15,0:31:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really appeals to my naturalist side,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.96,0:31:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the farmer's daughter in me\Nneeds a bit more convincing.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.61,0:31:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suppose the big question is,\Ncould permaculture feed Britain?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.47,0:31:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Yeah, good question.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.44,0:31:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the first question \Nto ask actually is,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.51,0:31:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can the present methods\Ngo on feeding Britain?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.08,0:31:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Yeah, I suppose, yeah. \N-Because actually, that is doubtful.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.09,0:31:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, no it's not. \NIn the long term, it's absolutely certain
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.21,0:31:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that present methods can't, because \Nthey're so entirely dependent
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.35,0:31:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on energy, on fossil fuel energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:43.93,0:31:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we haven't really got any choice,\Nother than to find something different.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.16,0:31:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Last year, I may have dismissed\Npermaculture as not proper farming,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.21,0:31:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with what I've learned\Nabout the oil situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.53,0:32:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm keen to see it in practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.50,0:32:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A visit to a permaculture smallholding \Nin the mountains of Snowdonia
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.69,0:32:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has given me the opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:08.73,0:32:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the farmland I'm used to seeing \Nis clumps of trees surrounded by fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.12,0:32:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is the complete opposite,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.02,0:32:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a collection of small clearings\Nin a massive woodland.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.72,0:32:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may not look like a farm,\Nbut it clearly works.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.35,0:32:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For a few days work each week,\NChris Dixon and his wife Lynn
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.03,0:32:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produce all the fruit,\Nveg, and meat they need
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.99,0:32:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fuel to cook it.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:36.72,0:32:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But 20 years ago \Nwhen they arrived,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:39.58,0:32:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was degraded,\Nmarginal pasture land.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.35,0:32:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing they did was let much \Nof the land return to its natural state.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.20,0:32:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the fertility \Nhas returned to the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.34,0:32:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Observing the forest\Nas it regenerated
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.40,0:33:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,offered all the inspiration they needed\Nto design their smallholding.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:02.95,0:33:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is a woodland\Nstill, and it is chaos.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.75,0:33:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-It is chaos, but chaos in this space \Nis very, very highly ordered.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.38,0:33:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very highly structured. It's just that \Nwe see it as untidy and a mess.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:15.00,0:33:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature doesn't see it\Nlike that at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:18.52,0:33:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every plant is doing something useful, \Nimportant, valuable on the site.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.50,0:33:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, \Nthe gorse fixing nitrogen,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.39,0:33:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bracken collecting potash,\Nthat sort of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.76,0:33:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They gave me the feeling that \Nevery plant is important in some way.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.49,0:33:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Everywhere you go \Non the Dixons' smallholding
Dialogue: 0,0:33:40.75,0:33:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems to be teeming with wildlife.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.82,0:33:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How important is the biodiversity--\Nso, we're hearing birds above us as well--
Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.60,0:33:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how important is all\Nof that to this system?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.12,0:33:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Very important because \Nby encouraging the habitat for birds,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.92,0:34:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're encouraging phosphate\Ncycling through the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.54,0:34:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So again, phosphates is another \Nof the sort of crucial plant nutrients,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.47,0:34:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Yup.\N-...every plant needs them,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.76,0:34:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and phosphates, you'll find in things \Nlike insects and seed.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.84,0:34:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the birds that eat\Ninsects and seeds,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.56,0:34:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're accumulating phosphates, \Nand the excess comes out in their dung.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.22,0:34:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, up here in the mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.60,0:34:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no need for sacks \Nof fossil fuel-derived nutrients.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.74,0:34:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all done by nature:\Nnitrate, potash, phosphate.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.50,0:34:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no need, either,\Nfor petroleum based pesticides.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.75,0:34:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-We use ducks, Khaki Campbells,\Nas slug control.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.16,0:34:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've kept ducks for 22 years, and the \NKhaki Campbells are the best slug-eaters.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:47.81,0:34:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Oh, really, there's a big tip.\N-And it can be very difficult to find
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.37,0:34:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slugs in here during the summer, \Nwhich is great.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.50,0:34:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Fantastic, yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.52,0:35:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris's veg garden may look untidy\Nto a regular gardener,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.80,0:35:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but like in the woodland,\Nevery plant is serving a purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.25,0:35:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, some deter pests.\NSome help drainage.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.32,0:35:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some encourage bees for pollination.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.37,0:35:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And others have long roots \Nthat pull up minerals deep from the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.48,0:35:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The largest clearings in the woodland \Nare kept as pasture for the livestock.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.26,0:35:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the animals here don't just eat grass,\Nthey're benefiting from the trees as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.25,0:35:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nutrient-rich willow, lime, and ash\Nare all used as fodder crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.58,0:35:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feeding trees to animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.64,0:35:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is something I would \Nnever have thought of.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.04,0:35:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have much \Nwoodland on our farm,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.98,0:35:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what we do have \Nare massive hedges,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.68,0:35:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now I'm seeing them \Nin a different light.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.01,0:36:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I've always thought \Nof a hedgerow as a land division
Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.51,0:36:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between two fields,\Nand I've always--
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.22,0:36:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, I suppose on this farm, thought \Nof it as a wildlife corridor as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.06,0:36:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I've never actually \Nthought of it as a yielding crop.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.28,0:36:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But their potential even \Njust as a fodder crop is huge.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:20.07,0:36:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've never noticed before \Nhow much the cattle like eating ash.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.50,0:36:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is also \Na wealth of fruits here,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.26,0:36:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's with doing\Nnothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.82,0:36:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a bit of careful steering, \Nwho knows how much a hedge could produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.94,0:36:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ironically, I've learned hedgerows\Ncould be much more productive
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.08,0:36:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the fields they enclose,\Nand require much less work.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.47,0:36:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to add anything,\Nit's self-maintaining,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.96,0:36:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, you're not having to tend it,\Nit's just there in abundance.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.31,0:36:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why is it there in abundance?\NBecause it wants to grow here.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.67,0:37:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the natural food\Nthat should be here.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.27,0:37:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only difference is it's growing\Nupwards and not across.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.06,0:37:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, by utilizing the full height \Nof trees and hedges,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.68,0:37:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can squeeze a much higher yield\Nout of the same piece of land.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:14.22,0:37:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turns out, just up the road from our farm \Nis the best example in Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.52,0:37:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of just how far you can take \Nthis way of producing food.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.51,0:37:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until now, I had no idea it existed.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.46,0:37:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The man behind this pioneering\Nsystem is Martin Crawford.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.08,0:37:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-This is a forest garden, \Nwhere there's a big diversity
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.52,0:37:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of trees, and shrubs, \Nand other crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:38.52,0:37:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all growing together,\Nvery carefully designed
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.20,0:37:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so everything is working together,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.72,0:37:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give many different yields\Nfrom the same space.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.71,0:37:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trees are spaced very carefully\Nso that there's enough light
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.34,0:37:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting into the ground layers beneath,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:57.53,0:38:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can actually\Ngrow something productive.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.99,0:38:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forest gardens are one part\Nof permaculture
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.24,0:38:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where design is clearly \Ninspired by nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.08,0:38:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something that makes \Na natural woodland so productive,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.36,0:38:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it grows on many layers.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.92,0:38:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's rather like having half a dozen\Nfields stacked on top of each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.28,0:38:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A forest garden imitates \Neach woodland layer,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:27.52,0:38:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but uses more edible \Nand desirable species.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.96,0:38:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one down below \Nmy feet here--is very low--
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.00,0:38:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's called Nepalese raspberry.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.51,0:38:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a fantastic plant and it protects \Nthe soil from winter rain.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.76,0:38:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-And it saves on weeding.\N-Yes, so there's no weeding...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.52,0:38:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to be done, you see.\N-No.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:46.78,0:38:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The garden floor is covered\Nwith fruit and veg,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:49.96,0:38:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and above them, the shrub layer is \Nequally abundant, if not a little unusual.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.11,0:38:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-One of several hawthorn species I've got.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:57.77,0:39:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Massive thorns on it, but much \Nbigger fruits and much tastier fruits.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:01.50,0:39:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other side of us is a mulberry.\N-You never see mulberry bushes nowadays.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.53,0:39:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-You don't often see mulberries, \Nbut they're really nice fruits,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.38,0:39:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite easy to grow, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.72,0:39:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another big salad crop \Nfrom the forest garden are lime leaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.91,0:39:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I use them as a base, \Nkind of a base ingredient, in a salad.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.08,0:39:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Right. \N-Like lettuce.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:18.92,0:39:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Oh, okay, so they are \Nyour replacement for lettuce?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.97,0:39:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Yeah, yeah.\N-Big lettuce, Martin. [laughing]
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.23,0:39:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bit higher up are the fruit trees,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.24,0:39:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like apples, pears, medlars, \Nplums, and quinces.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.24,0:39:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's the canopy, where \Nthose trees that aren't producing food
