0:00:00.000,0:00:03.000 - Dont you think that the biggest power 0:00:03.000,0:00:07.031 of the world of money, is seen in the change in meaning of words ? 0:00:07.031,0:00:11.985 Which is to say that nowadays we cannot find reality in language 0:00:12.000,0:00:13.985 for the permanent abuses in words 0:00:13.985,0:00:17.423 where one thing that we name is actually another, 0:00:17.423,0:00:19.000 such as culture or, democracy? 0:00:19.000,0:00:24.631 Yep that's an ancient affair 0:00:24.631,0:00:27.000 Oh, it's been a long time since we've been obfuscated by words, right ? 0:00:27.363,0:00:31.000 Mirabeau at the time was saying "Man is like the rabbit; you catch it by the ears." 0:00:31.512,0:00:38.000 So we've known this for a long time... the rethoricians know... (jet fighter) 0:00:38.563,0:00:43.000 The athenians then had rethoricians 0:00:43.000,0:00:46.000 elegant speakers capable of manipulating people 0:00:46.564,0:00:49.000 with words. So that's an old issue. 0:00:50.081,0:00:54.000 But it has become, it gradually becomes an exact science. 0:00:54.563,0:01:01.200 Totalitarianisms ... especially those observed by Orwell ... 0:01:01.200,0:01:04.946 ... and recreated in "1984" with Newspeak which, reverses the meaning of words, 0:01:04.946,0:01:09.077 which keeps constant lies, which reverses meaning and progressively removes vocabulary, 0:01:09.077,0:01:12.692 all words that would serve to resist "Big Brother." 0:01:14.022,0:01:18.000 That valuable book, "1984" everyone should read this. I myself had read it when i was eighteen. 0:01:18.558,0:01:21.000 I had not understood anyhing: I was thinking it was good science fiction. 0:01:23.000,0:01:25.000 I had not understood, at least that is the memory I have. 0:01:25.000,0:01:28.000 Maybe I understood more than ... 0:01:28.475,0:01:33.000 ... what It seems to me today. But I read it again recently ... 0:01:33.000,0:01:35.000 ... i mean a few years ago, and ... 0:01:35.525,0:01:38.000 ... we really get that operational procedure still in use at this day 0:01:40.211,0:01:43.000 Orwell was looking at the ... Soviet world ... 0:01:48.000,0:01:52.000 ... and the Nazis and ... various totalitarian regimes walked the same path. 0:01:52.000,0:01:59.000 And it continues today. The effort on language, is increasingly... 0:02:02.000,0:02:05.000 ... technological, technical, scientific, precise ... 0:02:07.000,0:02:09.000 ... and very effective, right? very effective. 0:02:11.000,0:02:12.000 So ... 0:02:14.000,0:02:18.000 The means for resisting to this is ... public education, right, 0:02:18.000,0:02:21.000 We should discuss it among ourselves. We musnt let elected officials decide about that.. 0:02:22.000,0:02:26.000 Our elected officials have a major personal interest in being the only ones ... 0:02:28.000,0:02:30.000 with Newspeak mastery. 0:02:32.000,0:02:34.000 But between us we could very well ... 0:02:38.000,0:02:42.000 ... to spread the word to pass the codes to decipher the newspeak and ... 0:02:43.000,0:02:48.000 So Franck Lepage, therefore, has shops ... detoxification language ... 0:02:49.000,0:02:54.000 ... absolutely fascinating. And I remember I had a conference and ... 0:02:54.000,0:02:57.000 ... a conference Franck spring. 0:02:59.000,0:03:02.000 And in this conference, it interpelait us asking us what were the words 0:03:02.000,0:03:07.000 we had identified as false words. We had found full. 0:03:09.000,0:03:12.000 And then he tried a technique for ... 0:03:14.000,0:03:19.000 ... to defend ourselves. And I suggested this idea ... I would have to defend the ... 0:03:20.000,0:03:24.000 I would have to write something on it. I suggested this idea ... we could 0:03:25.000,0:03:27.000 to show that we understood that they were traps, 0:03:28.000,0:03:31.000 we could tag the written words in quotes in reverse. 0:03:33.000,0:03:36.000 For example, the word "project", which is really a ... 0:03:36.000,0:03:41.000 Franck describes what the project, the word "project" disap ... appeared; 0:03:42.000,0:03:44.000 he is not gone, it is the word "hierarchy" has disappeared 0:03:45.000,0:03:47.000 manual management. This is ... 0:03:52.000,0:03:56.000 ... Boltanski and Chiapello in "The New Spirit of Capitalism" ... A big book, 0:03:57.000,0:04:03.000 but explains that analyzes ... manuals for management ... 0:04:04.000,0:04:09.000 ... past few decades and are ... are thirty or forty years, 0:04:09.000,0:04:12.000 manuals management, keyword coming back all the time, 0:04:12.000,0:04:14.000 it was "hierarchy". 0:04:14.000,0:04:16.000 And today, in the management manuals ... 0:04:16.000,0:04:18.000 ... but they have studied for hundreds ... 0:04:18.000,0:04:22.000 This is their statistical study there, too. A study of sense, statistical first. 0:04:23.000,0:04:26.000 And the word "hierarchy" has completely disappeared from all management manuals. 0:04:27.000,0:04:30.000 It no longer exists. And against which replaced ... The word is that all the time, 0:04:30.000,0:04:32.000 throughout the manual management is "project." 0:04:33.000,0:04:37.000 A Franck étudie bien la ... a Boltanski, là ... 0:04:38.000,0:04:42.000 ... studying well ... there was positive in this word that we can not ... 0:04:43.000,0:04:45.000 ... can not get rid of, we can not ... we can not condemn 0:04:46.000,0:04:49.000 it's hard to ... to demonize the word "project" is a positive project. 0:04:50.000,0:04:53.000 And in fact when studied that word, we ... 0:04:56.000,0:05:00.000 ... it throws us against each other, it ... it devalues us as soon as the project is finished ... 0:05:01.000,0:05:05.000 ... it allows us to evaluate as ... And in fact, we, we ... 0:05:06.000,0:05:08.000 ... it prepares us, it prepares us to scan, 0:05:08.000,0:05:11.000 it prepares us to assess the meaning ... Manager term. 0:05:12.000,0:05:15.000 And there is a whole series of criticisms to make of that word ... quite interesting. 0:05:16.000,0:05:18.000 And so if we spotted the word "project" as a word of Newspeak 0:05:19.000,0:05:21.000 could be taken as a convention that when we write us 0:05:21.000,0:05:23.000 in our paper, in our articles in our pamphlets ... 0:05:23.000,0:05:26.000 ... every time there is a word, dangerous word, an inverted word 0:05:27.000,0:05:29.000 as the word "democracy" instead of putting it in quotes 0:05:30.000,0:05:33.000 we put it between backticks, angle brackets, pointing a dangerous word, 0:05:34.000,0:05:37.000 a word ... with ... it would be like a beacon that says: "Warning! 0:05:38.000,0:05:40.000 0:05:40.000,0:05:45.000 We can do that, eh, it's ... Need to spread the word and the idea pleases people. 0:05:47.000,0:05:50.000 When we see that there is a word we put trapped between rafters upside down. 0:05:51.000,0:05:54.000 I had this idea when we had the conference, but ... 0:05:55.000,0:05:57.000 Should defend a little better, he would give examples. 0:05:58.000,0:06:01.000 - What is for you the keyword could be blown ... 0:06:02.000,0:06:04.000 ... really extract its substance? 0:06:04.000,0:06:06.000 - "Democracy. " 0:06:07.000,0:06:10.000 "Democracy", we did fly. "Universal suffrage" too. 0:06:11.000,0:06:14.000 "Universal Suffrage" we did fly. Called "universal suffrage" today ... 0:06:17.000,0:06:19.000 ... designation ... 0:06:19.000,0:06:24.000 ... from choice, the wrong choice among people that we have not chosen 0:06:25.000,0:06:27.000 political masters who will decide everything for us ... 0:06:29.000,0:06:32.000 ... who will decide everything. And I'm not exaggerating, this is the naked truth, huh. 0:06:33.000,0:06:36.000 This is ... I am not exaggerating. I could use more words ... 0:06:37.000,0:06:39.000 ... more violent, more insulting ... No, then I say technically ... 