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.49,0:39:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are serving other essential functions,\Nlike cycling nutrients.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.31,0:39:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-...and the Italian Alders\Nare a very good example.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.46,0:39:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're very fast growing, and supply \Na lot of nitrogen to the plants around.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.99,0:39:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-And this is through the root system?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.54,0:39:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-It's through the leaf litter, \Nwhich is still quite high in nitrogen,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.63,0:40:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the root system,\Nand also through beneficial fungi,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.48,0:40:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which link up everything under the ground,\Nand move nutrients around.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.96,0:40:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's a lot of nitrogen\Nin one place in the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:09.02,0:40:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lack of nitrogen in the other,\Nthe fungi will move it for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.76,0:40:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Everything is here \Nfor a reason, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.04,0:40:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Everything's here for a reason...\Noften multiple reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:18.75,0:40:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, behind us, the mint here--
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.20,0:40:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is horse mint, which is one\Nof the native British mints--
Dialogue: 0,0:40:24.14,0:40:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main use for this mint\Nis actually to attract beneficial insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.36,0:40:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's fantastic at attracting hoverflies,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:31.23,0:40:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which of course eat aphids, \Namongst other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.47,0:40:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, by having plants \Nthat attract beneficial insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:37.71,0:40:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't get any pest problems.\N-So no pesticides?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.27,0:40:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-That's right. \N-Fantastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.51,0:40:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Martin has over 550 species\Nof plant in his forest garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.91,0:40:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surely a growing system this complex \Nmust require endless attention and work.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.50,0:40:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over a whole year, it probably\Naverages out about a day a week.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.76,0:41:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Right.\N-A lot of that is harvesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:02.68,0:41:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Right.\N-In terms of maintenance...
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.21,0:41:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, say ten days a year.\N-That's ridiculous.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.40,0:41:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compared to running a farm,\Nthat's virtually nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.04,0:41:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how much food does it produce?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:16.72,0:41:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-If you design it for maximum yield,\Nit can be very high.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.49,0:41:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This forest garden isn't designed\Nfor maximum yield
Dialogue: 0,0:41:22.27,0:41:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause I'm experimenting a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.53,0:41:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have a lot of unusual crops \NI'm trying, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.97,0:41:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In terms of one designed \Nfor maximum yield,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:30.80,0:41:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would be able to feed probably\Nten people an acre
Dialogue: 0,0:41:33.71,0:41:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a maximum yield forest garden. \N-Really? Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.95,0:41:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's roughly double \Nthe amount of people
Dialogue: 0,0:41:39.88,0:41:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can currently feed \Nfrom an average acre
Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.08,0:41:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of conventional arable farmland.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:46.02,0:41:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an amazing low energy,\Nlow maintenance system,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.53,0:41:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what you can't grow \Nin a forest garden are cereal crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.44,0:41:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are rather addicted\Nto our high-carb diets.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.04,0:42:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as oil gets more expensive\Nand farming begins to change,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.42,0:42:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will become necessary for us to broaden\Nour diets and embrace new foods.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.62,0:42:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Down the road from his forest garden,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.25,0:42:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Martin has created \Na four-acre nut orchard.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.08,0:42:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-It would help, enormously,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.44,0:42:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we could move more towards nuts,\Nand less towards cereals,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:21.57,0:42:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they are much more sustainable,\Nbecause they grow on trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.30,0:42:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other parts of Europe, France\Nand Italy, there's a big tradition
Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.52,0:42:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of growing hazelnuts,\Nsweet chestnuts, walnuts.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.33,0:42:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An orchard crop\Nlike a sweet chestnut,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.92,0:42:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes far less energy and maintenance \Nto grow than a field of wheat.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.25,0:42:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Less energy and maintenance maybe,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.77,0:42:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but can the yield from nuts\Nreally compare with a cereal crop?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.76,0:42:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-You're talking sweet chestnuts,\Ntwo tons an acre or something like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:50.28,0:42:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is pretty much what you get\Ngrowing wheat organically.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.48,0:42:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the composition of chestnut is \Nalmost identical, actually, to that of rice.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.64,0:43:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's very similar to the other grains \Nin terms of calorific value.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.00,0:43:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Even at this experimental stage,\NMartin's nut orchard
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.84,0:43:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his forest garden have \Na huge output for such a tiny acreage.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.32,0:43:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in Wales, \Nat the Dixons' equally small plot,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.24,0:43:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a similar story\Nof productivity.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.50,0:43:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-The whole site is seven acres,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.52,0:43:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which now, after 22 years of the natural \Nregeneration and the stuff we've done,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.92,0:43:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's too much\Nfor one family to harvest.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.02,0:43:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you know, really,\Nthe smaller is better.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.00,0:43:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, this is the big difference\Nbetween farming and gardening.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.67,0:43:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm not a farmer,\NI would consider myself a gardener.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.04,0:43:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Are you trying to say gardeners \Nare the way forward, rather then farmers?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:52.52,0:43:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-I wouldn't say that gardening\Nis better than farming,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:56.25,0:43:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gardening is different from farming.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.76,0:44:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I would suggest that, as far as \NI can tell from what I've done