0:06:41.000,0:06:45.000 ... what we now call "universal suffrage" is the wrong choice 0:06:45.000,0:06:48.000 among people that we have not chosen, who were chosen by the parties, 0:06:48.000,0:06:51.000 that is to say, not by us. And so we choose between Scylla and Charybdis, 0:06:52.000,0:06:55.000 we choose between the plague and cholera ... So this is the wrong choice ... 0:06:58.000,0:07:02.000 ... political masters. I'm not talking about representatives: they are masters 0:07:02.000,0:07:04.000 who decide everything for us, between elections, 0:07:04.000,0:07:07.000 but we can not dismiss them without that we can oppose 0:07:07.000,0:07:09.000 a law they impose on us and we find unfair 0:07:10.000,0:07:13.000 but we can not impose a law that we find it necessary 0:07:14.000,0:07:16.000 and ... which they do not want. 0:07:17.000,0:07:26.000 The word "universal suffrage" is, strictly speaking, misguided, misled, distorted and betrayed. 0:07:27.000,0:07:30.000 Universal suffrage, the only ... Finally, the only, I think, huh. 0:07:31.000,0:07:37.000 The only universal suffrage which I accept, is the village assembly, Common, 0:07:38.000,0:07:42.000 size of the Greek city, right: ten, twenty, thirty thousand people, not more. 0:07:44.000,0:07:47.000 A meeting, a great, great theater, a large ... 0:07:48.000,0:07:50.000 ... large theater with tiers. 0:07:51.000,0:07:54.000 Y are those who want law and by law we vote directly our laws, laws: 0:07:55.000,0:07:57.000 we decide our fates, we decided our business directly. 0:07:58.000,0:08:00.000 That's the universal suffrage we decide each point by point 0:08:01.000,0:08:06.000 and not fight block by block ... No, no idea by idea, project by project, by statute law 0:08:06.000,0:08:09.000 we decide. This universal suffrage, and ... 0:08:11.000,0:08:15.000 ... reduce the universal suffrage ... the wrong choice of political masters ... 0:08:17.000,0:08:20.000 It really is a scam, what. It's really foutage of mouth. 0:08:21.000,0:08:24.000 And walk, huh, since we advocate universal suffrage 0:08:24.000,0:08:27.000 as if it was the alpha and omega of our freedom and civilization; 0:08:28.000,0:08:30.000 this is a joke, right. And it's our fault, huh. It's not their fault. 0:08:31.000,0:08:33.000 They had us well. 0:08:34.000,0:08:36.000 But it is we who defend the trick. 0:08:37.000,0:08:39.000 It is all of us who advocate universal suffrage saying 0:08:40.000,0:08:43.000 "What is important in a democracy is the election. " 0:08:45.000,0:08:47.000 - When you say "They had us well," you mean ... 0:08:48.000,0:08:50.000 - Bah, elected! - Where does this project, precisely? 0:08:51.000,0:08:54.000 - Oh, bah ça vient de 1789, hein. 1789 ... 0:08:54.000,0:08:56.000 The establishment of representative government ... 0:08:57.000,0:08:59.000 ... which was not at all a democracy: 0:08:59.000,0:09:01.000 they knew that it was not a democracy, huh. 0:09:01.000,0:09:04.000 Sieyes France, Madison, United States, and others, eh, knew very well ... 0:09:04.000,0:09:06.000 ... they did not put up a democracy. 0:09:07.000,0:09:09.000 They wanted not ... a democracy. 0:09:10.000,0:09:13.000 They wanted not ... establish a democracy. 0:09:14.000,0:09:17.000 They insisted that this is not it. They were ... aristocrats. 0:09:19.000,0:09:21.000 And here it is nice when people say that, because "aristocrats", it is "the best." 0:09:23.000,0:09:25.000 They especially wanted an oligarchy, what, huh. 0:09:26.000,0:09:28.000 And they knew they would be elected. Sieyes was elected one, huh. 0:09:29.000,0:09:32.000 Madison also, it was elected. So what are elected officials who have established 0:09:33.000,0:09:37.000 the system of election and quickly left call this "democracy" regime. 0:09:38.000,0:09:40.000 It is not known at all "democracy" in the beginning. 0:09:40.000,0:09:44.000 It was even a pejorative word "democracy" in 1789 ... pejorative. It was an insult. 0:09:45.000,0:09:48.000 A Democrat, it was not good, it was frowned upon. It is gradually 0:09:48.000,0:09:50.000 early nineteenth it was transformed: 0:09:50.000,0:09:52.000 we started to call representative government "democracy" 0:09:53.000,0:09:55.000 and at the same time it has become a positive word. 0:09:56.000,0:09:59.000 But these are politicians who have let this happen ... because they saw much interest, 0:09:59.000,0:10:02.000 and that was the Newspeak. Because when you call ... 0:10:03.000,0:10:05.000 In my opinion, politicians feel good ... 0:10:07.000,0:10:10.000 ... the people aware of itself. When we say "the people" 0:10:11.000,0:10:15.000 you feel inside, and all us, and ... the etymology 0:10:16.000,0:10:19.000 even without a big political culture by the simple etymology 0:10:20.000,0:10:23.000 the word "democracy" has a revolutionary force in him. 0:10:24.000,0:10:25.000 And .. 0:10:28.000,0:10:31.000 ... people aspire ... people around the world 0:10:31.000,0:10:35.000 aspire to demos kratos is us ... We would like to decide for ourselves to our fate. 0:10:37.000,0:10:39.000 In my opinion ... politicians know it. 0:10:41.000,0:10:43.000 And elected officials are well aware also that representative government 0:10:43.000,0:10:45.000 This is not democracy. 0:10:46.000,0:10:48.000 So they, politicians really have an interest ... 0:10:48.000,0:10:50.000 I'm not sure whether conscious. 0:10:50.000,0:10:53.000 Because it is possible that it is unconscious, huh. I ... not at all ... 0:10:54.000,0:10:57.000 Whether it's a conspiracy or not ... I could not care less. I do not mind that. 0:10:57.000,0:11:01.000 More ... elected to leave: they leave call "democracy" 0:11:02.000,0:11:04.000 the regime that gives them their elected all political power. 0:11:06.000,0:11:09.000 It suits well, since it is they who have the power. They are candidates: 0:11:10.000,0:11:13.000 one day or another they will have. All men are like that party. 0:11:14.000,0:11:17.000 So the word "democracy," we got, we did fly. 0:11:19.000,0:11:22.000 Not from the beginning, I tell you, they called not "democracy" in the beginning. 0:11:23.000,0:11:26.000 But very quickly, the early nineteenth century, before Tocqueville writes 0:11:26.000,0:11:28.000 "Democracy in America", referring to a plan 0:11:28.000,0:11:31.000 that was not democracy. Even before ... 0:11:33.000,0:11:35.000 It was 25-35 in the two volumes ... 0:11:36.000,0:11:38.000 I think 25 ... 0:11:40.000,0:11:44.000 I believe 1825-1835 "Democracy in America." 0:11:44.000,0:11:47.000 And I think before there were already signs of the use of the word "democracy" 0:11:48.000,0:11:52.000 for ... Are Rosenvallon who wrote a good article on it. He wrote an article 93 0:11:52.000,0:11:56.000 this transformation ... a regime that is not democracy democracy 0:11:56.000,0:11:58.000 trying to understand when and why it happened. 0:11:58.000,0:12:00.000 Important work of historian Rosenvallon. 0:12:01.000,0:12:03.000 Rosenvallon is not revolutionary, it is the least we can say: 0:12:04.000,0:12:07.000 in its conclusions and in its proposals, it is ... 0:12:08.000,0:12:11.000 I think it's very disappointing, because in his work as a historian 0:12:12.000,0:12:14.000 to explain how humans resist the abuse of power ... 0:12:15.000,0:12:18.000 Damn important what is Rosenvallon. Rosenvallon explains ... 0:12:19.000,0:12:23.000 ... from Athens, point by point, everything that humans do to resist 0:12:23.000,0:12:26.000 abuse of power. It's really interesting. This is mine 0:12:26.000,0:12:29.000 a wealth of ideas to resist. 0:12:30.000,0:12:34.000 Rosenvallon is interesting. In its conclusions, it is ... 0:12:34.000,0:12:37.000 ... it is not he who will draft ... alternative, but ... 0:12:38.000,0:12:40.000 Because it is too ... 0:12:41.000,0:12:45.000 How to say? Conservative? This is not a revolutionary. 0:12:46.000,0:12:48.000 But it is a valuable work for us historian. 0:12:49.000,0:12:51.000 So Newspeak, yes, we got bitten a few important words: 0:12:52.000,0:12:54.000 the word "democracy," the word "universal suffrage", yeah.