Dialogue: 0,0:44:02.44,0:44:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my own practical experience,\Nand from what I've tried to find out,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.22,0:44:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gardening with hand tools\Nis more productive
Dialogue: 0,0:44:09.99,0:44:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more energy efficient\Nthan farming.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.50,0:44:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-It's the attention to detail\Nthat a gardener can give to a small plot
Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.97,0:44:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes it so productive.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.72,0:44:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A veg garden with an experienced gardener \Ncan produce up to five times more food
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.75,0:44:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,per square meter than a large farm.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:30.75,0:44:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Supermarkets reliant\Non transportation,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:34.20,0:44:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the industrial scale farms\Nthat supply them,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.27,0:44:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are unlikely to survive\Nas oil declines.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:40.74,0:44:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a host of veg plots,\Nallotments, and smallholdings
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.20,0:44:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could easily make up for their loss.\NBut only if we have a lot more growers.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.55,0:44:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-The dominant demographic trend\Nof the 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.59,0:44:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, is going to be re-ruralisation.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.18,0:44:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not to say that the cities\Nwill all disappear,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:57.99,0:45:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the proportion of people \Ninvolved directly in food production
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.52,0:45:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to increase.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:03.48,0:45:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think back to the\NSecond World War, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.46,0:45:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was the Victory Garden movement,\Nwhere everyone was growing a garden plot
Dialogue: 0,0:45:10.74,0:45:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and something like 40% of fruit\Nand vegetables were being produced
Dialogue: 0,0:45:14.14,0:45:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from front yards and back yards\Nand vacant lots, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.84,0:45:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a model to imagine\Nand look back to.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:22.45,0:45:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-But we also will need \Na lot more full-time farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.52,0:45:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise, what are we \Ngoing to be eating?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.19,0:45:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feeding ourselves \Nas oil goes into decline
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.47,0:45:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is clearly going to require\Na national effort.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.26,0:45:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in an ideal world,\Na bit of government leadership.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:43.27,0:45:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for my part, weaning this farm\Noff fossil fuel is all I can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:49.33,0:45:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the pioneers I've met recently\Nare a big inspiration.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.32,0:45:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I've learned to observe\Nthe land, and work with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:56.65,0:45:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than fight against it.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:59.46,0:46:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm fascinated to find out\Nwhat species of grass we have,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:02.85,0:46:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how I can improve our pastures.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.20,0:46:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how we can make the most \Nout of our trees to benefit our cattle.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.31,0:46:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, I think we need to produce\Nmore than just livestock.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.70,0:46:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows? In a few years from now, \Nwe might even have a forest garden here.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:20.99,0:46:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although I'm not quite sure\Nwhat Dad would make of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:25.36,0:46:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for any of these ideas to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.25,0:46:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's essential to continue \Npreserving the farm's wildlife,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:32.01,0:46:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and work even harder \Nto encourage greater biodiversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:37.81,0:46:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Biodiversity is far more important\Nto us than I ever gave it credit for.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.44,0:46:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just always thought it was pretty, \Nand it was, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.70,0:46:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,species we lived with.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.98,0:46:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I've learned\Nthe big lesson that
Dialogue: 0,0:46:50.93,0:46:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it keeps us going, it\Ngives us food, it protects our food,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.18,0:47:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's crucial that we keep it.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:01.31,0:47:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm so grateful for what my uncle \Nand my dad have done on this farm,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.90,0:47:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they've kept it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.40,0:47:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is still so much work\Nto be done here.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:14.70,0:47:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what drives me to make our farm\Na farm of the future
Dialogue: 0,0:47:18.96,0:47:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the knowledge that I have\Nno other choice but to try.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.72,0:47:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of all the people I met,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:27.23,0:47:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think Dr. Colin Campbell\Nputs it best.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:31.24,0:47:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-What we can say now\Nwithout any shadow of doubt,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:34.60,0:47:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that petroleum man is just about \Nextinct by the end of this century.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:39.85,0:47:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That poses the thorny, difficult question, \Nwill 'Homo sapiens' be as wise
Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.02,0:47:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as his name implies,\Nand figure out a way to live without oil,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:49.22,0:47:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the bloodstream\Nof virtually everything?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.28,0:47:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it seems to me,\Nthe sooner we begin that transition
Dialogue: 0,0:47:58.62,0:48:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a new, low-energy future,\Nthe easier the task will be.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:06.23,0:48:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[♪♪♪]